The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure

Carter, Dennis R.; Hayes, Wilson C.

Year	Entry
1991	Allard RN, Ashman RB. A comparison between cancellous bone compressive moduli determined from surface strain and total specimen deflection. In: Transacation of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 4-7, 1991; Anaheim, CA.151.
1983	Bensusan JS, Davy DT, Heiple KG, Verdin KG. Tensile, compressive and torsional testing of cancellous bone. In: Transacation of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 8-10, 1983; Anaheim, CA.132.
2004	Haug E, Choi H-Y, Robin S, Beaugonin M. Human models for crash and impact simulation. In: Ayache N, ed. Computational Models for the Human Body. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V; 2004:231-452. Ciarlet PG, ed. Handbook of Numerical Analysis; vol 12.
1994	Linde F. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone by a compression testing approach. Dan Med Bull. April 1994;41(2):119-138.
1983	Neil JL, Demos TC, Stone JL, Hayes WC. Tensile and compressive properties of vertebral trabecular bone. In: Transacation of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 8-10, 1983; Anaheim, CA.344.
1996	van Rietbergen B. Mechanical Behavior and Adaptation of Trabecular Bone in Relation to Bone Morphology [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, Netherlands: Catholic University of Nijmegen; 1996.
2013	Shang-cheng W, Dong-mei W, Fang W, Qiu-gen W, Chun-hui W, Shan-guang C. Tensile and compressive mechanical property of human bone tissue [in Chinese]. Ch J Tissue Eng Res. 2013;17(7):1180-1184.
1991	Weinans HH. Mechanically Induced Bone Adaptations Around Orthopaedic Implants [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen; 1991.
1990	Duck FA. Physical Properties of Tissue: A Comprehensive Reference Book. Longon, England: Academic Press Limited; 1990.
1981	Currey JD. What is bone for? property–function relationships in bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:13-26.
1981	Hayes WC, Snyder B. Toward a quantitative formulation of Wolff's Law in trabecular bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:43-68.
2001	Turner CH, Burr DB. Experimental techniques for bone mechanics. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:7-1–7-35.
2001	Guo XE. Mechanical properties of cortical and cancellous bone tissue. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:10-1–10-23.
2001	van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R. Elastic constants of cancellous bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:15-1–15-24.
2001	Keaveny TM. Strength of trabecular bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:16-1–16-42.
2001	Arramon YP, Nauman EA. The intrinsic permeability of cancellous bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:25-1–25-17.
2001	Hart RT. Bone modeling and remodeling: theories and computation. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:31-1–31-42.
2001	Kaufman JJ, Siffert RS. Noninvasive measurement of bone integrity. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:34-1–34-25.
2002	Currey JD. Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2002.
1988	Melton LJ III, Chao EYS, Lane J. Biomechanical aspects of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:111-131.
1988	Lane JM, Cornell CN, Healey JH. Orthopaedic consequences of osteoporosis. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:433-455.
1990	Snyder BD, Hayes WC. Multiaxial structure-property relations in trabecular bone. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:31-59.
1990	Goldstein SA, Hollister SJ, Kuhn JL, Kikuchi N. The mechanical and remodeling properties of trabecular bone. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:61-81.
1990	Brown TD. Finite element analysis of bones and joints: some applications to femoral head osteonecrosis. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:385-403.
1993	Fung YC. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
2015	Salzar RS, Lievers WB, Bailey AM, Crandall JR. Leg, foot, and ankle injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:499-547.
2004	Funk JR, Kerrigan JR, Crandall JR. Dynamic bending tolerance and elastic-plastic material properties of the human femur. In: 48th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 13-15, 2004; Key Biscayne, FL.215-233.
2007	Kemper A, McNally C, Kennedy E, Manoogian S, Duma S. The material properties of human tibia cortical bone in tension and compression: implacations for the tibia index. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2011	Ikeda M, Suzuki S, Gunji Y, Takahashi Y, Motozawa Y, Hitosugi M. Development of an advanced finite element model for a pedestrian pelvis. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
1998	Wykowski E, Sinnhuber R, Appel H. Finite element model of human lower extremities in a frontal impact. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.101-116.
2001	Griffin LV, Harris RM, Hayda RA, Rountree MS. Loading rate and torsional moments predict pilon fractures for antipersonnel blast mine loading. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2008	Kerrigan J, Parent D, Untaroiu C, Crandall J, Deng B. A new detailed multi-body model of the pedestrian lower extremity: development and preliminary validation. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.227-242.
2009	Crandall J. Simulating the road forward: the role of computational modeling in realizing future opportunities in traffic safety. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.3-27.
2014	Gabler LF, Panzer MB, Salzar RS. High‐rate mechanical properties of human heel pad for simulation of a blast loading condition. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.796-808.
2021	Schubert A, Erlinger N, Leo C, Iraeus J, John J, Klug C. Development of a 50th percentile female femur model. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.308-332.
2009	Ito O, Dokko Y, Ohashi K. Development of adult and elderly FE thorax skeletal models. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 20-23, 2009; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2009-01-0381.
1996	Tannous RE, Bandak FA, Toridis TG, Eppinger RH. A three-dimensional finite element model of the human ankle: development and preliminary application to axial impulsive loading. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:219-238.219-238. SAE 962427.
1997	Beaugonin M, Haug E, Cesari D. Improvement of numerical ankle/foot model: modeling of deformable bone. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:225-237. SAE 973331.
1998	Yang KH, Zhu F, Luan F, Zhao L, Begeman PC. Development of a finite element model of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:195-205. SAE 983157.
1999	Banglmaier RF, Dvoracek-Driksna D, Oniang'o TE, Haut RC. Axial compressive load response of the 90° flexed human tibiofemoral joint. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:127-139. SAE 99SC08.
2000	Eppinger RH, Takhounts EG. On the development of survival criteria for rate sensitive materials. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:51-57. SAE 2000-01-SC04.
2000	Halldin PH, Brolin K, Kleiven S, von Holst H, Jakobsson L, Palmertz C. Investigation of conditions that affect neck compression-flexion injuries using numerical techniques. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:127-138. SAE 2000-01-SC10.
2000	Schuster PJ, Chou CC, Prasad P, Jayaraman G. Development and validation of a pedestrian lower limb non-linear 3- d finite element model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:315-334. SAE 2000-01-SC21.
2000	Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Konosu A, Ishikawa H. Development and validation of the finite element model for the human lower limb of pedestrians. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:335-355. SAE 2000-01-SC22.
2005	Iwamoto M, Miki K, Tanaka E. Ankle skeletal injury predictions using anisotropic inelastic constitutive model of cortical bone taking into account damage evolution. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:133-156. SAE 2005-22-0007.
2007	Untaroiu C, Kerrigan J, Kam C, Crandall J, Yamazaki K, Fukuyama K, Kamiji K, Yasuki T, Funk J. Correlation of strain and loads measured in the long bones with observed kinematics of the lower limb during vehicle-pedestrian impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:433-466. SAE 2007-22-0018.
2015	Schoell SL, Weaver AA, Urban JE, Jones DA, Stitzel JD, Hwang E, Reed MP, Rupp JD. Development and validation of an older occupant finite element model of a mid-sized male for investigation of age-related injury risk. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2015;59:359-383.
2009	Chen P-Y, Stokes AG, McKittrick J. Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Acta Biomater. February 2009;5(2):693-706.
1980	Brown TD, Ferguson AB Jr. Mechanical property distributions in the cancellous bone of the human proximal femur. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(1):429-437.
1980	Carter DR, Schwab GH, Spengler DM. Tensile fracture of cancellous bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(5):733-741.
2000	Ding M. Age variations in the properties of human tibial trabecular bone and cartilage. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000;71(suppl 292):1-45.
2002	Banse X. When density fails to predict bone strength. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73(2)(suppl 303):2-57.
2019	Knowles NK, Kusins J, Faieghi M, Ryan M, Dall’Ara E, Ferreira LM. Material mapping of QCT-derived scapular models: a comparison with micro-CT loaded specimens using digital volume correlation. Ann Biomed Eng. November 2019;47(11):2188-2198.
2001	Keaveny TM, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, Yeh OC. Biomechanics of trabecular bone. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;3:307-333.
1980	Rohlmann A, Zilch H, Bergmann G, Kölbel R. Material properties of femoral cancellous bone in axial loading, I: time independent properties. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. September 1980;97(2):95-102.
2023	Wheatley BB, Gilmore EC, Fuller LH, Drake AM, Donahue SW. How the geometry and mechanics of bighorn sheep horns mitigate the effects of impact and reduce the head injury criterion. Bioinspir Biomim. February 2023;18(2):026005.
1994	Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. Compressive properties of cortical bone: mineral-organic interfacial bonding. Biomaterials. January 1994;15(2):137-145.
2014	Zimmermann EA, Gludovatz B, Schaible E, Busse B, Ritchie RO. Fracture resistance of human cortical bone across multiple length-scales at physiological strain rates. Biomaterials. July 2014;35(21):5472-5481.
2008	Matsuura M, Eckstein F, Lochmüller E-M, Zysset PK. The role of fabric in the quasi-static compressive mechanical properties of human trabecular bone from various anatomical locations. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. February 2008;7(1):27-42.
2004	Yeni YN, Dong XN, Fyhrie DP, Les CM. The dependence between the strength and stiffness of cancellous and cortical bone tissue for tension and compression: extension of a unifying principle. Bio-med Mater Eng. 2004;14(3):303-310.
2000	Jäger I, Fratzl P. Mineralized collagen fibrils: a mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophys J. October 2000;79(4):1737-1746.
1987	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79-85.
1988	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. Iliac crest trabecular bone volume as predictor for vertebral compressive strength, ash density and trabecular bone volume in normal individuals. Bone. 1988;9(4):195-199.
1989	Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB. Mechanical and morphological effects of strain rate on fatigue of compact bone. Bone. 1989;10(3):207-214.
1989	Mosekilde L, Bentzen SM, Ørtoft G, Jørgensen J. The predictive value of quantitative computed tomography for vertebral body compressive strength and ash density. Bone. 1989;10(6):465-470.
1990	Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB. Long-term fatigue behavior of compact bone at low strain magnitude and rate. Bone. 1990;11(5):321-326.
1990	Jensen KS, Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. A model of vertebral trabecular bone architecture and its mechanical properties. Bone. 1990;11(6):417-423.
1993	Odgaard A, Gundersen HJG. Quantification of connectivity in cancellous bone, with special emphasis on 3-D reconstructions. Bone. March–April 1993;14(2):173-182.
1993	Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone. 1993;14(4):595-608.
1997	Odgaard A. Three-dimensional methods for quantification of cancellous bone architecture. Bone. 1997;20(4):315-328.
1997	Silva MJ, Gibson LJ. Modeling the mechanical behavior of vertebral trabecular bone: effects of age-related changes in microstructure. Bone. 1997;21(2):191-199.
1998	Thomsen JS, Ebbesen EN, Mosekilde L. Relationships between static histomorphometry and bone strength measurements in human iliac crest bone biopsies author links open overlay panel. Bone. February 1998;22(2):153-163.
1999	Kabel J, Odgaard A, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R. Connectivity and the elastic properties of cancellous bone. Bone. 1999;24(2):115-120.
1999	Ulrich D, van Rietbergen B, Laib A, Rüegsegger P. The ability of three-dimensional structural indices to reflect mechanical aspects of trabecular bone. Bone. 1999;25(1):55-60.
1999	Kabel J, van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Huiskes R. Constitutive relationships of fabric, density, and elastic properties in cancellous bone architecture. Bone. October 1999;25(4):481-486.
1999	Ebbesen EN, Thomsen JS, Beck-Nielsen H, Nepper-Rasmussen HJ, Mosekilde L. Lumbar vertebral body compressive strength evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, and ashing. Bone. December 1999;25(6):713-724.
2000	Fyhrie DP, Vashishth D. Bone stiffness predicts strength similarly for human vertebral cancellous bone in compression and for cortical bone in tension. Bone. February 2000;26(2):169-173.
2000	Gadeleta SJ, Boskey AL, Paschalis E, Carlson C, Menschik F, Baldini T, Peterson M, Rimnac CM. A physical, chemical, and mechanical study of lumbar vertebrae from normal, ovariectomized, and nandrolone decanoate-treated cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis). Bone. October 2000;27(4):541-550.
