Bones: Structure and Mechanics

Year	Entry
1979	Lanyon LE, Bourn S. The influence of mechanical function on the development and remodeling of the tibia: an experimental study in sheep. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1979;61A(2):263-273.
1989	Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB. Mechanical and morphological effects of strain rate on fatigue of compact bone. Bone. 1989;10(3):207-214.
1985	Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
2000	Zioupos P, Currey JD, Casinos A. Exploring the effects of hypermineralisation in bone tissue by using an extreme biological example. Connect Tissue Res. 2000;41(3):229-248.
1990	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1990;204(1):43-52.
1994	Mente PL, Lewis JL. Elastic modulus of calcified cartilage is an order of magnitude less than that of subchondral bone. J Orthop Res. September 1994;12(5):637-647.
1984	Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(5):349-361.
1992	Linde F, Hvid I, Madsen F. The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1992;25(4):359-368.
1993	Landis WJ, Song MJ, Leith A, McEwen L, McEwen BF. Mineral and organic matrix interaction in normally calcifying tendon visualized in three dimensions by high-voltage electron microscopic tomography and graphic image reconstruction. J Struct Biol. January 1993;110(1):39-54.
1959	Currey JD. Differences in the tensile strength of bone of different histological types. J Anat. January 1959;93(1):87-95.
1990	Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
1996	Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ, Arena J, Song MJ, McEwen BF. Structural relations between collagen and mineral in bone as determined by high voltage electron microscopic tomography. Microsc Res Tech. 1996;33(2):192-202.
1990	Jaslow CR. Mechanical properties of cranial sutures. J Biomech. 1990;23(4):313-321.
1993	Dalstra M, Huiskes R, Odgaard A, van Erning L. Mechanical and textural properties of pelvic trabecular bone. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):523-535.
1967	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1967;158(4):375-386.
1965	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E, Bocciarelli DS. An electron microscope study of osteon calcification. J Ultrastruct Res. April 1965;12(3-4):287-303.
1976	Wright TM, Hayes WC. Tensile testing of bone over a wide range of strain rates: effects of strain rate, microstructure and density. Med Biol Eng. November 1976;14(6):671-680.
1977	Wright TM, Hayes WC. Fracture mechanics parameters for compact bone: effects of density and specimen thickness. J Biomech. 1977;10(7):419-430.
1994	Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1977;127:265-274.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Uniaxial fatigue of human cortical bone: the influence of tissue physical characteristics. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):461-470.
1988	Fondrk M, Bahniuk E, Davy DT, Michaels C. Some viscoplastic characteristics of bovine and human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(8):623-630.
1991	Rawlinson SCF, El‐Haj AJ, Minter SL, Tavares IA, Bennett A, Lanyon LE. Loading‐related increases in prostaglandin production in cores of adult canine cancellous bone in vitro: a role for prostacyclin in adaptive bone remodeling? J Bone Miner Res. December 1991;6(12):1345-1351.
1968	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The compressive properties of single osteons. Anat Rec. July 1968;161(3):377-392.
1999	Taylor D, O'Brien F, Prina-Mello A, Ryan C, O'Reilly P, Lee TC. Compression data on bovine bone confirms that a “stressed volume” principle explains the variability of fatigue strength results. J Biomech. November 1999;32(11):1199-1203.
2000	Huiskes R. If bone is the answer, then what is the question? J Anat. August 2000;197(2):145-156.
1964	Frost HM. The Laws of Bone Structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
2001	Rubin C, Turner AS, Bain S, Mallinckrodt C, McLeod K. Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones. Nature. August 9, 2001;412(6847):603-604.
1998	Weiner S, Wagner HD. The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Ann Rev Mater Sci. August 1998;28:271-298.
1997	Guo XE, Goldstein SA. Is trabecular bone tissue different from cortical bone tissue? Forma. 1997;12(3-4):185-196.
1993	Riggs CM, Lanyon LE, Boyde A. Functional associations between collagen fibre orientation and locomotor strain direction in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol. March 1993;187(3):231-238.
1999	Turner CH. Toward a mathematical description of bone biology: the principle of cellular accommodation. Calcif Tiss Int. December 1999;65(6):466-471.
