Mechanical Properties of Bone

Page	Entry	Times Cited	Times Cited (no self-citations)
3	Evans, F. Gaynor Some basic concepts of mechanics	0	0
10	Evans, F. Gaynor Methods of determining the mechanical properties of bone	0	0
36	Evans, F. Gaynor Living versus dead bone	0	0
43	Evans, F. Gaynor Effect of drying	1	1
56	Evans, F. Gaynor Presevation effects	1	1
61	Evans, F. Gaynor Temperature effects	0	0
83	Evans, F. Gaynor Directional differences	0	0
123	Evans, F. Gaynor Effect of duration, frequency, and rate of loading	0	0
161	Evans, F. Gaynor Topographic differences	1	1
219	Evans, F. Gaynor Effects of age, sex, race and species	0	0
255	Evans, F. Gaynor Viscoelastic and plastic properties of bone	0	0
268	Evans, F. Gaynor Effects of reduced forces, radioactive isotopes and piezoelectricity	0	0
282	Evans, F. Gaynor Effects of microscopic structure	0	0

Year	Entry
1966	Weaver JK, Chalmers J. Cancellous bone: its strength and changes with aging and an evaluation of some methods for measuring its mineral content, I: age changes in cancellous bone. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1966;48A(2):289-298.
1970	Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Evans FG, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1970.
1969	Seireg A, Kempke W. Behavior of in vivo bone under cyclic loading. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):455-461.
1957	Fukada E, Yasuda I. On the piezoelectric effect of bone. J Phys Soc Jpn. October 1957;12(10):1158-1162.
1960	Arnold JS. Quantitation of mineralization of bone as an organ and tissue in osteoporosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1960;17:167-175.
1959	Currey JD. Differences in the tensile strength of bone of different histological types. J Anat. January 1959;93(1):87-95.
1971	Hubbard RP. Flexure of layered cranial bone. J Biomech. July 1971;4(4):251-263.
1967	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1967;158(4):375-386.
1964	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The ultimate tensile strength of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1964;58(1-2):160-183.
1968	Lindahl O, Lindgren ÅGH. Cortical bone in man, III: variation in compressive strength with age and sex. Acta Orthop Scand. 1968;39(1-3):129-135.
1952	Dempster WT, Liddicoat RT. Compact bone as a non-isotropic material. Am J Anat. 1952;91(3):331-362.
1967	Lindahl O, Lindgren ÅGH. Cortical bone in man, I: variation of the amount and density with age and sex. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):133-140.
1968	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The compressive properties of single osteons. Anat Rec. July 1968;161(3):377-392.
1847	Wertheim MG. Mémoire sur l'élasticité et la cohésion des principaux tissus du corps humain. Ann Chim Phys. December 1847;21:385-414.
1958	Evans FG. Relations between the microscopic structure and tensile strength of human bone. Acta Anat. 1958;35(4):285-301.
1960	Frost HM. Measurement of osteocytes per unit volume and volume components of osteocytes and canaliculae in man. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1960;8(2):208-211.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1880	Messerer O. Über Elasticität und Festigkeit der menschlichen Knochen. Stuttgart, Germany: Cotta; 1880.
1952	Evans FG, Lebow M. The strength of human compact bone as revealed by engineering technics. Am J Surg. March 1952;83(3):326-331.
1951	Evans FG, Lebow M. Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur. J Appl Physiol. 1951;3(9):563-572.
1964	McElhaney J, Fogle J, Byars E, Weaver G. Effect of embalming on the mechanical properties of beef bone. J Appl Physiol. November 1964;19(6):1234-1236.
1958	Amprino R. Investigations on some physical properties of bone tissue. Acta Anat. 1958;34(3):161-186.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
1876	Rauber AA. Elasticität Und Festigkeit Der Knochen: Anatomisch-Physiologische Studie. Leipzig, Germany: Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann; 1876.
