A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone

Ashman, R. B.; Cowin, S. C.; Van Buskirk, W. C.; Rice, J. C.

Year	Entry
2007	Cowin SC, Doty SB. Bone tissue. In: Tissue Mechanics. Boca Raton, FL: Springer; 2007:341-384.
2004	Haug E, Choi H-Y, Robin S, Beaugonin M. Human models for crash and impact simulation. In: Ayache N, ed. Computational Models for the Human Body. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V; 2004:231-452. Ciarlet PG, ed. Handbook of Numerical Analysis; vol 12.
1996	van Rietbergen B. Mechanical Behavior and Adaptation of Trabecular Bone in Relation to Bone Morphology [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, Netherlands: Catholic University of Nijmegen; 1996.
1990	Duck FA. Physical Properties of Tissue: A Comprehensive Reference Book. Longon, England: Academic Press Limited; 1990.
2001	Turner CH, Burr DB. Experimental techniques for bone mechanics. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:7-1–7-35.
2001	Kaufman JJ, Siffert RS. Noninvasive measurement of bone integrity. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:34-1–34-25.
2002	Currey JD. Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2002.
1990	Cowin SC. Properties of cortical bone and theory of bone remodeling. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:119-153.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
1989	Snider JN, Wasserman J, Kress T, Fuller PM, Benson R, Tucker G. Synthetic bone for impact studies. In: Proceedings of the 1989 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1989; Stockholm, Sweden.195-208.
2006	Untaroiu C, Kerrigan J, Crandall J. Material identification using successive response surface methodology, with application to a human femur subjected to three-point bending loading. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 3-6, 2006; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2006-01-0063.
2007	Untaroiu C, Kerrigan J, Kam C, Crandall J, Yamazaki K, Fukuyama K, Kamiji K, Yasuki T, Funk J. Correlation of strain and loads measured in the long bones with observed kinematics of the lower limb during vehicle-pedestrian impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:433-466. SAE 2007-22-0018.
2008	Chang C-Y, Rupp JD, Kikuchi N, Schneider LW. Development of a finite element model to study the effects of muscle forces on knee-thigh-hip injuries in frontal crashes. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:475-504. SAE 2008-22-0018.
2020	Janc K, Tarasiuk J, Lipinski P, Bonnet A-S, Wronski S. Assessment of mechanical properties of bone trabeculae as an inverse problem of heterogeneous material modeling. Arch Mech. 2020;72(5):385-414.
1994	Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. Compressive properties of cortical bone: mineral-organic interfacial bonding. Biomaterials. January 1994;15(2):137-145.
2006	Yang QD, Cox BN, Nalla RK, Ritchie RO. Fracture length scales in human cortical bone: the necessity of nonlinear fracture models. Biomaterials. March 2006;27(9):2095-2113.
2011	Cox LGE, van Rietbergen B, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K. Analysis of bone architecture sensitivity for changes in mechanical loading, cellular activity, mechanotransduction, and tissue properties. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. January 2011;10(5):701-712.
2018	Hammond MA, Wallace JM, Allen MR, Siegmund T. Incorporating tissue anisotropy and heterogeneity in finite element models of trabecular bone altered predicted local stress distributions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. April 2018;17(2):605-614.
2008	Nikolov S, Raabe D. Hierarchical modeling of the elastic properties of bone at submicron scales: the role of extrafibrillar mineralization. Biophys J. June 2008;94(11):4220-4232.
1993	Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone. 1993;14(4):595-608.
1995	Turner CH, Chandran A, Pidaparti RMV. The anisotropy of osteonal bone and its ultrastructural implications. Bone. July 1995;17(1):85-89.
1997	Nicholson PHF, Lowet G, Cheng XG, Boonen S, Van Der Perre G, Dequeker J. Assessment of the strength of the proximal femur in vitro: relationship with ultrasonic measurements of the calcaneus. Bone. March 1997;20(3):219-224.
2006	Yang QD, Cox BN, Nalla RK, Ritchie RO. Re-evaluating the toughness of human cortical bone. Bone. June 2006;38(6):878-887.
1994	Hasegawa K, Turner CH, Burr DB. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic anisotropy of bone. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1994;55(5):381-386.
2020	Toniolo I, Salmaso C, Bruno G, De Stefani A, Stefanini C, Gracco ALT, Carniel EL. Anisotropic computational modelling of bony structures from CT data: an almost automatic procedure. Comput Methods Prog Biomed. June 2020;189:105319.
1988	Yahia LH, Drouin G, Duval P. A methodology for mechanical measurements of technical constants of trabecular bone. Eng Med. October 1988;17(4):169-173.
2004	Hellmich C, Barthélémy J-F, Dormieux L. Mineral–collagen interactions in elasticity of bone ultrastructure: a continuum micromechanics approach. Eur J Mech – A/Solids. September–October 2004;23(5):783-810.
1994	Mahinfalah M, Harms M. Stress concentrations associated with circular holes in cylinders and bone in torsion. Exp Mech. September 1994;34(2):224-229.
2021	Sahandifar P, Kleiven S. Separate and combined effects of geometrical and mechanical properties changes due to aging on the femoral strength in men and women. Front Mech Eng. May 24, 2021;7:691171.
2010	Untaroiu CD. A numerical investigation of mid-femoral injury tolerance in axial compression and bending loading. Int J Crashworthiness. 2010;15(1):83-92.
2020	Zhou J, Cui Z, Sevostianov I. Effect of saturation on the elastic properties and anisotropy of cortical bone. Int J Eng Sci. October 2020;155:103362.