2001	Hernandez CJ, Beaupré GS, Keller TS, Carter DR. The influence of bone volume fraction and ash fraction on bone strength and modulus. Bone. July 2001;29(1):74-78.
2002	Pistoia W, van Rietbergen B, Lochmüller E-M, Lill CA, Eckstein F, Rüegsegger P. Estimation of distal radius failure load with micro-finite element analysis models based on three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography images. Bone. June 2002;30(6):842-848.
2002	Wachter NJ, Krischak GD, Mentzel M, Sarkar MR, Ebinger T, Kinz L, Claes L, Augat P. Correlation of bone mineral density with strength and microstructural parameters of cortical bone in vitro. Bone. July 2002;31(1):90-95.
2002	Fazzalari NL, Kuliwaba JS, Forwood MR. Cancellous bone microdamage in the proximal femur: influence of age and osteoarthritis on damage morphology and regional distribution. Bone. December 2002;31(6):697-702.
2004	Loveridge N, Power J, Reeve J, Boyde A. Bone mineralization density and femoral neck fragility. Bone. October 2004;35(4):929-941.
2005	Shefelbine SJ, Simon U, Claes L, Gold A, Gabet Y, Bab I, Müller R, Augat P. Prediction of fracture callus mechanical properties using micro-CT images and voxel-based finite element analysis. Bone. March 2005;36(3):480-488.
2006	Hernandez CJ, Keaveny TM. A biomechanical perspective on bone quality. Bone. December 2006;39(6):1173-1181.
2007	Perilli E, Baleani M, Öhman C, Baruffaldi F, Viceconti M. Structural parameters and mechanical strength of cancellous bone in the femoral head in osteoarthritis do not depend on age. Bone. November 2007;41(5):760-768.
2008	Yerramshetty JS, Akkus O. The associations between mineral crystallinity and the mechanical properties of human cortical bone. Bone. March 2008;42(3):476-482.
2009	Garrison JG, Slaboch CL, Niebur GL. Density and architecture have greater effects on the toughness of trabecular bone than damage. Bone. May 2009;44(5):924-929.
2010	Lievers WB, Petryshyn AC, Poljsak AS, Waldman SD, Pilkey AK. Specimen diameter and “side artifacts” in cancellous bone evaluated using end-constrained elastic tension. Bone. August 2010;47(2):371-377.
2011	Öhman C, Baleani M, Pani C, Taddei F, Alberghini M, Viceconti M, Manfrini M. Compressive behaviour of child and adult cortical bone. Bone. October 2011;49(4):769-776.
2013	Willie BM, Birkhold AI, Razi H, Thiele T, Aido M, Kruck B, Schill A, Checa S, Main RP, Duda GN. Diminished response to in vivo mechanical loading in trabecular and not cortical bone in adulthood of female C57Bl/6 mice coincides with a reduction in deformation to load. Bone. August 2013;55(2):335-346.
2013	Hambli R. Micro-CT finite element model and experimental validation of trabecular bone damage and fracture. Bone. October 2013;56(2):363-374.
2016	Bach-Gansmo FL, Brüel A, Jensen MV, Ebbesen EN, Birkedal H, Thomsen JS. Osteocyte lacunar properties and cortical microstructure in human iliac crest as a function of age and sex. Bone. October 2016;91:11-19.
2020	Suzuki T, Matsuura Y, Yamazaki T, Akasaka T, Ozone E, Matsuyama Y, Mukai M, Ohara T, Wakita H, Taniguchi S, Ohtori S. Biomechanics of callus in the bone healing process, determined by specimen-specific finite element analysis. Bone. March 2020;132:115212.
2020	Schileo E, Pitocchi J, Falcinelli C, Taddei F. Cortical bone mapping improves finite element strain prediction accuracy at the proximal femur. Bone. July 2020;136:115348.
2022	Abe S, Kouhia R, Nikander R, Narra N, Hyttinen J, Sievänen H. Effect of fall direction on the lower hip fracture risk in athletes with different loading histories: a finite element modeling study in multiple sideways fall configurations. Bone. May 2022;158:116351.
2018	Zhao S, Arnold M, Ma S, Abel RL, Cobb JP, Hansen U, Boughton O. Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone. Bone Joint Res. August 2018;7(8):524-538.
1984	Parfitt AM. Age-related structural changes in trabecular and cortical bone: cellular mechanisms and biomechanical consequences. Calcif Tiss Int. 1984;36(suppl 1):S123-S128.
1993	Snyder BD, Piazza S, Edwards WT, Hayes WC. Role of trabecular morphology in the etiology of age-related vertebral fractures. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S14-S22.
1993	Goldstein SA, Goulet R, McCubbrey D. Measurement and significance of three-dimensional architecture to the mechanical integrity of trabecular bone. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S127-S133.
1994	Bouxsein ML, Myburgh KH, van der Meulen MCH, Lindenberger E, Marcus R. Age-related differences in cross-sectional geometry of the forearm bones in healthy women. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1994;54(2):113-118.
1999	Bailey AJ, Sims TJ, Ebbesen EN, Mansell JP, Thomsen JS, Mosekilde L. Age-related changes in the biochemical properties of human cancellous bone collagen: relationship to bone strength. Calcif Tiss Int. September 1999;65(3):203-210.
2000	Akhter MP, Iwaniec UT, Covey MA, Cullen DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Genetic variations in bone density, histomorphometry, and strength in mice. Calcif Tiss Int. October 2000;67(4):337-344.
2001	Wachter NJ, Augat P, Krischak GD, Mentzel M, Kinzl L, Claes L. Prediction of cortical bone porosity in vitro by microcomputed tomography. Calcif Tiss Int. January 2001;68(1):38-42.
2002	Brown SJ, Pollintine P, Powell DE, Davie MW, Sharp CA. Regional differences in mechanical and material properties of femoral head cancellous bone in health and osteoarthritis. Calcif Tiss Int. September 2002;71(3):227-234.
2008	Nazarian A, von Stechow D, Zurakowski D, Müller R, Snyder BD. Bone volume fraction explains the variation in strength and stiffness of cancellous bone affected by metastatic cancer and osteoporosis. Calcif Tiss Int. December 2008;83(6):368-379.
1993	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Separate effects of osteoporosis and density on the strength and stiffness of human cancellous bone. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). September 1993;8(5):262-268.
1997	Ouyang J, Yang GT, Wu WZ, Zhu QA, Zhong SZ. Biomechanical characteristics of human trabecular bone. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). October 1997;12(7-8):522-524.
2008	Helgason B, Perilli E, Schileo E, Taddei F, Brynjólfsson S, Viceconti M. Mathematical relationships between bone density and mechanical properties: a literature review. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008;23(2):135-146.
2011	Johnston JD, Kontulainen SA, Masri BA, Wilson DR. Predicting subchondral bone stiffness using a depth-specific CT topographic mapping technique in normal and osteoarthritic proximal tibiae. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). December 2011;26(10):1012-1018.
2011	Donnelly E. Methods for assessing bone quality: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2011;469:2128-2138.
1978	Carter DR, Spengler DM. Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1978;135:192-217.
1992	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1992;274:124-134.
2011	Cole JH, van der Meulen MCH. Whole bone mechanics and bone quality. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2011;469(8):2139-2149.
2019	Kalajahi SMH, Nazemi SM, Johnston JD. Separate modeling of cortical and trabecular bone offers little improvement in FE predictions of local structural stiffness at the proximal tibia. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2019;22(16):1258-1268.
2009	Grosland NM, Shivanna KH, Magnotta VA, Kallemeyn NA, DeVries NA, Tadepalli SC, Lisle C. IA-FEMesh: an open-source, interactive, multiblock approach to anatomic finite element model development. Comput Methods Prog Biomed. April 2009;94(1):96-107.
2007	Franklyn M, Peiris S, Huber C, Yang KH. Pediatric material properties: a review of human child and animal surrogates. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;35(3-4):197-342.
2004	Doblaré M, García JM, Gomez MJ. Modelling bone tissue fracture and healing: a review. Eng Fract Mech. September 2004;71(13-14):1809-1840.
1984	Hvid I, Jensen J. Cancellous bone strength at the proximal human tibia. Eng Med. January 1984;13(1):21-25.
1985	Hvid I, Jensen NC, Bünger C, Sølund K, Djurhuus JC. Bone mineral assay: its relation to the mechanical strength of cancellous bone. Eng Med. 1985;14(2):79-83.
1985	Linde F, Hvid I, Jensen NC. Material properties of cancellous bone in repetitive axial loading. Eng Med. October 1985;14(4):173-177.
1988	Linde F, Gøthgen CB, Hvid I, Pongsoipetch B, Bentzen S. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone by a non‐destructive compression testing approach. Eng Med. 1988;17(1):23-29.
1988	Brear K, Currey JD, Raines S, Smith KJ. Density and temperature effects on some mechanical properties of cancellous bone. Eng Med. October 1988;17(4):163-167.
1988	Yahia LH, Drouin G, Duval P. A methodology for mechanical measurements of technical constants of trabecular bone. Eng Med. October 1988;17(4):169-173.
2005	Wang X, Guyette J, Liu X, Roeder RK, Niebur GL. Axial-shear interaction effects on microdamage in bovine tibial trabecular bone. Euro J Morphol. February–April 2005;42(1-2):61-70.
1997	Burr DB. Bone, exercise, and stress fractures. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1997;25(1):171-194.
1999	Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J. Mechanotransduction in bone: role of the lacunocanalicular network. FASEB J. May 1999;12(9001):S101-S112.
1997	Guo XE, Goldstein SA. Is trabecular bone tissue different from cortical bone tissue? Forma. 1997;12(3-4):185-196.
2017	Tsirigotis A, Deligianni DD. Combining digital image correlation and acoustic emission for monitoring of the strain distribution until yielding during compression of bovine cancellous bone. Front Mater. December 20, 2017;4:44.
2004	Kerrigan JR, Drinkwater DC, Kam CY, Murphy DB, Ivarsson BJ, Crandall JR, Patrie J. Tolerance of the human leg and thigh in dynamic latero-medial bending. Int J Crashworthiness. 2004;9(6):607-623.
2005	Shim VPW, Yang LM, Liu JF, Lee VS. Characterisation of the dynamic compressive mechanical properties of cancellous bone from the human cervical spine. Int J Impact Eng. December 2005;32(1-4):525-540.
2016	Schwiedrzik J, Gross T, Bina M, Pretterklieber M, Zysset P, Pahr D. Experimental validation of a nonlinear μFE model based on cohesive-frictional plasticity for trabecular bone. Int J Num Meth Biomed Eng. April 2016;32(4):e02739.
2001	Bandak FA, Tannous RE, Toridis T. On the development of an osseo-ligamentous finite element model of the human ankle joint. Int J Solids Struct. March 2001;38(10-13):1681-1697.
2009	DeVries NA, Shivanna KH, Tadepalli SC, Magnotta VA, Grosland NM. IA-FEMesh: anatomic FE models: a check of mesh accuracy and validity. Iowa Orthop J. 2009;29:48-54.
2012	Skedros JG, Knight AN, Farnsworth RW, Bloebaum RD. Do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei. J Anat. March 2012;220(3):242-255.
1990	Orr TE, Beaupré GS, Carter DR, Schurman DJ. Computer predictions of bone remodeling around porous-coated implants. J Arthoplast. September 1990;5(3):191-200.
1978	Hayes WC, Swenson LW Jr, Schurman DJ. Axisymmetric finite element analysis of the lateral tibial plateau. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):21-33.
1983	Bryant JD. The effect of impact on the marrow pressure of long bones in vitro. J Biomech. 1983;16(8):659-665.
1983	Rohlmann A, Mössner U, Bergmann G, Kölbel R. Finite-element-analysis and experimental investigation in a femur with hip endoprosthesis. J Biomech. 1983;16(9):727-742.
1983	Stone JL, Beaupre GS, Hayes WC. Multiaxial strength characteristics of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1983;16(9):743-752.
1983	Goldstein SA, Wilson DL, Sonstegard DA, Matthews LS. The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location. J Biomech. 1983;16(12):965-969.
1983	Martens M, Van Audekercke R, Delport P, De Meester P, Mulier JC. The mechanical characteristics of cancellous bone at the upper femoral region. J Biomech. 1983;16(12):971-983.
1984	Brown TD, Radin EL, Martin RB, Burr DB. Finite element studies of some juxtarticular stress changes due to localized subchondral stiffening. J Biomech. 1984;17(1):11-24.