1961	Roth H, Frost HM, Villanueva AR. Physical characteristics of bone, II: biphasic elastic behavior of fresh human bone. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1961;9(1):153-156.
1964	Currey JD. Three analogies to explain the mechanical properties of bone. Biorheology. 1964;2(1):1-10.
1965	Currey JD. Anelasticity in bone and echinoderm skeletons. J Exp Biol. October 1965;43(2):279-292.
1967	Marino AA, Becker RO, Bachman CH. Dielectric determination of bound water of bone. Phys Med Biol. 1967;12(3):367-378.
1961	Roth H, Frost HM, Villanueva AR. Physical characteristics of bone, I: the existence of plastic flow in vitro. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1961;9(1):149-152.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
1957	Evans FG, Lissner HR. Tensile and compressive strength of human parietal bone. J Appl Physiol. May 1957;10(3):493-497.
1957	Evans FG, Lebow M. Strength of human compact bone under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. January 1957;10(1):127-130.
1965	Heřt J, Kučera P, Vávra M, Voleník V. Comparison of the mechanical properties of both the primary and Haversian bone tissue. Acta Anat. 1965;61(3):412-423.
1962	Bassett CAL, Becker RO. Generation of electric potentials by bone in response to mechanical stress. Science. September 28, 1962;137(3535):1063.
1966	Bartley MH Jr, Arnold JS, Haslam RK, Jee SS Webster. The relationship of bone strength and bone quantity in health, disease and aging. J Gerontol. 1966;21(4):517-521.
1968	Bonfield W, Li CH. The temperature dependence of the deformation of bone. J Biomech. 1968;1(4):323-329.
1970	Galante J, Rostoker W, Ray RD. Physical properties of trabecular bone. Calcif Tiss Res. 1970;5(1):236-246.
1967	Bonfield W, Li CH. Anisotropy of nonelastic flow in bone. J Appl Phys. May 1967;38(6):2450-2455.
1966	Bonfield W, Li CH. Deformation and fracture of bone. J Appl Phys. February 1966;37(2):869-875.
1970	Evans FG, Riolo ML. Relations between the fatigue life and histology of adult human cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1970;52A(8):1579-1586.
1970	McElhaney J, Alem N, Roberts V. A porous block model for cancellous bones. Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; November 29–December 3, 1970; New York, NY.1-9. ASME Publication 70-WA/BHF-2.
1959	Lease GO, Evans FG. Strength of human metatarsal bones under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. 1959;14(1):49-51.
1971	Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR, Day WH. The fatigue properties of human cortical bone. Med Biol Eng. January 1971;9(1):23-32.
1971	Wood JL. Dynamic response of human cranial bone. J Biomech. January 1971;4(1):1-12.
1967	Lindahl O, Lindgren ÅGH. Cortical bone in man, II: variation in tensile strength with age and sex. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):141-147.
1969	Rockoff SD, Sweet E, Bleustein J. The relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to the strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1969;3(1):163-175.
1961	Evans FG, King AI. Regional differences in some physical properties of human spongy bone. In: Evans FG, ed. Biomechanical Studies of the Musculo-Skeletal System. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1961:49-67.
1971	Vincentelli R, Evans FG. Relations among mechanical properties, collagen fibers, and calcification in adult human cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1971;4(3):193-201.
1966	Mueller KH, Trias A, Ray RD. Bone density and composition: age-related and pathological changes in water and mineral content. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1966;48A(1):140-148.
1967	Evans FG, Bang S. Differences and relationships between the physical properties and the microscopic structure of human femoral, tibial and fibular cortical bone. Am J Anat. January 1967;120(1):79-88.
1965	Hirsch C, Evans FG. Studies on some physical properties of infant compact bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;35(4):300-313.
1957	Robinson RA, Elliott SR. The water content of bone, I: the mass of water, inorganic crystals, organic matrin, and “CO₂ space” components in a unit volume of dog bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1957;39A(1):167-188.