1995	Matyas JR, Anton MG, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Stress governs tissue phenotype at the femoral insertion of the rabbit MCL. J Biomech. February 1995;28(2):147-157.
1991	Kempson GE. Age-related changes in the tensile properties of human articular cartilage: a comparative study between the femoral head of the hip joint and the talus of the ankle joint. Biochim Biophys Acta. October 31, 1991;1075(3):223-230.
1970	Cooper RR, Misol S. Tendon and ligament insertion: a light and electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1970;52A(1):1-20, 170.
1992	Fratzl P, Groschner M, Vogl G, Plenk H Jr, Eschberger J, Fratzl-Zelman N, Koller K, Klaushofer K. Mineral crystals in calcified tissues: a comparative study by SAXS. J Bone Miner Res. March 1992;7(3):329-334.
1979	Stokes IAF, Hutton WC, Stott JRR. Forces acting on the metatarsals during normal walking. J Anat. 1979;129(pt 3):579-590.
1975	Townsend PR, Raux P, Rose RM, Miegel RE, Radin EL. The distribution and anisotropy of the stiffness of cancellous bone in the human patella. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):363-367.
1989	Odgaard A, Hvid I, Linde F. Compressive axial strain distributions in cancellous bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):829-835.
1994	Prendergast P, Taylor D. Prediction of bone adaptation using damage accumulation. J Biomech. August 1994;27(8):1067-1076.
1995	Gibson VA, Stover SM, Martin RB, Gibeling JC, Willits NH, Gustafson MB, Griffin LV. Fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: mechanical property analysis. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):861-868.
1980	Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Crack velocity dependence of longitudinal fracture in bone. J Mater Sci. June 1980;15(7):1841-1849.
1997	Gibson LJ, Ashby MF. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1997. Cambridge Solid State Science Series.
1994	Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. Compressive properties of cortical bone: mineral-organic interfacial bonding. Biomaterials. January 1994;15(2):137-145.
1990	Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB. Long-term fatigue behavior of compact bone at low strain magnitude and rate. Bone. 1990;11(5):321-326.
1984	Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Fracture mechanics of bone: the effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture. J Biomech. 1984;17(1):25-34.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC, Schurman DJ. Fatigue life of compact bone, II: effects of microstructure and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):211-218.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Fatigue life of compact bone, I: effects of stress amplitude, temperature and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):27-34.
1989	Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Orientation dependence of the fracture mechanics of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):863-872.
1974	Lanyon LE. Experimental support for the trajectorial theory of bone structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56B(1):160-166.
1989	Mente PL, Lewis JL. Experimental method for the measurement of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone tissue. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(3):456-461.
1974	Whitehouse WJ, Dyson ED. Scanning electron microscope studies of trabecular bone in the proximal end of the human femur. J Anat. 1974;118(pt 3):417-444.
1976	Lanyon LE, Baggott DG. Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1976;58B(4):436-443.
1991	Sasaki N, Ikawa T, Fukuda A. Orientation of mineral in bovine bone and the anisotropic mechanical properties of plexiform bone. J Biomech. 1991;24(1):57-61.
1989	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD, Evans GP. Hardness, an indicator of the mechanical competence of cancellous bone. J Orthop Res. September 1989;7(5):754-758.
1999	Fondrk MT, Bahniuk EH, Davy DT. A damage model for nonlinear tensile behavior of cortical bone. J Biomech Eng. October 1999;121(5):533-541.
1993	Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.
2000	Verborgt O, Gibson GJ, Schaffler MB. Loss of osteocyte integrity in association with microdamage and bone remodeling after fatigue in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. January 2000;15(1):60-67.
1965	Elliott DH. Structure and function of mammalian tendon. Biol Rev. August 1965;40(3):392-421.
1981	Woo SL-Y. The relationships of changes in stress levels on long bone remodeling. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:107-129.
1998	Swartz SM, Parker A, Huo C. Theoretical and empirical scaling patterns and topological homology in bone trabeculae. J Exp Biol. February 1998;201(4):573-590.
1999	Reilly GC, Currey JD. The development of microcracking and failure in bone depends on the loading mode to which it is adapted. J Exp Biol. 1999;202(5):543-552.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1990	Jensen KS, Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. A model of vertebral trabecular bone architecture and its mechanical properties. Bone. 1990;11(6):417-423.