1985	Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.
1985	Kaplan SJ, Hayes WC, Stone JL, Beaupré GS. Tensile strength of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(9):723-727.
1986	Fischer RA, Arms SW, Pope MH, Seligson D. Analysis of the effect of using two different strain rates on the acoustic emission in bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(2):119-127.
1987	Vahey JW, Lewis JL, Vanderby R Jr. Elastic moduli, yield stress, and ultimate stress of cancellous bone in the canine proximal femur. J Biomech. 1987;20(1):29-33.
1987	Linde F, Hvid I. Stiffness behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1987;20(1):83-89.
1987	Bentzen SM, Hvid I, Jorgensen J. Mechanical strength of tibial trabecular bone evaluated by X-ray computed tomography. J Biomech. 1987;20(8):743-752.
1987	Carter DR, Fyhrie DP, Whalen RT. Trabecular bone density and loading history: regulation of connective tissue biology by mechanical energy. J Biomech. 1987;20(8):785-794.
1987	Ashman RB, Corin JD, Turner CH. Elastic properties of cancellous bone: measurement by an ultrasonic technique. J Biomech. 1987;20(10):979-986.
1987	Goldstein SA. The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic location and function. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1055-1061.
1987	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1135-1150.
1988	Schaffler MB, Burr DB. Stiffness of compact bone: effects of porosity and density. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):13-16.
1988	Currey JD. The effect of porosity and mineral content on the Young's modulus of elasticity of compact bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):131-139.
1988	Rice JC, Cowin SC, Bowman JA. On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):155-168.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
1989	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Matthews LS. The limitations of canine trabecular bone as a model for human: a biomechanical study. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):95-107.
1989	Carter DR, Orr TE, Fyhrie DP. Relationships between loading history and femoral cancellous bone architecture. J Biomech. 1989;22(3):231-244.
1989	Ryan SD, Williams JL. Tensile testing of rodlike trabeculae excised from bovine femoral bone. J Biomech. 1989;22(4):351-355.
1989	Linde F, Hvid I. The effect of constraint on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):485-490.
1989	Odgaard A, Hvid I, Linde F. Compressive axial strain distributions in cancellous bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):829-835.
1989	Hvid I, Bentzen SM, Linde F, Mosekilde L, Pongsoipetch B. X-ray quantitative computed tomography: the relations to physical properties of proximal tibial trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):837-844.
1989	Ashman RB, Rho JY, Turner CH. Anatomical variation of orthotropic elastic moduli of the proximal human tibia. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):895-900.
1990	Fyhrie DP, Carter DR. Femoral head apparent density distribution predicted from bone stresses. J Biomech. 1990;23(1):1-10.
1990	Turner CH, Cowin SC, Rho JY, Ashman RB, Rice JC. The fabric dependence of the orthotropic elastic constants of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1990;23(6):549-561.
1990	Sharp DJ, Tanner KE, Bonfield W. Measurement of the density of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1990;23(8):853-857.
1991	Martin RB. Determinants of the mechanical properties of bones. J Biomech. 1991;24(suppl 1):79-88.
1991	Odgaard A, Linde F. The underestimation of Young's modulus in compressive testing of cancellous bone specimens. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):691-698.
1991	Linde F, Nørgaard P, Hvid I, Odgaard A, Søballe K. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependency on strain rate. J Biomech. 1991;24(9):803-809.
1992	Linde F, Hvid I, Madsen F. The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1992;25(4):359-368.
1992	Hogan HA. Micromechanics modeling of Haversian cortical bone properties. J Biomech. May 1992;25(5):549-556.
1992	Weinans H, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. The behavior of adaptive bone-remodeling simulation models. J Biomech. December 1992;25(12):1425-1441.
1993	Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.
1993	Van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R, Weinans H, Sumner DR, Turner TM, Galante JO. The mechanism of bone remodeling and resorption around press-fitted THA stems. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):369-382.
1993	Keaveny TM, Borchers RE, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC. Theoretical analysis of the experimental artifact in trabecular bone compressive modulus [published correction appears in J Biomech. 1993;26(9):1143]. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):599-607.
1993	Keaveny TM, Borchers RE, Gibson L, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone modulus and strength can depend on specimen geometry. J Biomech. August 1993;26(8):991-995.
1993	Linde F, Sørensen HCF. The effect of different storage methods on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1993;26(10):1249-1252.
1994	Guo X-DE, McMahon TA, Keaveny TM, Hayes WC, Gibson LJ. Finite element modeling of damage accumulation in trabecular bone under cyclic loading. J Biomech. February 1994;27(2):145-155.
1994	Bowman SM, Keaveny TM, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Compressive creep behavior of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):301-310.
1994	Goulet RW, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Kuhn JL, Brown MB, Feldkamp LA. The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. April 1994;27(4):375-389.
1994	Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.
1994	Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Ford CM, Hayes WC. Differences between the tensile and compressive strengths of bovine tibial trabecular bone depend on modulus. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1137-1146.
1994	Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.
1994	Deligianni DD, Maris A, Missirlis YF. Stress relaxation behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. December 1994;27(12):1469-1476.
1995	Dalstra M, Huisker R. Load transfer across the pelvic bone. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):715-724.
1996	Zysset PK, Curnier A. A 3D damage model for trabecular bone based on fabric tensors. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1549-1558.
1997	McGill SM. The biomechanics of low back injury: implications on current practice in industry and the clinic. J Biomech. May 1997;30(5):465-475.
1998	Hou FJ, Lang SM, Hoshaw SJ, Reimann DA, Fyhrie DP. Human vertebral body apparent and hard tissue stiffness. J Biomech. November 1998;31(11):1009-1015.
1998	Ulrich D, van Rietbergen B, Weinans H, Rüegsegger P. Finite element analysis of trabecular bone structure: a comparison of image-based meshing techniques. J Biomech. December 1998;31(12):1187-1192.
1999	Kabel J, van Rietbergen B, Dalstra M, Odgaard A, Huiskes R. The role of an effective isotropic tissue modulus in the elastic properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1999;32(7):673-680.
1999	Kerner J, Huiskes R, van Lenthe GH, Weinans H, van Rietbergen B, Engh CA, Amis AA. Correlation between pre-operative periprosthetic bone density and post-operative bone loss in THA can be explained by strain-adaptive remodelling. J Biomech. July 1999;32(7):695-703.
1999	Zysset PK, Guo XE, Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Goldstein SA. Elastic modulus and hardness of cortical and trabecular bone lamellae measured by nanoindentation in the human femur. J Biomech. October 1999;32(10):1005-1012.
2000	Weinans H, Sumner DR, Igloria R, Natarajan RN. Sensitivity of periprosthetic stress-shielding to load and the bone density–modulus relationship in subject-specific finite element models. J Biomech. July 2000;33(7):809-817.
2001	Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech. 2001;34(5):569-577.
2002	Kim HS, Al-Hassan STS. A morphological model of vertebral trabecular bone. J Biomech. August 2002;35(8):1101-1114.
2003	Yeni YN, Fyhrie DP. A rate-dependent microcrack-bridging model that can explain the strain rate dependency of cortical bone apparent yield strength. J Biomech. September 2003;36(9):1343-1353.
2003	Hengsberger S, Enstroem J, Peyrin F, Zysset P. How is the indentation modulus of bone tissue related to its macroscopic elastic response? a validation study. J Biomech. October 2003;36(10):1503-1509.
2004	Bourne BC, van der Meulen MCH. Finite element models predict cancellous apparent modulus when tissue modulus is scaled from specimen CT-attenuation. J Biomech. May 2004;37(5):613-621.
2004	Viceconti M, Davinelli M, Taddei F, Cappello A. Automatic generation of accurate subject-specific bone finite element models to be used in clinical studies. J Biomech. 2004;37(10):1597-1605.
2005	Gibson LJ. Biomechanics of cellular solids. J Biomech. 2005;38(3):377-399.
2005	Shefelbine SJ, Augat P, Claes L, Simo U. Trabecular bone fracture healing simulation with finite element analysis and fuzzy logic. J Biomech. December 2005;38(12):2440-2450.
2006	Guedes RM, Simões JA, Morais JL. Viscoelastic behaviour and failure of bovine cancellous bone under constant strain rate. J Biomech. 2006;39(1):49-60.
2006	Wang X, Niebur GL. Microdamage propagation in trabecular bone due to changes in loading mode. J Biomech. 2006;39(5):781-790.
2006	Verhulp E, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R. Comparison of micro-level and continuum-level voxel models of the proximal femur. J Biomech. 2006;39(16):2951-2957.
2007	Laz PJ, Stowe JQ, Baldwin MA, Petrella AJ, Rullkoetter PJ. Incorporating uncertainty in mechanical properties for finite element-based evaluation of bone mechanics. J Biomech. 2007;40(13):2831-2836.
2007	Kasra M, Grynpas MD. On shear properties of trabecular bone under torsional loading: effects of bone marrow and strain rate. J Biomech. 2007;40(13):2898-2903.
2007	Schileo E, Taddei F, Malandrino A, Cristofolini L, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models can accurately predict strain levels in long bones. J Biomech. 2007;40(13):2982-2989.
2007	Bevill G, Easley SK, Keaveny TM. Side-artifact errors in yield strength and elastic modulus for human trabecular bone and their dependence on bone volume fraction and anatomic site. J Biomech. 2007;40(15):3381-3388.
2007	Yosibash Z, Trabelsi N, Milgrom C. Reliable simulations of the human proximal femur by high-order finite element analysis validated by experimental observations. J Biomech. 2007;40(16):3688-3699.
2008	Schileo E, Taddei F, Cristofolini L, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models implementing a maximum principal strain criterion are able to estimate failure risk and fracture location on human femurs tested in vitro. J Biomech. 2008;41(2):356-367.
2008	Perilli E, Baleani M, Öhman C, Fognani R, Baruffaldi F, Viceconti M. Dependence of mechanical compressive strength on local variations in microarchitecture in cancellous bone of proximal human femur. J Biomech. 2008;41(2):438-446.
2008	Burgers TA, Mason J, Niebur G, Ploeg HL. Compressive properties of trabecular bone in the distal femur. J Biomech. 2008;41(5):1077-1085.
2008	Zioupos P, Cook RB, Hutchinson JR. Some basic relationships between density values in cancellous and cortical bone. J Biomech. 2008;41(9):1961-1968.
2008	Schileo E, Dall’Ara E, Taddei F, Malandrino A, Schotkamp T, Baleani M, Viceconti M. An accurate estimation of bone density improves the accuracy of subject-specific finite element models. J Biomech. August 7, 2008;41(11):2483-2491.
2008	Austman RL, Milner JS, Holdsworth DW, Dunning CE. The effect of the density–modulus relationship selected to apply material properties in a finite element model of long bone. J Biomech. November 14, 2008;41(15):3171-3176.
2009	Trabelsi N, Yosibash Z, Milgrom C. Validation of subject-specific automated p-FE analysis of the proximal femur. J Biomech. February 9, 2009;42(3):234-241.
2009	Burgers TA, Lakes RS, García-Rodríguez S, Piller GR, Ploeg H-L. Post-yield relaxation behavior of bovine cancellous bone. J Biomech. 2009;42(16):2728-2733.
2010	Chen G, Schmutz B, Epari D, Rathnayaka K, Ibrahim S, Schuetz MA, Pearcy MJ. A new approach for assigning bone material properties from CT images into finite element models. J Biomech. 2010;43(5):1011-1015.
2010	Isaksson H, Nagao S, MaŁkiewicz M, Julkunen P, Nowak R, Jurvelin JS. Precision of nanoindentation protocols for measurement of viscoelasticity in cortical and trabecular bone. J Biomech. 2010;43(12):2410-2417.
2011	Brynk T, Hellmich C, Fritsch A, Zysset P, Eberhardsteiner J. Experimental poromechanics of trabecular bone strength: role of Terzaghi's effective stress and of tissue level stress fluctuations. J Biomech. 2011;44(3):501-508.
2011	Boyle C, Kim IY. Three-dimensional micro-level computational study of Wolff's law via trabecular bone remodeling in the human proximal femur using design space topology optimization. J Biomech. March 15, 2011;44(5):935-942.
2011	Wu Z, Baker TA, Ovaert TC, Niebur GL. The effect of holding time on nanoindentation measurements of creep in bone. J Biomech. April 7, 2011;44(6):2055-2062.