1966	Weaver JK. The microscopic hardness of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1966;48A(2):273-288.
1961	Frost HM, Roth H, Villanueva AR. Physical characteristics of bone, IV: microscopic prefailure and failure patterns. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1961;9(1):163-170.
1962	Currey JD. Strength of bone. Nature. August 4, 1962;195:513-514.
1970	McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM. Mechanical properties of cranial bone. J Biomech. 1970;3(5):495-511.
1968	Greenberg SW, Gonzalez D, Gurdjian ES, Thomas LM. Changes in physical properties of bone between the in vivo, freshly dead, and embalmed conditions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:271-279. SAE 680783.
1969	Evans FG, Vincentelli R. Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1969;2(1):63-73.

Year	Entry
2007	Cowin SC, Doty SB. Bone tissue. In: Tissue Mechanics. Boca Raton, FL: Springer; 2007:341-384.
1981	Cowin SC. Introduction to the symposium on the mechanical properties of bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:1-12.
1981	Bonfield W. Mechanisms of fracture in bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:163-170.
1981	Huiskes R, Janssen JD, Slooff TJ. A detailed comparison of experimental and theoretical stress-analyses of a human femur. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:211-234.
1986	Frost HM. Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton. Vols. 1-2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
2001	Turner CH, Burr DB. Experimental techniques for bone mechanics. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:7-1–7-35.
2001	Martin RB, Sharkey NA. Mechanical effects of postmortem changes, preservation, and allograft bone treatments. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:20-1–20-24.
2002	Currey JD. Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2002.
1993	Fung YC. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
1985	Haffner M. Synthesis of pelvic fracture criteria for lateral impact loading. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.132-152. SAE 856028.
1979	Calderale PM, Garro A, Lorenzi GL. Car accident mathematical model: femur and pelvis stress analysis. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.305-316.
1980	Sauter AJM, Klopper PJ, van Faassen F, Keeman JN. Fat embolism after static and dynamic load: an experimental investigation. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.248-260.
1989	Snider JN, Wasserman J, Kress T, Fuller PM, Benson R, Tucker G. Synthetic bone for impact studies. In: Proceedings of the 1989 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1989; Stockholm, Sweden.195-208.
1996	Yang JK, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Finite element model of the human lower extremity skeleton system in a lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.377-388.
2001	Kent R, Bolton J, Crandall J, Prasad P, Nusholtz G, Mertz H, Kallieris D. Restrained Hybrid III dummy-based criteria for thoracic hard-tissue injury prediction. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2014	Schafman M, Kang Y-S, Moorhouse K, Agnew AM. The effect of age on the structural properties of ribs in dynamic frontal loading. In: Proceedings of the 10th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 18-20, 2014; Columbus, OH.
2006	Song E, Trosseille X, Guillemot H. Side impact: influence of impact conditions and bone mechanical properties on pelvic response using a fracturable pelvis model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:75-95. SAE 2006-22-0004.
2007	Leport T, Baudrit P, Trosseille X, Petit P, Palisson A, Vallancien G. Assessment of the pubic force as a pelvic injury criterion in side impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:467-488. SAE 2007-22-0019.
2012	Nikodem A. Correlations between structural and mechanical properties of human trabecular femur bone. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2012;14(2):37-46.
1980	Carter DR, Schwab GH, Spengler DM. Tensile fracture of cancellous bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(5):733-741.
1983	Ruff CB, Hayes WC. Cross‐sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae: a biomechanical investigation, I: method and general patterns of variation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983;60(3):359-381.
1993	Riggs CM, Lanyon LE, Boyde A. Functional associations between collagen fibre orientation and locomotor strain direction in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol. March 1993;187(3):231-238.
1976	Evans FG. Mechanical properties and histology of cortical bone from younger and older men. Anat Rec. 1976;185(1):1-12.