1994	Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Y. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):339-360.
1981	Frasca P. Scanning-electron microscopy studies of “ground substance” in the cement lines, resting lines, hypercalcified rings and reversal lines of human cortical bone. Acta Anat. 1981;109(2):115-121.
1992	Oliver WC, Pharr GM. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res. 1992;7(6):1564-1583.
1993	Odgaard A, Gundersen HJG. Quantification of connectivity in cancellous bone, with special emphasis on 3-D reconstructions. Bone. March–April 1993;14(2):173-182.
1989	Martin RB, Burr DB. Structure, Function, and Adaptation of Compact Bone. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989.
1977	Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes WC, Tichenor CC, Nagel DA. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1977;59A(2):204-208.
2000	Reilly GC, Currey JD. The effects of damage and microcracking on the impact strength of bone. J Biomech. March 2000;33(3):337-343.
1988	Rice JC, Cowin SC, Bowman JA. On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):155-168.
2001	Hernandez CJ, Beaupré GS, Keller TS, Carter DR. The influence of bone volume fraction and ash fraction on bone strength and modulus. Bone. July 2001;29(1):74-78.
2001	Cowin SC. Mechanics of materials. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:6-1–6-24.
1996	Forwood MR. Inducible cyclo‐oxygenase (COX‐2) mediates the induction of bone formation by mechanical loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. November 1996;11(11):1688-1693.
1972	Burstein AH, Currey JD, Frankel VH, Reilly DT. The ultimate properties of bone tissue: the effects of yielding. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):35-44.
2001	Cowin SC. The false premise of Wolff's Law. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:30-1–30-15.
1996	Pidaparti RMV, Chandran A, Takano Y, Turner CH. Bone mineral lies mainly outside collagen fibrils: predictions of a composite model for osternal bone. J Biomech. July 1996;29(7):909-916.
1990	Brear K, Currey JD, Pond CM. Ontogenetic changes in the mechanical properties of the femur of the polar bear Ursus maritimus. J Zool. 1990;222(1):49-58.
1962	Currey JD. The histology of the bone of a prosauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology. 1962;5(2):238-246.
2001	Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001.
1990	Ascenzi A, Baschieri P, Benvenuti A. The bending properties of single osteons. J Biomech. 1990;23(8):763-771.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
1989	Ryan SD, Williams JL. Tensile testing of rodlike trabeculae excised from bovine femoral bone. J Biomech. 1989;22(4):351-355.
1996	Mullender MG, Huiskes R, Versleyen H, Buma P. Osteocyte density and histomorphometric parameters in cancellous bone of the proximal femur in five mammalian species. J Orthop Res. November 1996;14(6):972-979.
1994	Ascenzi A, Baschieri P, Benvenuti A. The torsional properties of single selected osteons. J Biomech. July 1994;27(7):875-884.
1988	Pead MJ, Skerry TM, Lanyon LE. Direct transformation from quiescence to bone formation in the adult periosteum following a single brief period of bone loading. J Bone Miner Res. December 1988;3(6):647-656.
1991	Odgaard A, Linde F. The underestimation of Young's modulus in compressive testing of cancellous bone specimens. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):691-698.
1994	Parfitt AM. Osteonal and hemi‐osteonal remodeling: the spatial and temporal framework for signal traffic in adult human bone. J Cell Biochem. July 1994;55(3):273-286.
1986	Biewener AA, Swartz SM, Bertram JEA. Bone modeling during growth: dynamic strain equilibrium in the chick tibiotarsus. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1986;39(6):390-395.
1985	Bonar LC, Lees S, Mook HA. Neutron diffraction studies of collagen in fully mineralized bone. J Mol Biol. 1985;181(2):265-270.
1993	Riggs CM, Vaughan LC, Evans GP, Lanyon LE, Boyde A. Mechanical implications of collagen fibre orientation in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol. March 1993;187(3):239-248.
1996	Zioupos P, Wang XT, Currey JD. The accumulation of fatigue microdamage in human cortical bone of two different ages in vitro. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). October 1996;11(7):365-375.
1996	Zysset PK, Curnier A. A 3D damage model for trabecular bone based on fabric tensors. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1549-1558.