2011	Garrison JG, Gargac JA, Niebur GL. Shear strength and toughness of trabecular bone are more sensitive to density than damage. J Biomech. November 10, 2011;44(16):2747-2754.
2013	Hazrati Marangalou J, Ito K, Cataldi M, Taddei F, van Rietbergen B. A novel approach to estimate trabecular bone anisotropy using a database approach. J Biomech. September 27, 2013;46(14):2356-2362.
2014	Gilchrist S, Nishiyama KK, de Bakker P, Guy P, Boyd SK, Oxland T, Cripton PA. Proximal femur elastic behaviour is the same in impact and constant displacement rate fall simulation. J Biomech. November 28, 2014;47(15):3744-3749.
2016	Prot M, Cloete TJ, Saletti D, Laporte S. The behavior of cancellous bone from quasi-static to dynamic strain rates with emphasis on the intermediate regime. J Biomech. May 3, 2016;49(7):1050-1057.
2018	Enns-Bray WS, Ferguson SJ, Helgason B. Strain rate dependency of bovine trabecular bone under impact loading at sideways fall velocity. J Biomech. June 2018;75:46-52.
2023	Albert DL, Katzenberger MJ, Hunter RL, Agnew AM, Kemper AR. Effects of loading rate, age, and morphology on the material properties of human rib trabecular bone. J Biomech. July 2023;156:111670.
2023	Pais A, Alves JL, Belinha J. Predicting trabecular arrangement in the proximal femur: an artificial neural network approach for varied geometries and load cases. J Biomech. December 2023;161:111860.
1982	Williams JL, Lewis JL. Properties and an anisotropic model of cancellous bone from the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Biomech Eng. February 1982;104(1):50-56.
1984	Hart RT, Davy DT, Heiple KG. A computational method for stress analysis of adaptive elastic materials with a view toward applications in strain-induced bone remodeling. J Biomech Eng. November 1984;106(4):342-350.
1985	Beaupre GS, Hayes WC. Finite element analysis of a three-dimensional open-celled model for trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. August 1985;107(3):249-256.
1986	Cowin SC. Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture at remodeling equilibrium. J Biomech Eng. February 1986;108(1):83-88.
1986	Little RB, Wevers HW, Siu D, Cooke TDV. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the upper tibia. J Biomech Eng. May 1986;108(2):111-119.
1987	Ueno K, Liu YK. A three-dimenstional nonlinear finite element model of lumbar intervertebral joint in torsion. J Biomech Eng. August 1987;109(3):200-209.
1989	Turner CH. Yield behavior of bovine cancellous bone [published correction appears in J Biomech Eng. 1989;111(4):335]. J Biomech Eng. August 1989;111(3):256-260.
1993	Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. A 20-year perspective on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4B):534-542.
1996	Merz B, Niederer P, Müller R, Rüegsegger P. Automated finite element analysis of excised human femora based on precision-QCT. J Biomech Eng. August 1996;118(3):387-390.
2001	Morgan EF, Yeh OC, Chang WC, Keaveny TM. Nonlinear behavior of trabecular bone at small strains. J Biomech Eng. February 2001;123(1):1-9.
2001	Arthur Moore TL, Gibson LJ. Modeling modulus reduction in bovine trabecular bone damaged in compressio. J Biomech Eng. December 2001;123(6):613-622.
2002	Arthur Moore TL, Gibson LJ. Microdamage accumulation in bovine trabecular bone in uniaxial compression. J Biomech Eng. February 2002;124(1):63-71.
2002	Niebur GL, Feldstein MJ, Keaveny TM. Biaxial failure behavior of bovine tibial trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. December 2002;124(6):699-705.
2003	Crawford RP, Rosenberg WS, Keaveny TM. Quantitative computed tomography-based finite element models of the human lumbar vertebral body: effect of element size on stiffness, damage, and fracture strength predictions. J Biomech Eng. August 2003;125(4):434-438.
2003	Moore TLA, Gibson LJ. Fatigue microdamage in bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. December 2003;125(6):769-776.
2007	Yosibash Z, Padan R, Joskowicz L, Milgrom C. A CT-based high-order finite element analysis of the human proximal femur compared to in-vitro experiments. J Biomech Eng. June 2007;129(3):297-309.
2010	Pilcher A, Wang X, Kaltz Z, Garrison JG, Niebur GL, Mason J. High strain rate testing of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. August 2010;132(8):081012.
2011	Trabelsi N, Yosibash Z. Patient-specific finite-element analyses of the proximal femur with orthotropic material properties validated by experiments. J Biomech Eng. June 2011;133(6):061001.
1990	Keyak JH, Meagher JM, Skinner HB, Mote CD Jr. Automated three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone: a new method. J Biomed Eng. 1990;12(5):389-397.
1992	Keyak JH, Skinner HB. Three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone: effects of element size. J Biomed Eng. 1992;14(6):483-489.
1993	Keyak JH, Fourkas MG, Meagher JM, Skinner HB. Validation of an automated method of three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone. J Biomed Eng. November 1993;15(6):505-509.
1993	Skedros JG, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN, Boyce TM. The meaning of graylevels in backscattered electron images of bone. J Biomed Mater Res. January 1993;7(1):47-56.
1993	Skedros JG, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN, Boyce TM, Constantz B. Influence of mineral content and composition on graylevels in backscattered electron images of bone. J Biomed Mater Res. January 1993;27(1):57-64.
1996	Keyak JH, Lee IY, Nath DS, Skinner HB. Postfailure compressive behavior of tibial trabecular bone in three anatomic directions. J Biomed Mater Res. July 1996;31(3):373-378.
1994	Keyak JH, Lee IY, Skinner HB. Correlations between orthogonal mechanical properties and density of trabecular bone: use of different densitometric measures. J Biomed Mater Res. November 1994;A28(11):1329-1336.
2003	Fan Z, Rho J-Y. Effects of viscoelasticity and time-dependent plasticity on nanoindentation measurements of human cortical bone. J Biomed Mater Res. October 1, 2003;A67(1):208-214.
2008	Lewis G, Nyman JS. The use of nanoindentation for characterizing the properties of mineralized hard tissues: state-of-the art review. J Biomed Mater Res. October 2008;B87(1):286-301.
1985	McBroom RJ, Hayes WC, Edwards WT, Goldberg RP, White AA III. Prediction of vertebral body compressive fracture using quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67A(8):1206-1214.
1992	Anderson MJ, Keyak JH, Skinner HB. Compressive mechanical properties of human cancellous bone after gamma irradiation. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1992;74A(5):747-752.
1997	Ding M, Dalstra M, Danielsen CC, Kabel J, Hvid I, Linde F. Age variations in the properties of human tibial trabecular bone. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1997;79B(6):995-1002.
2000	Nafei A, Danielsen CC, Linde F, Hvid I. Properties of growing trabecular ovine bone, I: mechanical and physical properties. J Bone Joint Surg. August 2000;82B(6):910-920.
1999	Ota T, Yamamoto I, Morita R. Fracture simulation of the femoral bone using the finite-element method: how a fracture initiates and proceeds. J Bone Min Metab. May 1999;17(2):108-112.
1989	Esses SI, Lotz JC, Hayes WC. Biomechanical properties of the proximal femur determined in vitro by single‐energy quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. October 1989;4(5):715-722.
1992	Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res. February 1992;7(2):137-145.
1997	Burr DB, Forwood MR, Fyhrie DP, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Turner CH. Bone microdamage and skeletal fragility in osteoporotic and stress fractures. J Bone Miner Res. January 1997;12(1):6-15.
1997	Li B, Aspden RM. Composition and mechanical properties of cancellous bone from the femoral head of patients with osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(4):641-651.
1999	Ebbesen EN, Thomsen JS, Beck‐Nielsen H, Nepper‐Rasmussen HJ, Mosekilde L. Age‐ and gender‐related differences in vertebral bone mass, density, and strength. J Bone Miner Res. August 1999;14(8):1394-1403.
2000	Faulkner KG. Bone matters: are density increases necessary to reduce fracture risk? J Bone Miner Res. February 2000;15(2):183-187.
2000	McCreadie BR, Goldstein SA. Biomechanics of fracture: is bone mineral density sufficient to assess risk? J Bone Miner Res. December 2000;15(12):2305-2308.
2001	Burr DB, Hirano T, Turner CH, Hotchkiss C, Brommage R, Hock JM. Intermittently administered human parathyroid hormone(1–34) treatment increases intracortical bone turnover and porosity without reducing bone strength in the humerus of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J Bone Miner Res. January 2001;16(1):157-165.
2003	Paschalis EP, Boskey AL, Kassem M, Eriksen EF. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone quality in early postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. June 2003;18(6):955-959.
2006	Stauber M, Rapillard L, van Lenthe GH, Zysset P, Müller R. Importance of individual rods and plates in the assessment of bone quality and their contribution to bone stiffness. J Bone Miner Res. April 2006;21(4):586-595.
2007	Miller LM, Little W, Schirmer A, Sheik F, Busa B, Judex S. Accretion of bone quantity and quality in the developing mouse skeleton. J Bone Miner Res. July 2007;22(7):1037-1045.
2009	Fields AJ, Eswaran SK, Jekir MG, Keaveny TM. Role of trabecular microarchitecture in whole‐vertebral body biomechanical behavior. J Bone Miner Res. September 2009;24(9):1523-1530.
2014	Bala Y, Zebaze R, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Atkinson EJ, Iuliano S, Peterson JM, Amin S, Bjørnerem Å, Melton LJ III, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Khosla S, Seeman E. Cortical porosity identifies women with osteopenia at increased risk for forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. June 2014;29(6):1356-1362.
2019	Hunt HB, Torres AM, Palomino PM, Marty E, Saiyed R, Cohn M, Jo J, Warner S, Sroga GE, King KB, Lane JM, Vashishth D, Hernandez CJ, Donnelly E. Altered tissue composition, microarchitecture, and mechanical performance in cancellous bone from men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Bone Miner Res. July 2019;34(7):1191-1206.
1993	Bonadio J, Jepsen KJ, Mansoura MK, Jaenisch R, Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA. A murine skeletal adaptation that significantly increases cortical bone mechanical properties: implications for human skeletal fragility. J Clin Invest. October 1993;92(4):1697-1705.
1993	Balena R, Toolan BC, Shea M, Markatos A, Myers ER, Lee SC, Opas EE, Seedor JG, Klein H, Frankenfield D, Quartuccio H, Fioravanti C, Clair J, Brown E, Hayes WC, Rodan GA. The effects of 2-year treatment with the aminobisphosphonate alendronate on bone metabolism, bone histomorphometry, and bone strength in ovariectomized nonhuman primates. J Clin Invest. December 1993;92(6):2577-2586.
1990	Lotz JC, Gerhart TN, Hayes WC. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative CT study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. January–February 1990;14(1):107-114.
2003	van Ruijven LJ, Giesen EBW, Farella M, van Eijden TMGJ. Prediction of mechanical properties of the cancellous bone of the mandibular condyle. J Dent Res. October 2003;82(10):819-823.
1998	Swartz SM, Parker A, Huo C. Theoretical and empirical scaling patterns and topological homology in bone trabeculae. J Exp Biol. February 1998;201(4):573-590.
2006	Donnelly E, Williams RM, Downs SA, Dickinson ME, Baker SP, van der Meulen MCH. Quasistatic and dynamic nanomechanical properties of cancellous bone tissue relate to collagen content and organization. J Mater Res. August 2006;21(8):2106-2117.
1987	Turner CH, Cowin SC. Dependence of elastic constants of an anisotropic porous material upon porosity and fabric. J Mater Sci. September 1987;22(9):3178-3184.
1992	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Young's modulus, density and material properties in cancellous bone over a large density range. J Mater Sci Mater Med. September 1992;3(5):377-381.
2010	Lievers WB, Waldman SD, Pilkey AK. Minimizing specimen length in elastic testing of end-constrained cancellous bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. January 2010;3(1):22-30.
2011	Chen P-Y, McKittrick J. Compressive mechanical properties of demineralized and deproteinized cancellous bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2011;4(7):961-973.
2013	Li S, Demirci E, Silberschmidt VV. Variability and anisotropy of mechanical behavior of cortical bone in tension and compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2013;21:109-120.