2016	Morales-Orcajo E, Bayod J, Barbosa de Las Casas E. Computational foot modeling: scope and applications. Arch Comput Methods Eng. September 2016;23(3):389-416.
1980	Rohlmann A, Zilch H, Bergmann G, Kölbel R. Material properties of femoral cancellous bone in axial loading, I: time independent properties. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. September 1980;97(2):95-102.
1995	Currey JD, Brear K, Zioupos P, Reilly GC. Effect of formaldehyde fixation on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. Biomaterials. 1995;16(16):1267-1271.
1987	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79-85.
1993	Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone. 1993;14(4):595-608.
2008	Nyman JS, Ni Q, Nicolella DP, Wang X. Measurements of mobile and bound water by nuclear magnetic resonance correlate with mechanical properties of bone. Bone. January 2008;42(1):193-199.
2010	Unger S, Blauth M, Schmoelz W. Effects of three different preservation methods on the mechanical properties of human and bovine cortical bone. Bone. December 2010;47(6):1048-1053.
2015	Unal M, Akkus O. Raman spectral classification of mineral- and collagen-bound water's associations to elastic and post-yield mechanical properties of cortical bone. Bone. December 2015;81:315-326.
2020	Burr DB. Fifty years of bisphosphonates: what are their mechanical effects on bone? Bone. September 2020;138:115518.
1979	Lees S, Heeley JD, Cleary PF. A study of some properties of a sample of bovine cortical bone using ultrasound. Calcif Tiss Int. 1979;29(2):107-117.
1981	Lees S. A mixed packing model for bone collagen. Calcif Tiss Int. 1981;33(6):591-602.
2015	Stock SR. The mineral–collagen interface in bone. Calcif Tiss Int. September 2015;97(3):262-280.
1976	Stein ID, Granik G. Rib structure and bending strength: an autopsy study. Calcif Tiss Res. 1976;20(1):61-73.
1977	Saha S, Hayes WC. Relations between tensile impact properties and microstructure of compact bone. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1977;24(1):65-72.
1999	Kumaresan S, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Finite element analysis of the cervical spine: a material property sensitivity study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). January 1999;12(1):41-53.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1977;127:265-274.
1978	Carter DR, Spengler DM. Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1978;135:192-217.
1980	Kurosawa H, Fukubayashi T, Nakajima H. Load-bearing mode of the knee joint: physical behavior of the knee joint with or without menisci. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1980;149:283-290.
1983	Frost HM. A determinant of bone architecture: the minimum effective strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 1983;175:286-292.
1992	Stiehl JB, Skrade DA, Johnson RP. Experimentally produced ankle fractures in autopsy specimens. Clin Orthop Relat Res. December 1992;285:244-249.
2009	Currey J. Measurement of the mechanical properties of bone: a recent history. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2009;467(8):1948-1954.
2009	Rhee Y, Hur J-H, Won Y-Y, Lim S-K, Beak M-H, Cui W-Q, Kim K-G, Kim YE. Assessment of bone quality using finite element analysis based upon micro-CT images. Clin Orthop Surg. March 2009;1(1):40-47.
2007	Franklyn M, Peiris S, Huber C, Yang KH. Pediatric material properties: a review of human child and animal surrogates. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;35(3-4):197-342.
1997	Burr DB. Bone, exercise, and stress fractures. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1997;25(1):171-194.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Fatigue life of compact bone, I: effects of stress amplitude, temperature and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):27-34.
1976	Bonfield W, Datta PK. Fracture toughness of compact bone. J Biomech. 1976;9(3):131-134.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC, Schurman DJ. Fatigue life of compact bone, II: effects of microstructure and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):211-218.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage, I: residual strength and stiffness. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):325-337.
1977	Wright TM, Hayes WC. Fracture mechanics parameters for compact bone: effects of density and specimen thickness. J Biomech. 1977;10(7):419-430.