1994	Zioupos P, Currey JD, Sedman AJ. An examination of the micromechanics of failure of bone and antler by acoustic emission tests and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Med Eng Phys. May 1994;16(3):203-212.
1999	Wenk H-R, Heidelbach F. Crystal alignment of carbonated apatite in bone and calcified tendon: results from quantitative texture analysis. Bone. April 1999;24(4):361-369.
1999	Brodt MD, Ellis CB, Silva MJ. Growing C57Bl/6 mice increase whole bone mechanical properties by increasing geometric and material properties. J Bone Miner Res. December 1999;14(12):2159-2166.
1981	Carter DR, Harris WH, Vasu R, Caler WE. The mechanical and biological response of cortical bone to in vivo strain histories. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:81-92.
1974	Pope MH, Outwater JO. Mechanical properties of bone as a function of position and orientation. J Biomech. 1974;7(1):61-66.
1998	Akhter MP, Cullen DM, Pedersen EA, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Bone response to in vivo mechanical loading in two breeds of mice. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1998;63(5):442-449.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage, I: residual strength and stiffness. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):325-337.
1994	Goulet RW, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Kuhn JL, Brown MB, Feldkamp LA. The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. April 1994;27(4):375-389.
1999	Nanci A. Content and distribution of noncollagenous matrix proteins in bone and cementum: relationship to speed of formation and collagen packing density. J Struct Biol. June 30, 1999;126(3):256-269.
1992	Akhter MP, Raab DM, Turner CH, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Characterization of in vivo strain in the rat tibia during external application of a four-point bending load. J Biomech. October 1992;25(10):1241-1246.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
2000	Jäger I, Fratzl P. Mineralized collagen fibrils: a mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophys J. October 2000;79(4):1737-1746.
1989	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Choi K, London M, Feldkamp LA, Matthews LS. Comparison of the trabecular and cortical tissue moduli from human iliac crests. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):876-884.
1989	Cassidy JJ, Hiltner A, Baer E. Hierarchical structure of the intervertebral disc. Connect Tissue Res. 1989;23(1):75-88.
1992	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Young's modulus, density and material properties in cancellous bone over a large density range. J Mater Sci Mater Med. September 1992;3(5):377-381.
1969	Boyde A, Hobdell MH. Scanning electron microscopy of lamellar bone. Z Zellforsch. 1969;93(2):213-231.
1999	Jacobs CR, Davis BR, Rieger CJ, Francis JJ, Saad M, Fyhrie DP. The impact of boundary conditions and mesh size on the accuracy of cancellous bone tissue modulus determination using large-scale finite-element modeling. J Biomech. November 1999;32(11):1159-1164.
1957	Evans FG, Lebow M. Strength of human compact bone under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. January 1957;10(1):127-130.
1980	McPherson GK, Kriewall TJ. The elastic modulus of fetal cranial bone: a first step towards an understanding of the biomechanics of fetal head molding. J Biomech. 1980;13(1):9-16.
1991	Lee DD, Glimcher MJ. Three-dimensional spatial relationship between the collagen fibrils and the inorganic calcium phosphate crystals of pickerel (Americanus americanus) and herring (Clupea harengus) bone. J Mol Biol. 1991;217(3):487-501.
1979	Starkebaum W, Pollack SR, Korostoff E. Midroelectrode studies of stress-generated potentials in four-point bending of bone. J Mater Res. September 1979;13(5):729-751.
1969	Currey JD. The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):1-11.
1994	Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.
1990	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. The effect of variation in structure on the Young's modulus of cancellous bone: a comparison of human and non-human material. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1990;204(2):115-121.
1978	Robertson DM, Robertson D, Barrett CR. Fracture toughness, critical crack length and plastic zone size in bone. J Biomech. 1978;11(8-9):359-364.
1991	Røhl L, Larsen E, Linde F, Odgaard A, Jørgensen J. Tensile and compressive properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1991;24(12):1143-1149.
1960	Currey JD. Differences in the blood-supply of bone of different histological types. Q J Microsc Sci. September 1960;101(3):351-370.
1975	Currey JD, Butler G. The mechanical properties of bone tissue in children. J Bone Joint Surg. September 1975;57A(6):810-814.