2019	Knowles NK, Langohr GDG, Faieghi M, Nelson A, Ferreira LM. Development of a validated glenoid trabecular density-modulus relationship. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. February 2019;90:140-145.
2019	Alexander SL, Gunnarsson CA, Weerasooriya T. Influence of the mesostructure on the compressive mechanical response of adolescent porcine cranial bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. August 2019;96:96-107.
2019	Ayagara AR, Langlet A, Hambli R. On dynamic behavior of bone: experimental and numerical study of porcine ribs subjected to impact loads in dynamic three-point bending tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2019;98:336-347.
2020	Katzenberger MJ, Albert DL, Agnew AM, Kemper AR. Effects of sex, age, and two loading rates on the tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. February 2020;102:103410.
2020	Bokam P, Germaneau A, Rigoard P, Vendeuvre T, Valle V. Evaluation of fracture properties of cancellous bone tissues using digital image correlation/wedge splitting test method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. February 2020;102:103469.
2020	Jazinizadeh F, Mohammadi H, Quenneville CE. Comparing the fracture limits of the proximal femur under impact and quasi-static conditions in simulation of a sideways fall. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. March 2020;103:103593.
2020	Zhai X, Nauman EA, Moryl D, Lycke R, Chen WW. The effects of loading-direction and strain-rate on the mechanical behaviors of human frontal skull bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. March 2020;103:103597.
2020	Bahia MT, Hecke MB, Mercuri EGF, Pinheiro MM. A bone remodeling model governed by cellular micromechanics and physiologically based pharmacokinetics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. April 2020;104:103657.
2020	Colabella L, Cisilino A, Fachinotti V, Capiel C, Kowalczyk P. Multiscale design of artificial bones with biomimetic elastic microstructures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. August 2020;108:103748.
2020	Xie S, Wallace RJ, Pankaj P. Time-dependent behaviour of demineralised trabecular bone: experimental investigation and development of a constitutive model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. September 2020;109:103751.
2020	Fleps I, Bahaloo H, Zysset PK, Ferguson SJ, Pálsson H, Helgason B. Empirical relationships between bone density and ultimate strength: a literature review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2020;110:103866.
2020	Koria L, Mengoni M, Brockett C. Estimating tissue-level properties of porcine talar subchondral bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2020;110:103931.
2000	Cendre E, Kaftandjian V, Peix G, Jourlin M, Mitton D, Babot D. An investigation of segmentation methods and texture analysis applied to tomographic images of human vertebral cancellous bone. J Microsc (Oxford). March 2000;197(pt 3):305-316.
1995	Bandak FA, Vander Vorst MJ, Stuhmiller LM, Mlakar PF, Chilton WE, Stuhmiller JH. An imaging-based computational and experimental study of skull fracture: finite element model development. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):679-688.
1984	Radin EL, Martin RB, Burr DB, Caterson B, Boyd RD, Goodwin C. Effects of mechanical loading on the tissues of the rabbit knee. J Orthop Res. 1984;2(3):221-234.
1988	Ruff CB, Hayes WC. Sex differences in age‐related remodeling of the femur and tibia. J Orthop Res. November 1988;6(6):886-896.
1989	Linde F, Hvid I, Pongsoipetch B. Energy absorptive properties of human trabecular bone specimens during axial compression. J Orthop Res. May 1989;7(3):432-439.
1989	Mente PL, Lewis JL. Experimental method for the measurement of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone tissue. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(3):456-461.
1990	Keller TS, Mao Z, Spengler DM. Young's modulus, bending strength, and tissue physical properties of human compact bone. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(4):592-603.
1990	Beaupré GS, Orr TE, Carter DR. An approach for time‐dependent bone modeling and remodeling: theoretical development. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):651-661.
1990	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Feldkamp LA, Goulet RW, Jesion G. Evaluation of a microcomputed tomography system to study trabecular bone structure. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(6):833-842.
1991	Snyder SM, Schneider E. Estimation of mechanical properties of cortical bone by computed tomography. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(3):422-431.
1991	Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA, Kuhn JL, Cody DD, Brown MB. Evaluation of orthogonal mechanical properties and density of human trabecular bone from the major metaphyseal regions with materials testing and computed tomography. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(5):674-682.
1993	Weinans H, Huiskes R, Van Rietbergen B, Sumner DR, Turner TM, Galante JO. Adaptive bone remodeling around bonded noncemented total hip arthroplasty: a comparison between animal experiments and computer simulation. J Orthop Res. July 1993;11(4):500-513.
1994	Skinner HB, Kim AS, Keyak JH, Mote CD Jr. Femoral prosthesis implantation induces changes in bone stress that depend on the extent of porous coating. J Orthop Res. July 1994;12(4):553-563.
1994	Les CM, Keyak JH, Stover SM, Taylor KT, Kaneps AJ. Estimation of material properties in the equine metacarpus with use of quantitative computed tomography. J Orthop Res. November 1994;12(6):822-833.
1995	Bay BK. Texture correlation: a method for the measurement of detailed strain distributions within trabecular bone. J Orthop Res. March 1995;13(2):258-267.
1995	Gibson VA, Stover SM, Martin RB, Gibeling JC, Willits NH, Gustafson MB, Griffin LV. Fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: mechanical property analysis. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):861-868.
1998	Van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Kabel J, Huiskes R. Relationships between bone morphology and bone elastic properties can be accurately quantified using high‐resolution computer reconstructions. J Orthop Res. January 1998;16(1):23-28.
2002	Les CM, Stover SM, Keyak JH, Taylor KT, Kaneps AJ. Stiff and strong compressive properties are associated with brittle post‐yield behavior in equine compact bone material. J Orthop Res. May 2002;20(2):607-614.
2004	Hong J, Cabe GD, Tedrow JR, Hipp JA, Snyder BD. Failure of trabecular bone with simulated lytic defects can be predicted non-invasively by structural analysis. J Orthop Res. May 2004;22(3):479-486.
2022	Munford MJ, Xiao D, Jeffers JRT. Lattice implants that generate homeostatic and remodeling strains in bone. J Orthop Res. April 2022;40(4):871-877.
2022	Youssefian S, Bressner JA, Osanov M, Guest JK, Zbijewski WB, Levin AS. Sensitivity of the stress field of the proximal femur predicted by CT-based FE analysis to modeling uncertainties. J Orthop Res. May 2022;40(5):1163-1173.
2022	Tavakoli A, Spangenberg G, Reeves JM, Faber KJ, Langohr GDG. Humeral short stem varus–valgus alignment affects bone stress. J Orthop Res. August 2022;40(9):2169-2178.
1994	Bozic KJ, Keyak JH, Skinner HB, Bueff UH, Bradford DS. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of a cervical vertebra an investigation of burst fracture mechanism. J Spinal Disord. April 1994;7(2):102-110.
2005	Mayhew PM, Thomas CD, Clement JG, Loveridge N, Beck TJ, Bonfield W, Burgoyne CJ, Reeve J. Relation between age, femoral neck cortical stability, and hip fracture risk. Lancet. July 9, 2005;366(9480):129-135.
1985	Cowin SC. The relationship between the elasticity tensor and the fabric tensor. Mech Mater. 1985;4(2):137-147.
2010	Kadir MRA, Syahrom A, Öchsner A. Finite element analysis of idealised unit cell cancellous structure based on morphological indices of cancellous bone. Med Biol Eng Comput. May 2010;48(5):497-505.
2019	Yassine RA, Hamade RF. Transversely isotropic and isotropic material considerations in determining the mechanical response of geometrically accurate bovine tibia bone. Med Biol Eng Comput. October 2019;57(10):2159-2178.
2020	Huo SH, Jiang C, Cui X, Liu GR. A high-fidelity 3D S-FEM stress analysis of a highly heterogeneous swine skull. Med Biol Eng Comput. March 2020;58(3):625-641.
1995	Müller R, Rüegsegger P. Three-dimensional finite element modelling of non-invasively assessed trabecular bone structures. Med Eng Phys. March 1995;17(2):126-133.
1995	Rho JY, Hobatho MC, Ashman RB. Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. Med Eng Phys. July 1995;17(5):347-355.
1997	Zou L, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN. Reproducibility of techniques using Archimedes' principle in measuring cancellous bone volume. Med Eng Phys. January 1997;19(1):63-68.
1997	Mitton D, Rumelhart C, Hans D, Meunier PJ. The effects of density and test conditions on measured compression and shear strength of cancellous bone from the lumbar vertebrae of ewes. Med Eng Phys. 1997;19(5):464-474.
1997	Nicholson PHF, Cheng XG, Lowet G, Boonen S, Davie MWJ, Dequeker J, Van der Perre G. Structural and material mechanical properties of human vertebral cancellous bone. Med Eng Phys. October 1997;19(8):729-737.
1998	Viceconti M, Bellingeri L, Cristofolini L, Toni A. A comparative study on different methods of automatic mesh generation of human femurs. Med Eng Phys. January 1998;20(1):1-10.
1998	Rho J-Y, Kuhn-Spearing L, Zioupos P. Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med Eng Phys. 1998;20(2):92-102.
1998	Augat P, Link T, Lang TF, Lin JC, Majumdar S, Genant HK. Anisotropy of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone specimens from different anatomical locations. Med Eng Phys. March 1998;20(2):124-131.
1998	Zannoni C, Mantovani R, Viceconti M. Material properties assignment to finite element models of bone structures: a new method. Med Eng Phys. December 1998;20(10):735-740.
2003	Kaneko TS, Pejcic MR, Tehranzadeh J, Keyak JH. Relationships between material properties and CT scan data of cortical bone with and without metastatic lesions. Med Eng Phys. July 2003;25(6):445-454.
2004	Taddei F, Pancanti A, Viceconti M. An improved method for the automatic mapping of computed tomography numbers onto finite element models. Med Eng Phys. 2004;26(1):61-69.
2005	Barker DS, Netherway DJ, Krishnan J, Hearn TC. Validation of a finite element model of the human metacarpal. Med Eng Phys. March 2005;27(2):103-113.
2005	Kaminsky J, Rodt T, Gharabaghi A, Forster J, Brand G, Samii M. A universal algorithm for an improved finite element mesh generation: mesh quality assessment in comparison to former automated mesh-generators and an analytic model. Med Eng Phys. 2005;27(5):383-394.
2007	Taddei F, Schileo E, Helgason B, Cristofolini L, Viceconti M. The material mapping strategy influences the accuracy of ct-based finite element models of bones: an evaluation against experimental measurements. Med Eng Phys. 2007;29(9):973-979.
2008	Helgason B, Taddei F, Pálsson H, Schileo E, Cristofolini L, Viceconti M, Brynjolfsson S. A modified method for assigning material properties to FE models of bones. Med Eng Phys. May 2008;30(4):444-453.
2008	Kosmopoulos V, Keller TS. Predicting trabecular bone microdamage initiation and accumulation using a non-linear perfect damage model. Med Eng Phys. July 2008;30(6):725-732.
2008	Gupta HS, Zioupos P. Fracture of bone tissue: the ‘hows’ and the ‘whys’. Med Eng Phys. December 2008;30(10):1209-1226.
2010	Lievers WB, Poljsak AS, Waldman SD, Pilkey AK. Effects of dehydration-induced structural and material changes on the apparent modulus of cancellous bone. Med Eng Phys. 2010;32(8):921-925.
2011	Cong A, Buijs JOD, Dragomir-Daescu D. In situ parameter identification of optimal density–elastic modulus relationships in subject-specific finite element models of the proximal femur. Med Eng Phys. March 2011;33(2):164-173.
2012	Edwards WB, Troy KL. Finite element prediction of surface strain and fracture strength at the distal radius. Med Eng Phys. April 2012;34(3):290-298.
2019	Yue Y, Yang H, Li Y, Zhong H, Tang Q, Wang J, Wang R, He H, Chen W, Chen D. Combining ultrasonic and computed tomography scanning to characterize mechanical properties of cancellous bone in necrotic human femoral heads. Med Eng Phys. April 2019;66:12-17.
1989	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Dalstra M. Adaptive bone remodeling and biomechanical design considerations: for noncemented thtal ffip arthroplasty. Orthopedics. September 1989;12(9):1255-1267.
1995	Lotz JC, Cheal EJ, Hayes WC. Stress distributions within the proximal femur during gait and falls: implications for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. July 1995;5(3):252-261.