1977	Jurist JM, Foltz AS. Human ulnar bending stiffness, mineral content, geometry and strength. J Biomech. 1977;10(8):455-459.
1977	Ducheyne P, Heymans L, Martens M, Aernoudt E, Meester Pd, Mulier JC. The mechanical behaviour of intracondylar cancellous bone of the femur at different loading rates. J Biomech. 1977;10(11-12):747-762.
1978	Hayes WC, Swenson LW Jr, Schurman DJ. Axisymmetric finite element analysis of the lateral tibial plateau. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):21-33.
1978	Robertson DM, Robertson D, Barrett CR. Fracture toughness, critical crack length and plastic zone size in bone. J Biomech. 1978;11(8-9):359-364.
1979	Hakim NS, King AI. A three dimensional finite element dynamic response analysis of a vertebra with experimental verification. J Biomech. 1979;12(4):277-292.
1979	Kenner GH, Taylor LC, Park JB. Compressive strength of canine femur. J Biomech. January 1, 1979;12(7):519-526.
1979	Lakes RS, Katz JL, Sternstein SS. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, I: torsional and biaxial studies. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):657-678.
1980	Martens M, van Audekercke R, de Meester P, Mulier JC. The mechanical characteristics of the long bones of the lower extremity in torsional loading. J Biomech. 1980;13(8):667-676.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Uniaxial fatigue of human cortical bone: the influence of tissue physical characteristics. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):461-470.
1982	Ascenzi A, Benvenuti A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteonic lamellae: technical problems and preliminary results. J Biomech. 1982;15(1):29-37.
1983	Oonishi H, Isha H, Hasegawa T. Mechanical analysis of the human pelvis and its application to the artificial hip joint: by means of the three dimensional finite element method. J Biomech. 1983;16(6):427-444.
1983	Stone JL, Beaupre GS, Hayes WC. Multiaxial strength characteristics of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1983;16(9):743-752.
1984	Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Fracture mechanics of bone: the effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture. J Biomech. 1984;17(1):25-34.
1985	Cezayirlioglu H, Bahniuk E, Davy DT, Heiple KG. Anisotropic yield behavior of bone under combined axial force and torque. J Biomech. 1985;18(1):61-69.
1985	Vincentelli R, Grigoroi M. The effect of Haversian remodeling on the tensile properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):201-207.
1985	Keller TS, Lovin JD, Spengler DM, Carter DR. Fatigue of immature baboon cortical bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(4):297-304.
1986	Fischer RA, Arms SW, Pope MH, Seligson D. Analysis of the effect of using two different strain rates on the acoustic emission in bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(2):119-127.
1986	Corondan G, Haworth WL. A fractographic study of human long bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):207-218.
1986	Shirazi-Adl A, Ahmed AM, Shrivastava S. A finite element study of a lumbar motion segment subjected to pure sagittal plane moments. J Biomech. 1986;19(4):331-350.
1987	Bonfield W. Advances in the fracture mechanics of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1071-1081.
1987	Cheal EJ, Snyder BD, Nunamaker DM, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone remodeling around smooth and porous implants in an equine patellar model. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1121-1134.
1987	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1135-1150.
1988	Schaffler MB, Burr DB. Stiffness of compact bone: effects of porosity and density. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):13-16.
1988	Currey JD. The effect of porosity and mineral content on the Young's modulus of elasticity of compact bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):131-139.
1988	Currey JD. The effects of drying and re-wetting on some mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):439-441.
1989	Carter DR, Orr TE, Fyhrie DP. Relationships between loading history and femoral cancellous bone architecture. J Biomech. 1989;22(3):231-244.
1989	Shirazi-Adl A. On the fibre composite material models of disc annulus: comparison of predicted stresses. J Biomech. 1989;22(4):357-365.