1962	Currey JD. Stress concentrations in bone. Q J Microsc Sci. March 1962;103(1):111-133.
1964	Currey JD. Three analogies to explain the mechanical properties of bone. Biorheology. 1964;2(1):1-10.
1965	Currey JD. Anelasticity in bone and echinoderm skeletons. J Exp Biol. October 1965;43(2):279-292.
1967	Currey JD. The failure of exoskeletons and endoskeletons. J Morphol. 1967;123(1):1-16.
1987	Ker RF, Bennett MB, Bibby SR, Kester RC, Alexander RM. The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature. January 8, 1987;325(6100):147-149.
1988	Currey JD. Strain rate and mineral content in fracture models of bone. J Orthop Res. January 1988;6(1):32-38.
1982	Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):141-154.
1968	Currey JD. The adaptation of bones to stress. J Theo Biol. July 1968;20(1):91-106.
1984	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17(12):897-905.
1987	Lanyon LE. Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1083-1093.
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1988	Schaffler MB, Burr DB. Stiffness of compact bone: effects of porosity and density. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):13-16.
2001	van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R. Elastic constants of cancellous bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:15-1–15-24.
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1984	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):397-402.
1987	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: function as a determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(2):300-310.
1982	Martin RB, Burr DB. A hypothetical mechanism for the stimulation of osteonal remodelling by fatigue damage. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):137-139.
1983	Carter DR, Caler WE. Cycle-dependent and time-dependent bone fracture with repeated loading. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):166-170.
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1986	Keller TS, Spengler DM, Carter DR. Geometric, elastic, and structural properties of maturing rat femora. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(1):57-67.
1983	Horsman A, Currey JD. Estimation of mechanical properties of the distal radius from bone mineral content and cortical width. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1983;(176):298-304.
2001	Akkus O, Rimnac CM. Cortical bone tissue resists fatigue fracture by deceleration and arrest of microcrack growth. J Biomech. June 2001;34(6):757-764.
1979	Currey JD. Changes in the impact energy absorption of bone with age. J Biomech. 1979;12(6):459-469.
1995	van Rietbergen B, Weinans H, Huiskes R, Odgaard A. A new method to determine trabecular bone elastic properties and loading using micromechanical finite-element models. J Biomech. January 1995;28(1):69-81.
2000	Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. Partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading. J Bone Miner Res. August 2000;15(8):1596-1602.
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2009	Minnock E. The Use of Quantitative Ultrasound on the Finger to Detect Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Cranfield, UK: Cranfield University; December 2009.
2008	Tommasini SM. Phenotypic Integration Contributes to Skeletal Functionality and Fragility [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2008.
2017	Gatti V. The Effects of Skeletal Unloading on Bone Microstructure and Fluid-Mediated Osteocyte Mechanotransduction [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2017.
2006	Garcia D. Elastic Plastic Damage Laws for Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 2006.
2005	Day JS. Bone Quality: The Mechanical Effects of Microarchitecture and Matrix Properties [PhD thesis]. Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2005.
2019	Bakr M. Parathyroid Hormone Effect on Facilitating Stress Fracture Repair [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2023	Micheletti C. Multimodal and Multiscale Characterization of Bone and Bone Interfaces in Health and Disease [PhD thesis]. University of Gothenburg; 2023.
2006	Main RP. Skeletal Mechanics, Bone Histomorphology, and Growth in Tetrapods [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; September 2006.
2007	Devlin MJ. Interactions of Estrogen, Strain, and Bone Growth: Implications for Human Skeletal Robusticity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; September 2007.
2012	Hamed E. Multiscale Modeling of Elastic Moduli and Strength of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2012.
2020	Fox MC. The Biomechanical Consequences of Body Size Differences in Humans [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2020.
2015	Rodriguez-Florez N. Mechanics of Cortical Bone: Exploring the Micro- and Nano-Scale [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; January 2015.
2005	Zumwalt AC. The Effect of Endurance Exercise on the Morphology of Muscle Attachment Sites: An Experimental Study in Sheep (Ovis Aries) [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; March 2005.
2007	Auerbach BM. Human Skeletal Variation in the New World During the Holocene: Effects of Climate and Subsistence Across Geography and Time [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; August 2007.