2006	Stauber M, Müller R. Age-related changes in trabecular bone microstructures: global and local morphometry. Osteoporos Int. April 2006;17(4):616-626.
2010	Cristofolini L, Schileo E, Juszczyk M, Taddei F, Martelli S, Viceconti M. Mechanical testing of bones: the positive synergy of finite–element models and in vitro experiments. Philos Trans R Soc A-Math Phys Eng Sci. June 13, 2010;368(1920):2725-2763.
2011	Wang L, Cheung JT-M, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y. Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26490.
1990	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1990;204(1):43-52.
1998	Currey JD. Mechanical properties of vertebrate hard tissues. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1998;216(6):399-411.
2011	Guérard S, Chevalier Y, Moreschi H, Defontaine M, Callé S, Mitton D. Young’s modulus repeatability assessment using cycling compression loading on cancellous bone. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. November 2011;225(11):1113-1117.
2016	Vijayakumar V, Quenneville CE. Quantifying the regional variations in the mechanical properties of cancellous bone of the tibia using indentation testing and quantitative computed tomographic imaging. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. June 2016;230(6):588-593.
1991	Hayes WC, Piazza SJ, Zysset PK. Biomechanics of fracture risk prediction of the hip and spine by quantitative computed tomography. Radiol Clin North Am. 1991;29(1):1-18.
1991	Faulkner KG, Cann CE, Hasegawa BH. Effect of bone distribution on vertebral strength: assessment with patient-specific nonlinear finite element analysis. Radiology. June 1991;179(3):669-674.
2021	Metzner F, Neupetsch C, Fischer J-P, Drossel W-G, Heyde C-E, Schleifenbaum S. Influence of osteoporosis on the compressive properties of femoral cancellous bone and its dependence on various density parameters. Sci Rep. June 24, 2021;11(1):13284.
1986	Kurowski P, Kubo A. The relationship of degeneration of the intervertebral disc to mechanical loading conditions on lumbar vertebrae. Spine. 1986;11(7):726-731.
1987	Hansson TH, Keller TS, Panjabi MM. A study of the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of tissue characteristics. Spine. January–February 1987;12(1):56-62.
1989	Keller TS, Hansson TH, Abram AC, Spengler DM, Panjabi MM. Regional variations in the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of disc degeneration. Spine. September 1989;14(9):1012-1019.
1997	Myers ER, Wilson SE. Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine. December 15, 1997;22(24)(suppl):25S-31S.
1998	Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Voo L. Effect of age and loading rate on human cervical spine injury threshold. Spine. September 15, 1998;23(18):1957-1962.
2001	Cao KD, Grimm MJ, Yang K-H. Load sharing within a human lumbar vertebral body using the finite element method. Spine. June 5, 2001;26(12):E253-E260.
2004	Brolin K, Halldin P. Development of a finite element model of the upper cervical spine and a parameter study of ligament characteristics. Spine. February 15, 2004;29(4):376-385.
2006	Imai K, Ohnishi I, Bessho M, Nakamura K. Nonlinear finite element model predicts vertebral bone strength and fracture site. Spine. July 15, 2006;31(16):1789-1794.
1997	Ulrich D, Hildebrand T, Van Rietbergen B, Müller R, Rüegsegger P. The quality of trabecular bone evaluated with micro-computed tomography, FEA and mechanical testing. Stud Health Technol Inform. 1997;40:97-112.
2001	Birnbaum K, Sindelar R, Gärtner JR, Wirtz DC. Material properties of trabecular bone structures. Surg Radiol Anat. 2001;23(6):399-407.
1998	Müller R, Gerber SC, Hayes WC. Micro-compression: a novel technique for the nondestructive assessment of local bone failure. Technol Health Care. December 1998;6(5-6):433-444.
2005	Brolin K, Halldin P, Leijonhufvud I. The effect of muscle activation on neck response. Traffic Inj Prev. March 2005;6(1):67-76.
2009	Kerrigan JR, Parent DP, Untaroiu C, Crandall JR, Deng B. A new approach to multibody model development: pedestrian lower extremity. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10(4):386-397.
1996	Rho J-Y. An ultrasonic method for measuring the elastic properties of human tibial cortical and cancellous bone. Ultrasonics. December 1996;34(8):777-783.
1999	Taylor WR. A Computer Based Technique for Predicting Changes in Bone Properties With Applications in Pre-Clinical Testing of Hip Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Bath; 1999.
2015	Scully N. Differentiation of Osteoblasts to Osteocytes in 3D Type I Collagen Gels: A Novel Tool to Study Osteocyte Responses to Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Cardiff, UK: Cardiff University; April 2015.
2016	Haider IT. An Investigation on the Influence of Stumbling Loads on Femoral Fracture Risk, Using a Novel Gradient Enhanced Quasibrittle Finite Element Model [PhD thesis]. Carleton University; 2016.
1983	Hart RT. Quantitative Response of Bone to Mechanical Stress [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; January 1983.
2003	Bredbenner TL. Damage Modeling of Vertebral Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; January 2003.
2011	Genc KO. The Effects of Altered Gravity Environments on the Mechanobiology of Bone: From Bedrest to Spaceflight [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; August 2011.
2024	Szabo E. Insights Into the Mechanical Behavior of Maturing Cortical Bone: A Porcine Model [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 2024.
2017	Akbas AS. Local Bone Tissue Mechanical Property Changes Without Bone Remodeling: Regulation At the Osteocyte Level [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City College of New York; 2017.
2010	Shetye S. Development of a Novel Endoprosthesis for Canine Limb-Sparing Using a Finite Element Approach [PhD thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010.
1989	Athanasiou KA. Biomechanical Assessment of Articular Cartilage Healing and Interspecies Variability [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1989.
1991	Edidin AA. Modeling of Bone Material Properties from CT Scans: Considerations in Biomechanical Structural Models [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 1991.
1991	Mann KA. Loosening of Cemented Femoral Hip Components and the Role of the Stem-Cement and Bone-Cement Interfaces [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 1991.
1993	Gabriel SM. Structural Design and Analysis Considerations for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Sparing Tibial Components for Total Knee Arthroplasty [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 1993.
2003	Rawlinson JJ. Specimen-Specific, Parametric Analyses of Stem Augmentation in Constrained Condylar Tibial Components [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2003.
2006	Fritton JC. Mechanical Loading Induced Adaptation of the Mouse Tibia [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2006.
2007	Cole JH. The Role of Architecture and Tissue Properties in the Structural Integrity of Human Vertebral Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2007.
2012	Slyfield CR Jr. The Biomechanics of Bone Turnover [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2012.
2015	Goff M. The Role of Micro and Ultra-Structure in Microdamage Accumulation in Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2015.
2018	Hunt HB. Characterization of Material Properties, Microarchitecture, and Mechanics of Bone from Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2018.
2018	Torres AM. Fatigue Behavior of Cancellous Bone, Microdamage Accumulation, and Biologically Inspired Cellular Solids [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2018.
2003	Winwood K. An Experimental Investigation Into the Effects of Cyclic Fatigue on Ageing Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield University; September 2003.
2005	Cook RB. Non-Invasively Assessed Skeletal Bone Status and Its Relationship to the Biomechanical Properties and Condition of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield, UK: Cranfield University; December 18, 2005.
2009	Minnock E. The Use of Quantitative Ultrasound on the Finger to Detect Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Cranfield, UK: Cranfield University; December 2009.
2004	İnceoğlu S. Failure of Pedicle Screw-Bone Interface: Biomechanics of Pedicle Screw Insertion and Pullout [PhD thesis]. Cleveland State University; December 2004.
1999	Yang G. Averaging and Bounding of Anisotropic Elastic Constants [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 1999.
2011	Donaldson FE. On Incorporating Bone Microstructure in Macro-Finite-Element Models [PhD thesis]. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh; March 2011.
2019	Bin Rosli AH. Characterisation of Trabecular Bone Behaviour Under Impact [PhD thesis]. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh; 2019.
2006	Charpail E. Analyse du comportement mecanique des cotes humaines en dynamique [Mechanical Behavior Analysis of Human Ribs in Dynamics] [PhD thesis]. Paris, France: l’École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers; October 27, 2006.
1994	Zysset P. A Constitutive Law for Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1994.
2002	Hengsberger S. Mechanical Characterization of Bone from the Tissue Down to the Lamellar Level by Means of Nanoindentation [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 2002.
2006	Garcia D. Elastic Plastic Damage Laws for Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 2006.
2005	Stauber M. Volumetric Spatial Decomposition of Porous Microstructures: A Framework for Element Based Analysis of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2005.
2007	Voide R. Functional Phenotyping of Bone: A Hierarchical Assessment of Bone Failure Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2007.
2008	Nazarian A. Relative Interaction of Material and Structure in Normal and Pathologic Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2008.
2018	Enns-Bray WS. Identifying Individuals Predisposed to Hip Fracture [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2018.
2019	Fleps I. Assessing the Risk of Hip Fracture: Subject-Specific Dynamic Models for the Simulation of Sideways Fall Impact [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2019.
2006	Nagaraja S. Microstructural Stresses and Strains Associated With Trabecular Bone Microdamage [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; December 2006.
2019	Bakr M. Parathyroid Hormone Effect on Facilitating Stress Fracture Repair [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
1993	Guo X-DE. Fatigue of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; 1993.
1997	Bowman SM. Creep of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; May 1997.
2012	Hamed E. Multiscale Modeling of Elastic Moduli and Strength of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2012.
2009	Carriero A. Modelling Gait Abnormalities and Bone Deformities in Children With Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; May 2009.
2013	Newell N. Foot and Ankle Blast Injury and Its Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2013.
2016	Grigoriadis G. Heel Biomechanics Under Blast Conditions [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2016.
2002	Follet H. Caractérisation Biomécanique Et Modélisation 3D Par Imagerie X Et IRM Haute Résolution De L’os Spongieux Humain: Evaluation Du Risque Fracturaire [PhD thesis]. Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon); 2002.
1999	Egi N. Functional Morphology of the Limb Bones in Recent Carnivores and Its Application to North American Hyaenodontid Creodonta [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; 1999.
1997	Heinonen A. Exercise as an Osteogenic Stimulus [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 1997.
2003	Bona M. A Contact Algorithm for Density-Based Load Estimation [PhD thesis]. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas; 2003.
2019	Frazer LL. Subchondral Bone Cysts Filling the Void [PhD thesis]. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas; 2019.
2013	Li S. Cutting of Cortical Bone Tissue: Analysis of Deformation and Fracture Process [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; June 2013.
2014	Holub O. Biomechanics of Spinal Metastases [PhD thesis]. University of Leeds; April 2014.
2018	Davis C. Biomechanical Stability of Intraarticular Fractures of the Distal Femur Fixed by Intramedullary Nailing [Master's thesis]. Lehigh University; August 2018.
2018	Ren T. Mechanoregulation Modeling of Bone Healing in Realistic Fracture Geometries [Master's thesis]. Lehigh University; December 2018.
2021	Schwarzenberg PM. Development and Validation of Virtual Mechanical Testing of Bone Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. Lehigh University; August 2021.
2023	Ren T. Mechanoregulation of Bone Fracture Healing in the Tibia from the Perspective of Computational Models and Image Analysis [PhD thesis]. Lehigh University; January 2023.
1997	Greeves J. The Effect of Reproductive Hormones on Muscle Function in Young and Middle-Aged Females [PhD thesis]. Liverpool John Moores University; May 1997.
2021	Scott MC. Exercise and Bone: Older Adults, Type II Diabetes, and Ketogenic Diets [PhD thesis]. Louisiana State University; May 2021.
2016	Grassi L. Femoral Strength Prediction Using Finite Element Models: Validation of Models Based on CT and Reconstructed DXA Images Against Full-Field Strain Measurements [PhD thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2016.
2014	Jameson JR. Characterization of Bone Material Properties and Microstructure in Osteogenesis Imperfecta/brittle Bone Disease [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 2014.
2013	Vijayakumar V. Quantifying the Regional Variations in the Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone of the Tibia Using Indentation Testing and CT Imaging [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; September 2013.
2015	Smolen C. Evaluation of the Load Path Through the Foot/ankle Complex in Various Postures Through Cadaveric and Finite Element Model Testing [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; September 2015.
2021	Fraschetti A. The Effects of Exposure to Trace Elements on the Skeletal Health of American Mink [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; December 2021.
2017	Wang Y-F. Enhancement of Nutrient Transport and Energy Production of the Intervertebral Disc by the Implantation of Polyurethane Mass [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2017.