1989	Selker F, Carter DR. Scaling of long bone fracture strength with animal mass. J Biomech. 1989;22(11-12):1175-1183.
1990	Ascenzi A, Baschieri P, Benvenuti A. The bending properties of single osteons. J Biomech. 1990;23(8):763-771.
1994	Ascenzi A, Baschieri P, Benvenuti A. The torsional properties of single selected osteons. J Biomech. July 1994;27(7):875-884.
1994	Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.
1995	Sasaki N, Enyo A. Viscoelastic properties of bone as a function of water content. J Biomech. 1995;28(7):809-815.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
2004	Dong XN, Guo XE. The dependence of transversely isotropic elasticity of human femoral cortical bone on porosity. J Biomech. August 2004;37(8):1281-1287.
2006	Nyman JS, Roy A, Shen X, Acuna RL, Tyler JH, Wang X. The influence of water removal on the strength and toughness of cortical bone. J Biomech. 2006;39(5):931-938.
2006	Taddei F, Cristofolini L, Martelli S, Gill HS, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models of long bones: an in vitro evaluation of the overall accuracy. J Biomech. 2006;39(13):2457-2467.
2007	Schileo E, Taddei F, Malandrino A, Cristofolini L, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models can accurately predict strain levels in long bones. J Biomech. 2007;40(13):2982-2989.
2008	Schileo E, Taddei F, Cristofolini L, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models implementing a maximum principal strain criterion are able to estimate failure risk and fracture location on human femurs tested in vitro. J Biomech. 2008;41(2):356-367.
2009	Nazarian A, Hermannsson BJ, Muller J, Zurakowski D, Snyder BD. Effects of tissue preservation on murine bone mechanical properties. J Biomech. January 5, 2009;42(1):82-86.
2011	Varghese B, Short D, Penmetsa R, Goswami T, Hangartner T. Computed-tomography-based finite-element models of long bones can accurately capture strain response to bending and torsion. J Biomech. April 29, 2011;(7):1374-1379.
2016	Schafman MA, Kang Y-S, Moorhouse K, White SE, Bolte JH IV, Agnew AM. Age and sex alone are insufficient to predict human rib structural response to dynamic A-P loading. J Biomech. October 3, 2016;49(14):3516-3522.
2023	Sosa EM, Moure MM. Simulation of low-energy impacts on the human hand for prediction of peak reaction forces and bone fracture. J Biomech. November 2023;160:111813.
1988	Ascenzi A. The micromechanics versus the macromechanics of cortical bone: a comprehensive presentation. J Biomech Eng. November 1988;110(4):357-363.
2005	Anderson AE, Peters CL, Tuttle BD, Weiss JA. Subject-specific finite element model of the pelvis: development, validation and sensitivity studies. J Biomech Eng. June 2005;127(3):365-373.
1999	Rho J-Y, Roy ME II, Tsui TY, Pharr GM. Elastic properties of microstructural components of human bone tissue as measured by nanoindentation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;A45(1):48-54.
2006	Akhtar R, Eichhorn SJ, Mummer PM. Microstructure-based finite element modelling and characterisation of bovine trabecular bone. J Bionic Eng. 2006;3(1):3-9.
1975	Currey JD, Butler G. The mechanical properties of bone tissue in children. J Bone Joint Surg. September 1975;57A(6):810-814.
1981	Dickenson RP, Hutton WC, Stott JRR. The mechanical properties of bone in osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1981;63B(2):233-238.
1999	Brodt MD, Ellis CB, Silva MJ. Growing C57Bl/6 mice increase whole bone mechanical properties by increasing geometric and material properties. J Bone Miner Res. December 1999;14(12):2159-2166.
2002	Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr DB, Turner CH. Improved bone structure and strength after long‐term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts. J Bone Miner Res. August 2002;17(8):1545-1554.
1994	Yoshikawa T, Mori S, Santiesteban AJ, Sun TC, Hafstad E, Chen J, Burr DB. The effects of muscle fatigue on bone strain. J Exp Biol. March 1994;188(1):217-233.