2007	Organ JM. The Functional Anatomy of Prehensile and Nonprehensile Tails of the Platyrrhini (primates) and Procyonidae (carnivora) [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; September 2007.
2018	Burgess ML. Ontogenetic Changes in Limb Bone Structural Properties and Locomotor Behavior in Pan [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; June 2018.
2009	Verschueren P. Biomechanical Analysis of Head Injuries Related to Bicycle Accidents and a New Bicycle Helmet Concept [PhD thesis]. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; July 2009.
2020	Bennison MBL. The Role of Cancellous Bone Architecture in Misalignment and Side Effect Errors [Master's thesis]. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University; 2020.
2020	Lamarche BA. Morphometric Changes With Age in Human Trabecular Bone Structural Units (BSU) of the Lumbar Spine [Master's thesis]. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University; 2020.
2022	Hogue M. Effects of Blade Angle on the Force and Work During Sharp Force Trauma of Porcine Ribs [Master's thesis]. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University; 2022.
2022	Rahovich P. Effects of Bone Structural Unit (BSU) Geometry and Material Properties on Crack Growth Through Idealized Trabecular Microstructures [Master's thesis]. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University; 2022.
2007	Akhtar R. Micromechanical Behaviour of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; 2007.
2023	Buss DJ. Mineralization of Biological Fiber Systems [PhD thesis]. McGill University; July 2023.
2007	Tai K. Nanomechanics and Ultrastructural Studies of Cortical Bone: Fundamental Insights Regarding Structure-Function, Mineral-Organic Force Mechanics Interactions, and Heterogeneity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2007.
2024	Taylor JT. Implementation of Novel Deep Learning Algorithms for the High-Resolution Study of the Lacuno-Canalicular Network from Individuals With a Documented History of Chronic Opioid Use [Master's thesis]. St. John's, NL: Memorial University of Newfoundland; October 2024.
2019	Nobakhti S. Multiscale Characteristics of Bone Toughness [PhD thesis]. Northeastern University; July 2019.
2012	Deymier-Black AC. Study of the Elasto-Plastic Properties of Mineralized Biomaterials Via Synchrotron High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; June 2012.
2006	Xavier AM. Determination of the Material Properties of the Pediatric Rib [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2006.
2011	Agnew AM. Histomorphometry of the Elderly Rib: A Methodological Approach With Implications for Biomechanics, Function, and Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.
2017	Campbell B. An Assessment of Hallux Valgus [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2017.
2018	Peña Fernández M. X-Ray Biomechanical Imaging and Digital Volume Correlation of Bone: From Regeneration to Structure [PhD thesis]. Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth; December 2018.
2020	Karali A. Multi-Scale Evaluation of Bone Combining Indentation, in Situ XCT Mechanics and Digital Volume Correlation [PhD thesis]. Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth; 2020.
2012	Sun X. Mechanically Induced Calcium Efflux from Bone Matrix Stimulates Osteoblasts [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2012.
2016	Berman AG. Influence of Mechanical Stimulation on the Quantity and Quality of Bone During Modeling [Master's thesis]. Purdue University; August 2016.
2011	Ahmed F. Multiscale Quantitative Imaging of Human Femoral Heads Using X-Ray Microtomography [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; 2011.
2012	Jimenez Palomar I. Mechanical Properties of Bone At the Sub-lamellar Level [PhD thesis]. London, England: Queen Mary University of London; September 2012.
2015	Chana NK. Development of a 3D Perfusion System to Monitor Response of Osteoblast-Like Cells Incubated on Synthetic Bone Graft Substitute Granules With Varied Hierarchical Porosities Under Dynamic Conditions [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; September 2015.
2010	Engbretson AC. Determining the Modulus of Intact Bovine Vertebral Cancellous Bone Tissue: Development and Validation of a Protocol [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; August 25, 2010.
2022	Kunath BA. Design and Validation of an Open-Source 3D Printable Bioreactor System for Ex Vivo Bone Culture [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; June 2022.
2013	Toal VR. The Mechanics of Microdamage and Microfracture in Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology; September 2013.
2006	Whitty M. Development of a Physiological Three Dimensional Finite Element Model of a Human Tibia [Master's thesis]. Kingston, ON: Royal Military College of Canada; May 2006.
2006	Diab T. The Role of Damage Morphology in Age-Related Increase in Bone Fragility [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 2006.