1986	Cheal EJ. Trabecular Bone Remodeling Around Implants [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 1986.
1988	Lotz JC. Hip Fracture Risk Predictions by X-Ray Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; August 1988.
1994	Simmons CA. Optimal Surface Coating Distribution on a Femoral Endoprosthesis [Master's thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; February 1994.
1999	Schaffner G. Assessment of Hip Fracture Risk in Astronauts Exposed to Long-Term Weightlessness [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; August 1999.
2001	Arthur Moore TL. Microdamage Accumulation in Bovine Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2001.
2010	Johnson TPM. On the Rate-Dependent Constitutive Response of Cortical and Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2010.
2020	Isa MI. Experimental Investigations of Blunt Force Trauma in the Human Skeleton [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2020.
2017	McCormick CM. Altered Trabecular Microarchitecture Near the Glenohumeral Joint of a Rat Model With Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury [Master's thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2017.
2021	Fawcett EB. Effect of Brachial Plexus Birth Injury on Postnatal Glenohumeral Bone and Muscle [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2021.
2019	Nobakhti S. Multiscale Characteristics of Bone Toughness [PhD thesis]. Northeastern University; July 2019.
2004	Pilcher WA. High Strain Rate Testing of Bovine Trabecular Bone [Master's thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2004.
2004	Tovar A. Bone Remodeling as a Hybrid Cellular Automaton Optimization Process [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2004.
2004	Wang X. Measurement and Analysis of Microdamage in Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2004.
2009	Dai Y. Subject-Specific Computational Modeling of Spinal Constructs [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2009.
2010	Shi X. Effects of Architecture on Microdamage Susceptibility in Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2010.
2011	Garrison JG. The Relative Importance of Stress State, Microarchitecture, and Damage Burden in the Failure Behavior of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2011.
2011	Wu Z. Measures of Bone Quality and Their Relationship to Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2011.
2015	Gargac J. Evaluation of Bone Healing, Damage, and Adaptation Using Computational Modeling and Image Processing Techniques [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2015.
2017	Kreipke TC. Structural, Mechanical, and Biological Relationships of Trabecular Bone in Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2017.
1998	D'Andrea SE. Lower Limb Response to Impact in Simulated Microgravity and 1G [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1998.
2010	Garo A. Modélisation du corps vertébral en chargement dynamique: Intégration de l'effet de l'âge [Vertebral Body Modeling in Dynamic Loading: Integration of Age Effects] [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; December 2010.
2011	Wagnac É. Expérimentation et modélisation détaillée de la colonne vertébrale pour étudier le rôle de facteurs anatomiques et biomécaniques sur les traumatismes rachidiens [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2011.
2018	Zimmermann Y. Développement d'une modélisation par éléments finis pour caractérisation non destructive de la biomécanique osseuse à partir d'images MICRO-CT [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; December 2018.
2012	Tozzi G. In Vitro Studies of Bone-Cement Interface and Related Work on Cemented Acetabular Replacement [PhD thesis]. Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth; May 29, 2012.
2010	Herwig KJ. High Rate Properties of Porcine Skull Bone Tissue [Master's thesis]. Purdue University; August 2010.
2011	Ahmed F. Multiscale Quantitative Imaging of Human Femoral Heads Using X-Ray Microtomography [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; 2011.
1991	Ploeg H-L. An Evaluation of a Joint Replacement for the Great Toe: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 1991.
1995	DeVries S. A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Stress Analysis of the Glenoid With and Without a Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Component [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; July 1995.
2002	Wang X. Simulation for Bone Adaptive Remodeling: A Stochastic Approach With Application on Spine Fusion [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; May 2002.
2005	Buie HR. Use of Finite Element Method Modelling and Rapid Prototyping to Study the Effect of Trabecular Bone Architecture on Apparent Mechanical Properties [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; November 2005.
2008	Crookshank MCM. Optimizing Fracture Management: Correlating the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bone to Computed Tomography to Generate an Estimate of Bone Quality [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; January 2008.
2009	Lievers WB. Effects of Geometric and Material Property Changes on the Apparent Elastic Properties of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; April 2009.
2010	Boyle CH. Computational Study of Wolff's Law Utilizing Design Space Topology Optimization: A New Method for Hip Prosthesis Design [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; August 2010.
2010	Engbretson AC. Determining the Modulus of Intact Bovine Vertebral Cancellous Bone Tissue: Development and Validation of a Protocol [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; August 25, 2010.
2013	Morton JJ. An Investigation of Rat Vertebra Failure Behaviour Under Uniaxial Compression Through Time-Lapsed Micro-CT Imaging [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; 2013.
2022	Beloglowka K. Ex Vivo Mechanical Testing and FEA Modelling of Bovine Trabecular Bone [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 2022.
2024	Cameron E. Knee Joint Loading and Fracture Risk Analyses of Patients With Benign Bone Tumours: A Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; August 15, 2024.
2023	Branni MG. Constitutive Models of Bone: The Human Femur [PhD thesis]. Queensland University of Technology; 2023.
2009	Janssen DW. Macro- and Micromechanics of Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty [PhD thesis]. Radboud University; 2009.
2006	Whitty M. Development of a Physiological Three Dimensional Finite Element Model of a Human Tibia [Master's thesis]. Kingston, ON: Royal Military College of Canada; May 2006.
1983	Rouhana SW. Fluid Flow and Mechanical Damping in Bovine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; February 1983.
2000	Kotha SP. A Micromechanical Model to Explain the Mechanical Properties of Bovine Cortical Bone in Tension: In Vitro Fluoride Ion Effects [PhD thesis]. Rutgers University; January 2000.
2009	Mahboob Z. A Validated Finite Element Study of Stress Shielding in a Novel Hybrid Knee Implant [Master's thesis]. Ryerson University; 2009.
2012	Emerson NJ. Development of Patient-Specific CT-FE Modelling of Bone Through Validation Using Porcine Femora [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; September 2012.
2011	Yao H. Microstructure-Based Characterization and Modeling of Trabecular Bone Deformation and Failure [PhD thesis]. Southern Methodist University; August 3, 2011.
1986	Fyhrie DP. Stress Analysis and Design of Proximal Femoral Prostheses [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; January 1986.
1988	Whalen RT. The Influence of the Daily Stress History on the Regulation of Bone Density [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; February 1988.
1990	Fyhrie PB. Finite Element Analyses of Fracture Healing in Long Bones [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 10, 1990.
1990	Orr TE. The Role of Mechanical Stresses in Bone Remodeling [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 1990.
1990	Wong M. The Role of Mechanical Loading Histories in Skeletal Morphogenesis [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1990.
1992	Bouxsein ML. Physical Activity and Bone Density [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 1992.
1994	Fischer KJ. Correspondence Between Bone Density Distributions and Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; December 1994.
1994	Jacobs CR. Numerical Simulation of Bone Adaptation to Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1994.
1994	Levenston ME. Simulation of Functional Adaptation in Trabecular and Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 1994.
1998	Giddings VL. Computer Simulations of Calcaneal Loading and Bone Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1998.
2006	Carpenter RD. Mechanobiology of Bone Cross-Sectional Development, Adaptation, and Strength [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 2006.
2009	Alwood JS. Radiation and Mechanical Unloading Effects on Mouse Vertebral Bone: Ground-Based Models of the Spaceflight Environment [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2009.
2011	Kourtis LC. Computed Tomography Based Estimation of Bone Rigidity and Strength Under Combined Bending and Torsion [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2011.
2009	Ferreri SL. Anti-Catabolic Role of Ultrasonic Mechanical Perturbation in Prevention of Bone Loss and Turnover in OVX Rat Model: A Combined Empirical, Nanomechanical and Micro-Numerical Simulation Approach [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2009.
2004	Prommin D. Compressive Behavior of Trabecular Bone in the Proximal Tibia Using a Cellular Solid Model [PhD thesis]. Texas A&M University; August 2004.
2000	O’Brien FJ. Microcracks and the Fatigue Behaviour of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; October 2000.
2007	Scannell PT. Mechanoregulation Algorithms Predicting Peri-Prosthetic Bone Adaptations [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; 2007.
2008	Mulvihill BMC. Computational Investigation Into the Mechanoregulation of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; December 2008.
2005	Ruimerman R. Modeling and Remodeling in Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 2005.
2006	Verhulp E. Analyses of Trabecular Bone Failure [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology; 2006.
2007	Isaksson HE. Mechanical and Mechanobiological Influences on Bone Fracture Repair: Identifying Important Cellular Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology; 2007.
1987	Turner CH. On the Relationship Between the Elastic Properties of Cancellous Bone and Its Structure [PhD thesis]. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University; 1987.
1994	Fritton SP. Computational Simulation of Trabecular Bone Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; January 1994.
1994	Oden ZM. Computational Prediction of Functional Adaptation in Canine Radii [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1994.
2009	Varga P. Prediction of Distal Radius Fracture Load Using HR-PQCT-Based Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; December 2009.
2022	Davis RA. Investigating the Effects of Aging and Prolonged Opioid Use on Bone Histomorphometry, Quality, and Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Akron; August 2022.
2010	Johnston JD. Development of a Non-Invasive Imaging Technique for Characterizing Subchondral Bone Density and Stiffness [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; December 2010.
2014	Ariza OR. A Novel Approach to Finite Element Analysis of Hip Fractures Due to Sideways Falls [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2014.
2014	Gilchrist SM. Comparison of Proximal Femur Deformations, Failures and Fractures in Quasi-Static and Inertially-Driven Simulations of a Sideways Fall from Standing: An Experimental Study Utilizing Novel Fall Simulation, Digital Image Correlation, and Development of Digital Volume Correlation Techniques [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; January 2014.
2016	Gustafson HM. Quantifying the Response of Vertebral Bodies to Compressive Loading Using Digital Image Correlation [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; October 2016.
2001	Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.
2002	Wohl GR. Bone Mechanics in Transplanted Osteochondral Grafts [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2002.
2006	Rouhi G. Theoretical Aspects of Bone Remodeling and Resorption Processes [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2006.
2013	Enns-Bray WS. Mapping Anisotropy of the Proximal Femur for Improved Image-Based Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2013.
2017	Fung A. Experimental Validation of Finite Element Predicted Bone Strain in the Human Metatarsal [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2017.
2020	Michalski AS. A Quantitative Computed Tomography Approach Towards Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2020.
1990	Faulkner KG. Quantitative Computed Tomography and Finite Element Modeling to Predict Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; June 1990.
1996	Keyak JH. Prediction of Femoral Strength Using Automated Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1996.
1998	Kopperdahl DL. Structural Consequences of Damage on the Mechanical Behavior of the Human Vertebral Body [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1998.
1999	Whyne CM. Development of Guidelines for the Prophylactic Treatment of Metastatically Involved Vertebral Bodies [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1999.
2000	Nauman EA. The Analytical Design of a Hybrid Bone Substitute [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; Spring 2000.
2002	Morgan EF-i. The Dependence on Anatomic Site of Trabecular Bone Structure-Function Relationships [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2002.
2008	Bevill GR. Micromechanical Modeling of Failure in Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2008.
2010	Fields AJ. Trabecular Microarchitecture, Endplate Failure, and the Biomechanics of Human Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2010.
1987	Stover SM. Dorsal Metacarpal Disease in Thoroughbred Horses: Relationship to the Development of the Third Metacarpal Bone [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 1987.
2000	Gibson VA. Fatigue Behavior of Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2012	Hardisty MR. Not Tough Enough: Why Bone Turns Pale When it Feels Stressed [PhD thesis]. Davis, CA: Davis, University of California; 2012.
2012	Evdokimenko E. Investigation Into Mechanical Properties of Bone and Its Main Constituents [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2012.
1996	Rossi SA. The Prediction of Human Cortical Bone Strength Using the Finite-Element Method: A Study of the Flexural and Torsional Behavior of Femoral Shafts With Simulated Metastatic Lesions [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 1996.
2018	Hilton K. The Effect of Boundary Conditions and Architecture on the Response of Cancellous Bone [Master's thesis]. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town; October 18, 2018.
2012	Altman AR. Does a More Natural Strike Pattern Help to Protect Barefoot Runners from Injury? [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; Summer 2012.
1988	Kim YE. An Analytical Investigation of Ligamentous Lumbar Spine Mechanics University of Iowa; May 1988.
1989	Anderson DD. Finite Element Analyses of the Impulsively Loaded Extension-Splinted Rabbit Knee [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 1989.