2008	Wieberg DA, Wescott DJ. Estimating the timing of long bone fractures: correlation between the postmortem interval, bone moisture content, and blunt force trauma fracture characteristics. J Forensic Sci. September 2008;53(5):1028-1034.
1980	Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Crack velocity dependence of longitudinal fracture in bone. J Mater Sci. June 1980;15(7):1841-1849.
1982	Gilmore RS, Katz JL. Elastic properties of apatites. J Mater Sci. 1982;17:1131-1141.
1990	Currey JD, Brear K. Hardness, Young's modulus and yield stress in mammalian mineralized tissues. J Mater Sci Mater Med. June 1990;1(1):14-20.
1990	Evans GP, Behiri JC, Currey JD, Bonfield W. Microhardness and Young's modulus in cortical bone exhibiting a wide range of mineral volume fractions, and in a bone analogue. J Mater Sci Mater Med. June 1990;1(1):38-43.
1999	Rho J-Y, Pharr GM. Effects of drying on the mechanical properties of bovine femur measured by nanoindentation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1999;10(8):485-488.
2015	Agnew AM, Schafman M, Moorhouse K, White SE, Kang Y-S. The effect of age on the structural properties of human ribs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. January 2015;41:302-314.
1986	Keller TS, Spengler DM, Carter DR. Geometric, elastic, and structural properties of maturing rat femora. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(1):57-67.
1987	Hansson TH, Keller TS, Spengler DM. Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine, II: fatigue strength during dynamic compressive loading. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(4):479-487.
1989	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD, Evans GP. Hardness, an indicator of the mechanical competence of cancellous bone. J Orthop Res. September 1989;7(5):754-758.
1990	Keller TS, Mao Z, Spengler DM. Young's modulus, bending strength, and tissue physical properties of human compact bone. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(4):592-603.
1976	Wright TM, Hayes WC. Tensile testing of bone over a wide range of strain rates: effects of strain rate, microstructure and density. Med Biol Eng. November 1976;14(6):671-680.
1997	Mitton D, Rumelhart C, Hans D, Meunier PJ. The effects of density and test conditions on measured compression and shear strength of cancellous bone from the lumbar vertebrae of ewes. Med Eng Phys. 1997;19(5):464-474.
1999	Kumaresan S, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Maiman DJ. Finite element modeling of the cervical spine: role of intervertebral disc under axial and eccentric loads. Med Eng Phys. December 1999;21(10):689-700.
2005	Nyman JS, Reyes M, Wang X. Effect of ultrastructural changes on the toughness of bone. Micron. October–December 2005;36(7-8):566-582.
1977	Bonfield W, Grynpas MD. Anisotropy of the Young's modulus of bone. Nature. December 1, 1977;270:453-454.
2006	Bembey AK, Oyen ML, Bushby AJ, Boyde A. Viscoelastic properties of bone as a function of hydration state determined by nanoindentation. Philos Mag. November 21–December 11, 2006;86(33-35):5691-5703.
1983	Brinckmann P, Frobin W, Hierholzer E, Horst M. Deformation of the vertebral end-plate under axial loading of the spine. Spine. November–December 1983;8(8):851-856.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1986	Shirazi-Adl A, Ahmed AM, Shrivastava SC. Mechanical response of a lumbar motion segment in axial torque alone and combined with compression. Spine. November 1986;11(9):914-927.
1991	Saito T, Yamamuro T, Shikata J, Oka M, Tsutsumi S. Analysis and prevention of spinal column deformity following cervical laminectomy, I: pathogenetic analysis of postlaminectomy deformities. Spine. May 1991;16(5):494-502.
1998	Goel VK, Clausen JD. Prediction of load sharing among spinal components of a C5-C6 motion segment using the finite element approach. Spine. March 15, 1998;23(6):684-691.
2017	Unal M. Classification of Bound Water and Collagen Denaturation Status of Cortical Bone by Raman Spectroscopy [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; January 2017.