2013	Poundarik A. The Role of Non-Collagenous Proteins, in Particular, Osteocalcin and Osteopontin, in the Determination of Bone Matrix Quality [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; May 2013.
2014	Bradke BS. The Role of Cortical and Cancellous Bone Quality on Vertebral Fragility [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2014.
2020	Marinho L. The Relationship Between Fracture Morphology and Bone Biomechanics: A Study of Changes Occurring in Juvenile Porcine Ribs Over the Early Postmortem Interval [PhD thesis]. Simon Fraser University; 2020.
2014	van Grunsven W. Porous Metal Implants for Enhanced Bone Ingrowth and Stability [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; September 2014.
2018	Costa MC. Prediction of the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Patients With Metastatic Bone Lesions as a Tool for More Effective Patients’ Management [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; November 2018.
2004	McNamara LM. Biomechanical Origins of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; March 2004.
2006	Gleeson JP. Composition and Mechanical Properties of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Trabecular Tibial Bone [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; November 2006.
2005	Ruimerman R. Modeling and Remodeling in Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 2005.
2013	Christen P. Deciphering the Secret Message Within Bone Microstructure [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 2013.
2011	Reisinger AG. Modeling and Validation of Multiscale Lamellar Bone Elasticity [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; November 2011.
2020	Lamprecht A. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on the Viscoelastic Properties of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; 2020.
2021	Frank M. Mechanical Characterization of Individual Trabeculae [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; February 2021.
2022	Davis RA. Investigating the Effects of Aging and Prolonged Opioid Use on Bone Histomorphometry, Quality, and Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Akron; August 2022.
2005	Ashe MC. Upper Limb Bone Health: Cadaveric, Imaging and Clinical Studies With Special Emphasis on Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2005.
2005	Manske SL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Instrument to Assess the Association Between Femoral Neck Bone Geometry and Strength of the Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; October 2005.
2006	Macdonald HM. Effectiveness of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Increasing Bone Strength in Children: Action Schools! British Columbia [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2006.
2006	Soares Silva LDM. Nanoindentation Study and Quantitative Backscattered Electron Imaging of Human Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; 2006.
2008	Tang A. Nanoindentation of Peri-Implant Bone and Dentin [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; March 2008.
2011	Ebacher V. Experimental Study of Deformation and Microcracking in Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2011.
2017	Gabel LEC. Bone Strength Accrual Across Adolescent Growth and the Influences of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2017.
2018	Tang T. Fracture Mechanisms and Structural Fragility of Human Femoral Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2018.
2010	Manske SL. Muscle Disuse and Vibration Effects on Bone Morphology [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2010.
2013	Enns-Bray WS. Mapping Anisotropy of the Proximal Femur for Improved Image-Based Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2013.
2010	Martin S. The Effects of Obesity on Murine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; Spring 2010.
2011	Zimmermann EA. Deformation and Fracture of Human Cortical Bone Across Multiple Length-Scales [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; F 2011.
2014	Nawathe S. Micromechanics of the Human Proximal Femur: Role of Microstructure and Tissue-Level Ductility on Femoral Strength [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2014.
2020	Bonnheim N. Fundamental Mechanisms of Load Transfer in the Human Vertebral Body Following Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2020.
2013	Soicher MA. Fabrication and Characterization of Remineralized Bone Matrices (RBM) for Use as Bone Tissue Engineering Substrates [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2013.
2012	Zephro L. Determining the Timing and Mechanism of Bone Fracture in Bovine Bone [PhD thesis]. Santa Cruz, University of California; June 2012.
2008	Lin AY-M. Structural and Functional Biological Materials: Abalone Nacre, Sharp Materials, and Abalone Foot Adhesion [PhD thesis]. San Siego, CA: University of California San Diego; 2008.
2010	Kulin RM. On the Dynamic Behavior of Mineralized Tissues [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2010.
2012	Evdokimenko E. Investigation Into Mechanical Properties of Bone and Its Main Constituents [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2012.
2005	Yan J. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2005.
2007	Ruffoni D. Modeling of Material and Architectural Quality of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; September 2007.
2021	Muraro P. Biomechanical Characterization of Fibrolamellar Bone Using Nano-Scale Modulus Mapping [Master's thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; 2021.