1994	Rudert MJ. Bone Grafting for Femoral Head Osteonecrosis: Automated Creation of Patient-Specific Finite Element Models [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 1994.
1996	Adams DJ. Mechanical Factors Initiating Appositional Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 1996.
2002	Beardsley CL. Development of Quantitative Measures for Bone Comminution Severity [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 2002.
2020	Amromanoh OA. An Experimental Study of the Effect of Bone Inorganic-Organic Composition on the Mechanical Properties [Master's thesis]. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba; April 2020.
1991	Choi K. The Micro Mechanical Properties of Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1991.
1991	Hollister SJ. Homogenization Analysis of Trabecular Bone and Prediction Ofbone Ingrowth Using Topology Optimization [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1991.
1993	Goulet RW. The Quantification of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1993.
1993	McCubbrey DA. The Macroscopic Architectural Properties of Vertebral Trabecular Bone and Their Relation to Whole Vertebral Failure Loads [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1993.
1994	Ciarelli MJ. Characterization of Growth Plate Cartilage Compressive Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1994.
1994	Jepsen KJ. Characterization of the Hierarchical Composite Properties of Cortical Bone: A Transgenic Approach [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1994.
1995	Guldberg RE. Mechanical Adaptation of Trabecular Bone Formation in Vivo [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1995	Waanders NA. A Distraction Osteogenesis Model to Investigate the Influence of the Mechanical Environment on Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1996	Rouleau JP. The Influence of Cyclic Strain Amplitude and Timing of Mechanical Stimulation on Secondary Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1996.
2006	Seong W-J. Relationships Between the Physical Properties of Human Jawbone and the Initial Stability of Dental Implant, and Their Dependency on Anatomical Regions of Jawbone [PhD thesis]. University of Minnesota; April 2006.
2019	Martig S. Compressive Fatigue Life and Micromorphology of Equine Metacarpal Subchondral Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; June 2019.
1981	Ruff CB. Structural Changes in the Lower Limb Bones With Aging At Pecos Pueblo [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1981.
1995	Grimm MJ. Ultrasound Propagation Through the Calcaneus: Dependence on “Bone Quality” and Prediction by Biot's Theory [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1995.
1999	Livingston TL. Bioactive Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering: An in Vivo Study [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1999.
2010	Wald MJ. Mapping Trabecular Bone Fabric Tensor by in Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2010.
2016	McDonald MP. Predicting Distal Radius Failure Load During a Fall Using Mechanical Testing and Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; December 2016.
2018	Burnett WD. Relationships Between Image-Based and Mechanical Bone Properties With Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; July 2018.
2018	Hosseini Kalajahi SM. Addressing Partial Volume Artifacts With Quantitative Computed Tomography-Based Finite Element Modeling of the Human Proximal Tibia [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; April 2018.
2020	Zaluski D. Validation of Subject Specific Computed Tomography-Based Finite Element Models of the Human Proximal Tibia Using Full-Field Experimental Displacement Measurements from Digital Volume Correlation [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; December 2020.
2023	Yazdanpanah Z. 3D Printed Polycaprolactone/nano-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering in-Vitro [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; June 2023.
1998	Vajda EG. Age-Related Changes in the Microstructure and Mineralization of the Female Proximal Femur [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; March 1998.
2007	Anderson AE. Computational Modeling of Hip Joint Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; April 2007.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2017	Gooding AF. Variation in Cortical Bone Distribution in the Aging Adult Appendicular Skeleton [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; December 2017.
2011	Herblum R. Evaluation of the Micro Level Structural Integrity of the Spine Through Micro Finite Element Modeling and Histological Analysis [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2011.
2013	Gaspar AE. Beyond Bone Mineral Density: Detecting Changes in Fracture Risk in the Absence of Mineral Loss With the Mechanical Response Tissue Analyzer [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2013	Liu CC. Effects of a New Conjugate Drug in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2014	Pakdel Sefidgar AR. The Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton: New Approaches in Computational Biomechanics and Fracture Stabilization [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2014.
2009	Nakade R. Influence of Interfacial Properties and Inhomogeneity on Formation of Microdamage in Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2009.
2011	Islam A. Mechanistic Model of Nanoscratch Test to Determine the in Situ Toughness of Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2011.
2012	Samuel J. Effect of Hydrogen Bonding Ability, Dipole-Dipole Interactions and Viscosity of Extracellular Matrix Fluid on the Bone Mechanical Behavior [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2012.
2015	Xu H. The Coupling Effect of Water and GAGs on the in Situ Toughness of Bone Are Age-Dependent [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2015.
1999	Pellettiere JA. A Dynamic Material Model for Bone [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 1999.
2000	Duma SM. Injury Criteria for the Small Female Upper Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2000.
2000	Funk JR. The Effect of Active Muscle Tension on the Axial Impact Tolerance of the Human Foot/ankle Complex [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2000.
2006	Ali T. The Aging Human Thorax: Structural and Material Characterization [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2006.
2008	Kerrigan JR. A Computationally Efficient Mathematical Model of the Pedestrian Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2008.
2016	Bailey AM. Injury Assessment for the Human Leg Exposed to Axial Impact Loading [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; September 2016.
2016	Boruah S. A Viscoelastic Model for High Strain Rate Loading of the Human Calvarium [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2016.
2006	Panzer MB. Numerical Modelling of the Human Cervical Spine in Frontal Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2006.
2018	Khor F. Computational Modeling of Hard Tissue Response and Fracture in the Lower Cervical Spine Under Compression Including Age Effects [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2018.
2022	Martel DR. Contributors to Proximal Femur Fracture Force: Multiscale Considerations of Rate, Toughness, and Bone Composition [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2022.
2011	Burkhart TA. Biomechanics of the Upper Extremity in Response to Dynamic Impact Loading Indicative of a Forward Fall: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation [PhD thesis]. University of Windsor; 2011.
2003	Cormier JM. Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Human Ribs [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; April 22, 2003.
2005	Anderson DE. An Investigation of the Mechanical Implications of Sacroplasty Using Finite Element Models Based on Tomographic Image Data [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; April 25, 2005.
2010	Anderson DE. An Examination of Age-Related Differences in Lower Extremity Joint Torques and Strains in the Proximal Femur During Gait [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; March 26, 2010.
2020	Ceritano DW. Sex-Based Differences in Calcaneal Injury Tolerances Under High-Rate Loading [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; May 22, 2020.
1985	Yang KH. An Experimental and Analytical Study of the Mechanism of Facet Load Transmission [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 1985.
1995	Wang H-CK. Development of a Side Impact Finite Element Human Thoracic Model [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1995.
2023	Pietsch HA. Comparison of the Dynamic Response and Fracture Characteristics of Female and Male Lumbar Spine and Pelvis in Underbody Blast Loading [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; December 2023.
1996	Batte SWP. An Evaluation of Bone Quality and Implant Stability in the Glenoid: Implications in Prosthesis Design [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; August 1996.
2009	Quenneville CE. Experimental and Numerical Assessments of Injury Criteria for Short-Duration, High-Force Impact Loading of the Tibia [PhD thesis]. University of Western Ontario; December 2009.
2015	Kusins JR. Experimental Analysis of Parameters Influencing the Bone Burring Process [Master's thesis]. London, ON: Western University; 2015.
2018	Reeves JM. An in-Silico Assessment of Stemless Shoulder Arthroplasty: From CT to Predicted Bone Response [PhD thesis]. London, ON: Western University; 2018.
2019	Knowles NK. Improving Material Mapping in Glenohumeral Finite Element Models: A Multi-Level Evaluation [PhD thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2019.
2020	Tavakoli A. The Effect of Humeral Short Stem Positioning, Humeral Head Contact, and Head Positioning on Bone Stress Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2020.
1996	Kim Y. A Finite-Element Study of Intervertebral Cages and Spinal Bone Remodeling [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 1996.
2008	Burgers TA. Press-Fit Fixation and Viscoelastic Response of a Bone-Implant Interface in the Distal Femur [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2008.
2009	García-Rodríguez S. Mechanical Behavior of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2009.
2011	Aiyangar AK. Physical and Computational Modeling of Subsidence of Anterior Interbody Fusion Devices [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.
2011	Vivanco Morales JF. Investigation of Fabrication and Environmental Effects on Bioceramic Bone Scaffolds [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.
2016	Collins CJ. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods to Determine Mechanical Properties of Long Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2020	Hamandi FMRA. Hierarchical Structure, Properties and Bone Mechanics At Macro, Micro, and Nano Levels [PhD thesis]. Dayton, OH: Wright State University; 2020.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1985.
1992	Oxland TR. Burst Fractures of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation [PhD thesis]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; May 1992.

Year	Entry
1966	Weaver JK, Chalmers J. Cancellous bone: its strength and changes with aging and an evaluation of some methods for measuring its mineral content, I: age changes in cancellous bone. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1966;48A(2):289-298.
1974	Crowninshield RD, Pope MH. The response of compact bone in tension at various strain rates. Ann Biomed Eng. 1974;2(2):217-225.
1972	Martin RB. The effects of geometric feedback in the development of osteoporosis. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):447-455.
1974	Pugh JW, Radin EL, Rose RM. Quantitative studies of human subchondral cancellous bone: its relationship to the state of tts overlying cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1974;56A(2):313-321.
1975	Lanyon LE, Hampson WGJ, Goodship AE, Shah JS. Bone deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human tibial shaft. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975;46(2):256-268.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. A structural model for the mechanical behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1973;6(6):657-670.
1961	Evans FG, King AI. Regional differences in some physical properties of human spongy bone. In: Evans FG, ed. Biomechanical Studies of the Musculo-Skeletal System. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1961:49-67.
1976	Wright TM, Hayes WC. Tensile testing of bone over a wide range of strain rates: effects of strain rate, microstructure and density. Med Biol Eng. November 1976;14(6):671-680.
1967	Lindahl O, Lindgren ÅGH. Cortical bone in man, I: variation of the amount and density with age and sex. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):133-140.
1976	Hayes WC, Carter DR. Postyield behavior of subchondral trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res. July 1976;10(4):537-544.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone: dependence on structure. J Biomech. 1973;6(5):475-485.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1964	Gong JK, Arnold JS, Cohn SH. Composition of trabecular and cortical bone. Anat Rec. 1964;149(3):325-331.
1966	Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR. Is bone hydraulically strengthened? Med Biol Eng. September 1966;4(5):433-438.
1969	Patel MR. The Deformation and Fracture of Rigid Cellular Plastics Under Multiaxial Stress [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1969.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Bone compressive strength: the influence of density and strain rate. Science. September 10, 1976;194(4270):1174-1176.
1963	Cameron JR, Sorenson J. Measurement of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method. Science. October 11, 1963;142(3589):230-232.
1968	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The viscoelastic properties of some biological materials. Annals NY Acad Sci. January 1968;146:158-165.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
1966	Bartley MH Jr, Arnold JS, Haslam RK, Jee SS Webster. The relationship of bone strength and bone quantity in health, disease and aging. J Gerontol. 1966;21(4):517-521.
1970	Galante J, Rostoker W, Ray RD. Physical properties of trabecular bone. Calcif Tiss Res. 1970;5(1):236-246.
1976	Lindahl O. Mechanical properties of dried defatted spongy bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1976;47(1):11-19.
1975	Townsend PR, Raux P, Rose RM, Miegel RE, Radin EL. The distribution and anisotropy of the stiffness of cancellous bone in the human patella. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):363-367.
1966	Mueller KH, Trias A, Ray RD. Bone density and composition: age-related and pathological changes in water and mineral content. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1966;48A(1):140-148.
1967	Bell GH, Dunbar O, Beck JS, Gibb A. Variations in strength of vertebrae with age and their relation to osteoporosis. Calcif Tiss Res. 1967;1(1):75-86.
1975	Currey JD. The effects of strain rate, reconstruction and mineral content on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. J Biomech. 1975;8(1):81-86.
1970	McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM. Mechanical properties of cranial bone. J Biomech. 1970;3(5):495-511.
1975	Townsend PR, Rose RM, Radin EL. Buckling studies of single human trabeculae. J Biomech. July 1975;8(3-4):199-200.
1970	McElhaney J, Alem N, Roberts V. A porous block model for cancellous bones. Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; November 29–December 3, 1970; New York, NY.1-9. ASME Publication 70-WA/BHF-2.