Three analogies to explain the mechanical properties of bone

Currey, J. D.<sup>1</sup>

Year	Entry
1984	Currey JD. Effects of differences in mineralization on the mechanical properties of bone. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. February 13, 1984;304(1121):509-518.
2002	Currey JD. Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2002.
1973	Evans FG. Mechanical Properties of Bone. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1973.
1993	Fung YC. Bone and cartilage. In: Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993:500-544.
1970	McElhaney J, Alem N, Roberts V. A porous block model for cancellous bones. Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; November 29–December 3, 1970; New York, NY.1-9. ASME Publication 70-WA/BHF-2.
2011	Ferguson VL, Olesiak SE. Nanoindentation of bone. In: Oyen ML, ed. Handbook of Nanoindentation With Biological Applications. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd; 2011:185-237.
1972	Kummer BKF. Biomechanics of bone: mechanical properties, functional structure, functional adaptation. In: Fung YC, Perrone N, Anliker M, eds. Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives. Symposium on Biomechanics, its Foundations and Objectives; July 29-31, 1970. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Inc., Prentice-Hall International; 1972:237-271.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
1973	Burstein AH, Reilly DT, Frankel VH. Failure characteristics of bone and bone tissue. In: Kenedi RM, ed. Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised in Association With the Biological Engineering Society and Held in the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 1972. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1973:131-134.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1994	Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. Compressive properties of cortical bone: mineral-organic interfacial bonding. Biomaterials. January 1994;15(2):137-145.
2008	Yoon YJ, Cowin SC. The estimated elastic constants for a single bone osteonal lamella. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. February 2008;7(1):1-11.
1979	Lees S, Heeley JD, Cleary PF. A study of some properties of a sample of bovine cortical bone using ultrasound. Calcif Tiss Int. 1979;29(2):107-117.
1984	Katz JL, Yoon HS, Lipson S, Maharidge R, Meunier A, Christel P. The effects of remodeling on the elastic properties of bone. Calcif Tiss Int. 1984;36(suppl 1):S31-S36.
1978	Carter DR, Spengler DM. Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1978;135:192-217.
1970	Lang SB. Ultrasonic method for measuring elastic coefficients of bone and results on fresh and dried bovine bones. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. April 1970;17(2):101-105.
1973	Piekarski K. Analysis of bone as a composite material. Int J Eng Sci. June 1973;11(6):557-565.
1967	Bonfield W, Li CH. Anisotropy of nonelastic flow in bone. J Appl Phys. May 1967;38(6):2450-2455.
1968	Ommaya AK. Mechanical properties of tissues of the nervous system. J Biomech. 1968;1(2):127-136.
1969	Currey JD. The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):1-11.
1969	Seireg A, Kempke W. Behavior of in vivo bone under cyclic loading. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):455-461.
1969	Currey JD. The relationship between the stiffness and the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):477-480.
1970	Chamay A. Mechanical and morphological aspect of experimental overload and fatigue in bone. J Biomech. May 1970;3(3):263-270.
1970	McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM. Mechanical properties of cranial bone. J Biomech. 1970;3(5):495-511.
1971	Katz JL, Ukraincik K. On the anisotropic elastic properties of hydroxyapatite. J Biomech. May 1971;4(3):221-227.
1971	Katz JL. Hard tissue as a composite material, I: bounds on the elastic behavior. J Biomech. October 1971;4(5):455-473.
1972	Chamay A, Tschantz P. Mechanical influences in bone remodeling: experimental research on Wolff's law. J Biomech. March 1972;5(2):173-180.
1974	Simkin A, Robin G. Fracture formation in differing collagen fiber pattern of compact bone. J Biomech. 1974;7(2):183-188.
1974	Lakes RS, Katz JL. Interrelationships among the viscoelastic functions for anisotropic solids: application to calcified tissues and related systems. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):259-270.
1976	Bonfield W, Datta PK. Fracture toughness of compact bone. J Biomech. 1976;9(3):131-134.
1977	Lees S, Davidson CL. The role of collagen in the elastic properties of calcified tissues. J Biomech. 1977;10(8):473-486.
1984	Lipson SF, Katz JL. The relationship between elastic properties and microstructure of bovine cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(4):231-240.
1984	Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(5):349-361.
1986	Fischer RA, Arms SW, Pope MH, Seligson D. Analysis of the effect of using two different strain rates on the acoustic emission in bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(2):119-127.
1986	Corondan G, Haworth WL. A fractographic study of human long bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):207-218.
1992	Hogan HA. Micromechanics modeling of Haversian cortical bone properties. J Biomech. May 1992;25(5):549-556.
1993	Mammone JF, Hudson SM. Micromechanics of bone strength and fracture. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):439-446.
1996	Bowman SM, Zeind J, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. The tensile behavior of demineralized bovine cortical bone. J Biomech. November 1996;29(11):1497-1501.
1996	Aoubiza B, Crolet JM, Meunier A. On the mechanical characterization of compact bone structure using the homogenization theory. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1539-1547.