2023	Tits A. Attaching Soft to Hard: A Multimodal Correlative Investigation of the Tendon-Bone Interface [PhD thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; 2023.
2005	Oyen ML. Ultrastructural Characterization of Time-Dependent, Inhomogeneous Materials and Tissues [PhD thesis]. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota; June 2005.
2010	Hughes JM. Revisiting Harold Frost's Mechanostat Theory of Bone Functional Adaptation: New Interpretations Based on New Evidence [PhD thesis]. University of Minnesota; December 2010.
2014	Schwiedrzik JJ. Experimental, Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of the Nonlinear Micromechanical Properties of Bone [PhD thesis]. Universität Bern; 2014.
2020	Sun Y. Investigation of Actions of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) Independent of PTH1R [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; June 2020.
2022	Blank MA. Defining Mechanisms by Which EphrinB2 in Osteocytes Controls Bone Strength and Material Quality [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; September 2022.
2013	Pratt I. In Vivo Imaging of Cortical Porosity by Synchrotron Phase Contrast Micro Computed Tomography [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; August 2013.
2014	Carter Y. Quantitative Imaging of Sex and Age Differences in Human Cortical Bone Osteocyte Lacunae [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; July 2014.
2018	Pratt I. Interpreting the 3D Orientation of Vascular Canals in Cortical Bone in Birds and Bats [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; September 2018.
2021	Harrison KD. A Novel in Vivo Synchrotron Radiation Micro-CT Imaging Platform for the Direct Tracking of Remodeling Events in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; December 2021.
2010	Beckstrom AB. Histologic and Geometric Data Challenge the Assumption of Habitual Superior-Inferior (tension-Compression) Bending Across the Chimpanzee Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2010.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2014	Reeves NM. Augmenting Functional Adaptation: Does Obesity Have a Systemic Effect on Bone Strength Properties in Humans? [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; May 2014.
2016	Andronowski JM. Evaluating Differential Nuclear DNA Yield Rates Among Human Bone Tissue Types: A Synchrotron Micro-CT Approach [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; May 2016.
2013	Gaspar AE. Beyond Bone Mineral Density: Detecting Changes in Fracture Risk in the Absence of Mineral Loss With the Mechanical Response Tissue Analyzer [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2015	Ng AH-M. A Mouse Model of Adynamic Bone Disease (ABD) and Its Consequences on Bone Quality With Age [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2015.
2020	Maghsoudi-Ganjeh M. Computational Investigation of Ultrastructural Behavior of Bone and Bone-Inspired Materials [PhD thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2020.
2010	Anderson DE. An Examination of Age-Related Differences in Lower Extremity Joint Torques and Strains in the Proximal Femur During Gait [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; March 26, 2010.
2013	Faingold A. Bone Elementary Units: Mechanical Properties and Structure [PhD thesis]. Weizmann Institute of Science; February 2013.
2014	Reznikov N. The Adaptation of Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Weizmann Institute of Science; July 2014.
2015	Kusins JR. Experimental Analysis of Parameters Influencing the Bone Burring Process [Master's thesis]. London, ON: Western University; 2015.
2014	Davis ML. Development of a Full-Body CAD Dataset for a Computational Model of the 5th Percentile Female [Master's thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; May 2014.
2017	Davis ML. Development and Full Body Validation of a 5th Percentile Female Finite Element Model [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; January 2017.
2022	Luo TD. The Effects of Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Bone Damage [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; September 2022.
2017	Kunde AN. The Effect of Staphylococcus Aureus* on Stiffness of Cortical Bone* [Master's thesis]. Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University; May 2017.
2019	Nguyen J. The Effect of Cortical Remodeling on Bone Stiffness in White-Tailed Deer Proximal Humerus [Master's thesis]. Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University; May 2019.
2016	Collins CJ. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods to Determine Mechanical Properties of Long Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2016	Johnson MG. Endothelin-Converting Enzyme-1 Dependent Endothelin 1 Signaling in Osteogenesis [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2016	Meyer LA. Testing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2020	Hamandi FMRA. Hierarchical Structure, Properties and Bone Mechanics At Macro, Micro, and Nano Levels [PhD thesis]. Dayton, OH: Wright State University; 2020.