2002	Dong X. Micromechanics of Osteonal Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2002.
2002	Egerer AK. The Relationship Between the Osteonal Cement Line and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Loma Linda University; June 2002.
2007	Akhtar R. Micromechanical Behaviour of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; 2007.
1997	Kumaresan S. Clinical Studies of the Human Cervical Spine Using Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1997.
1994	Simmons CA. Optimal Surface Coating Distribution on a Femoral Endoprosthesis [Master's thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; February 1994.
1998	D'Andrea SE. Lower Limb Response to Impact in Simulated Microgravity and 1G [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1998.
1995	Aubin C-E. Rôle biomécanique de la cage thoracique dans le traitement de la scoliose par orthèse [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; September 1995.
2011	Ahmed F. Multiscale Quantitative Imaging of Human Femoral Heads Using X-Ray Microtomography [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; 2011.
2012	Jimenez Palomar I. Mechanical Properties of Bone At the Sub-lamellar Level [PhD thesis]. London, England: Queen Mary University of London; September 2012.
2005	Buie HR. Use of Finite Element Method Modelling and Rapid Prototyping to Study the Effect of Trabecular Bone Architecture on Apparent Mechanical Properties [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; November 2005.
2013	Schumacher Y. Comparison of Two Loading Surface Preparation Methods on Rat Vertebral Bodies for Compression Testing [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 2013.
1975	Lakes RS. Viscoelastic and Dielectric Relaxation in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; July 1975.
1983	Rouhana SW. Fluid Flow and Mechanical Damping in Bovine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; February 1983.
2000	Coleman JC. Analysis of in Vivo Bone Strain History During Dynamic Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2000.
1998	Ji Q. A Physical Model for Broadband Ultrasonic Studies of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; Spring 1998.
2004	Greaves CY. Spinal Cord Injury Mechanisms: A Finite Element Study [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2004.
2001	Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.
2007	Klinck RJ. Establishing in Vivo Micro-CT for Use in Mouse Models of Osteoprosis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2007.
2017	Fung A. Experimental Validation of Finite Element Predicted Bone Strain in the Human Metatarsal [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2017.
2002	Graham JH. Fracture Toughness Testing of the Trabecular Bone/acrylic Bone Cement Interface [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2002.
2012	Zephro L. Determining the Timing and Mechanism of Bone Fracture in Bovine Bone [PhD thesis]. Santa Cruz, University of California; June 2012.
2005	Yan J. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2005.
1988	Kim YE. An Analytical Investigation of Ligamentous Lumbar Spine Mechanics University of Iowa; May 1988.
2002	Beardsley CL. Development of Quantitative Measures for Bone Comminution Severity [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 2002.
1980	Crenshaw TD. Physical and Biological Factors Affecting Bone Integrity in Swine [PhD thesis]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska—Lincoln; August 1980.
1977	Goel VK. Stress Analysis Associated With Total Hip Prosthesis [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; July 1977.
1981	Ruff CB. Structural Changes in the Lower Limb Bones With Aging At Pecos Pueblo [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1981.
2007	Anderson AE. Computational Modeling of Hip Joint Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; April 2007.
2000	Funk JR. The Effect of Active Muscle Tension on the Axial Impact Tolerance of the Human Foot/ankle Complex [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2000.
2009	Kindig MM. Tolerance to Failure and Geometric Influences on the Stiffness of Human Ribs Under Anterior-Posterior Loading [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2009.
2016	Bailey AM. Injury Assessment for the Human Leg Exposed to Axial Impact Loading [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; September 2016.
1976	Hakim NSA. An Experimental Study and Finite-Element Analysis of the Mechanical Response of a Vertebra [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1976.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1985.
1993	Sedman AJ. Mechanical Failure and Antler: The Accumulation of Bone of Damage [PhD thesis]. York, UK: University of York; September 1993.