1997	Braidotti P, Branca FP, Stagni L. Scanning electron microscopy of human cortical bone failure surfaces. J Biomech. February 1997;30(2):155-162.
1997	Vashishth D, Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Crack growth resistance in cortical bone: concept of microcrack toughening. J Biomech. August 1997;30(8):763-769.
2003	Kotha SP, Guzelsu N. Tensile damage and its effects on cortical bone. J Biomech. November 2003;36(11):1683-1689.
2004	Iyo T, Maki Y, Sasaki N, Nakata M. Anisotropic viscoelastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. September 2004;37(9):1433-1437.
2007	Ural A, Vashishth D. Anisotropy of age-related toughness loss in human cortical bone: a finite element study. J Biomech. 2007;40(7):1606-1614.
2008	Oyen ML, Ferguson VL, Bembey AK, Bushby AJ, Boyde A. Composite bounds on the elastic modulus of bone. J Biomech. August 7, 2008;41(11):2585-2588.
2006	Dong XN, Guo XE. Prediction of cortical bone elastic constants by a two-level micromechanical model using a generalized self-consistent method. J Biomech Eng. June 2006;128(3):309-316.
1973	Cooke FW, Zeidman H, Scheifele SJ. The fracture mechanics of bone: another look at composite modeling. J Biomed Mater Res. May 1973;7(3):383-399.
1975	Burstein AH, Zika JM, Heiple KG, Klein L. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1975;57A(7):956-961.
1965	Currey JD. Anelasticity in bone and echinoderm skeletons. J Exp Biol. October 1965;43(2):279-292.
1982	Gilmore RS, Katz JL. Elastic properties of apatites. J Mater Sci. 1982;17:1131-1141.
2020	Xie S, Wallace RJ, Pankaj P. Time-dependent behaviour of demineralised trabecular bone: experimental investigation and development of a constitutive model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. September 2020;109:103751.
1996	Jepsen KJ, Goldstein SA, Kuhn JL, Schaffler MB, Bonadio J. Type‐I collagen mutation compromises the post‐yield behavior of Mov13 long bone. J Orthop Res. May 1996;14(3):493-499.
2006	Ascenzi M-G, Lomovtsev A. Collagen orientation patterns in human secondary osteons, quantified in the radial direction by confocal microscopy. J Struct Biol. January 2006;153(1):14-30.
1998	Rho J-Y, Kuhn-Spearing L, Zioupos P. Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med Eng Phys. 1998;20(2):92-102.
2010	Campbell SE. Nanoindentation of Bio- and Geo-Mineralized Composites: Contribution of Microstructure and Composition [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010.
2002	Dong X. Micromechanics of Osteonal Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2002.
2005	Yoon YJ. Estimates of Bone Elastic Constants At Sequential Hierarchical Levels [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2005.
2018	Xie S. Characterisation of Time-Dependent Mechanical Behaviour of Trabecular Bone and Its Constituents [PhD thesis]. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh; 2018.
1997	Bowman SM. Creep of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; May 1997.
2011	Abdel-Wahab AA-GM. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
2002	Egerer AK. The Relationship Between the Osteonal Cement Line and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Loma Linda University; June 2002.
2007	Akhtar R. Micromechanical Behaviour of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; 2007.
1981	Tencer A. The Mechanical Properties of the Human Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. McGill University; April 1981.
2015	Oftadeh R. Hierarchical Analysis and Multiscale Modelling of Cellular Structures: From Meta Materials to Bone Structure [PhD thesis]. Northeastern University; December 2015.
1973	Margel-Robertson DR. Studies of Fracture in Bone [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; March 1973.
1982	Ashman RB. Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Cortical Bone: Techniques and Limitations [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1982.
2011	Reisinger AG. Modeling and Validation of Multiscale Lamellar Bone Elasticity [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; November 2011.
2001	Shelton DR. Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Equine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2001.
2007	Bigley RF. Volume Effects on Strength and Fatigue Life of Equine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; September 2007.
1994	Jepsen KJ. Characterization of the Hierarchical Composite Properties of Cortical Bone: A Transgenic Approach [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1994.
1995	Guldberg RE. Mechanical Adaptation of Trabecular Bone Formation in Vivo [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1995	Tseng K-F. Investigating the Structure-Function Relationships of Long Bone: An Approach Using Growth Hormone Mouse Models [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
2001	Lee T. Viscoelastic Properties of Biological and High-Damping Composite Materials [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2001.
1969	Stalnaker RL. Mechanical Properties of the Head [PhD thesis]. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University; 1969.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University; 1985.
1998	Yeni YN. Fracture Mechanics of Human Cortical Bone: The Relationship of Geometry, Microstructure and Composition With the Fracture of the Tibia, Femoral Shaft and the Femoral Neck [PhD thesis]. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University; 1998.
2001	Parsamian GP. Damage Mechanics of Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.

Year	Entry
1957	Evans FG. Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1957.
1962	Currey JD. The histology of the bone of a prosauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology. 1962;5(2):238-246.
1962	Currey JD. Strength of bone. Nature. August 4, 1962;195:513-514.
1962	Currey JD. Stress concentrations in bone. Q J Microsc Sci. March 1962;103(1):111-133.