1985	Cowin SC, Hart RT, Balser JR, Kohn DH. Functional adaptation in long bones: establishing in vivo values for surface remodeling rate coefficients. J Biomech. 1985;18(9):665-684.
1986	Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC. Thermodynamic restrictions on the elastic constants of bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(1):85-87.
1987	Krajcinovic D, Trafimow J, Sumarac D. Simple constitutive model for a cortical bone. J Biomech. 1987;20(8):779-784.
1987	Ashman RB, Corin JD, Turner CH. Elastic properties of cancellous bone: measurement by an ultrasonic technique. J Biomech. 1987;20(10):979-986.
1987	Katz JL, Meunier A. The elastic anisotropy of bone. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1063-1070.
1987	Cowin SC. Bone remodeling of diaphyseal surfaces by torsional loads: theoretical predictions. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1111-1120.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
1989	Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. J Biomech. 1989;22(6-7):503-515.
1990	Katsamanis F, Raftopoulos DD. Determination of mechanical properties of human femoral cortical bone by the Hopkinson bar stress technique. J Biomech. 1990;23(11):1173-1184.
1991	Cowin SC, Sadegh AM. Non-interacting modes for stress, strain and energy in anisotropic hard tissue. J Biomech. 1991;24(9):859-867.
1992	Gross TS, McLeod KJ, Rubin CT. Characterizing bone strain distributions in vivo using three triple rosette strain gages. J Biomech. September 1992;25(9):1081-1087.
1993	Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.
1993	Mammone JF, Hudson SM. Micromechanics of bone strength and fracture. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):439-446.
1993	Crolet JM, Aoubiza B, Meunier A. Compact bone: numerical simulation of mechanical characteristics. J Biomech. June 1993;26(6):677-687.
1995	Broz JJ, Simske SJ, Greenberg AR. Material and compositional properties of selectively demineralized cortical bone. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1357-1368.
1996	Pidaparti RMV, Chandran A, Takano Y, Turner CH. Bone mineral lies mainly outside collagen fibrils: predictions of a composite model for osternal bone. J Biomech. July 1996;29(7):909-916.
1996	Aoubiza B, Crolet JM, Meunier A. On the mechanical characterization of compact bone structure using the homogenization theory. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1539-1547.
1996	van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Kabel J, Huiskes R. Direct mechanics assessment of elastic symmetries and properties of trabecular bone architecture. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1653-1657.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1999	Turner CH, Rho J, Takano Y, Tsui TY, Pharr GM. The elastic properties of trabecular and cortical bone tissues are similar: results from two microscopic measurement techniques. J Biomech. April 1999;32(4):437-441.
1999	Zysset PK, Guo XE, Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Goldstein SA. Elastic modulus and hardness of cortical and trabecular bone lamellae measured by nanoindentation in the human femur. J Biomech. October 1999;32(10):1005-1012.
2001	Akkus O, Rimnac CM. Cortical bone tissue resists fatigue fracture by deceleration and arrest of microcrack growth. J Biomech. June 2001;34(6):757-764.
2001	Doblaré M, Garcia JM. Application of an anisotropic bone-remodelling model based on a damage-repair theory to the analysis of the proximal femur before and after total hip replacement. J Biomech. September 2001;34(9):1157-1170.
2002	Taylor WR, Roland E, Ploeg H, Hertig D, Klabunde R, Warner MD, Hobatho MC, Rakotomanana L, Clift SE. Determination of orthotropic bone elastic constants using FEA and modal analysis. J Biomech. June 2002;35(6):767-773.
2002	Smit TH, Huyghe JM, Cowin SC. Estimation of the poroelastic parameters of cortical bone. J Biomech. June 2002;35(6):829-835.
2005	Mittra E, Rubin C, Qin Y-X. Interrelationship of trabecular mechanical and microstructural properties in sheep trabecular bone. J Biomech. June 2005;38(6):1229-1237.
2007	Shahar R, Zaslansky P, Barak M, Friesem AA, Currey JD, Weiner S. Anisotropic Poisson's ratio and compression modulus of cortical bone determined by speckle interferometry. J Biomech. 2007;40(2):252-264.
2007	Ural A, Vashishth D. Anisotropy of age-related toughness loss in human cortical bone: a finite element study. J Biomech. 2007;40(7):1606-1614.
2008	Mittra E, Rubin C, Gruber B, Qin Y-X. Evaluation of trabecular mechanical and microstructural properties in human calcaneal bone of advanced age using mechanical testing, μCT, and DXA. J Biomech. 2008;41(2):368-375.
2011	Brynk T, Hellmich C, Fritsch A, Zysset P, Eberhardsteiner J. Experimental poromechanics of trabecular bone strength: role of Terzaghi's effective stress and of tissue level stress fluctuations. J Biomech. 2011;44(3):501-508.
2011	Grimal Q, Rus G, Parnell WJ, Laugier P. A two-parameter model of the effective elastic tensor for cortical bone. J Biomech. May 17, 2011;44(8):1621-1625.
2011	Rudy DJ, Deuerling JM, Espinoza Orías AA, Roeder RK. Anatomic variation in the elastic inhomogeneity and anisotropy of human femoral cortical bone tissue is consistent across multiple donors. J Biomech. June 3, 2011;44(9):1817-1820.
1988	Turner CH, Cowin SC. Errors induced by off-axis measurement of the elastic properties of bone. J Biomech Eng. August 1988;110(3):213-215.
1998	Zhang D, Weinbaum S, Cowin SC. Estimates of the peak pressures in bone pore water. J Biomech Eng. December 1998;120(6):697-703.
1999	Fondrk MT, Bahniuk EH, Davy DT. Inelastic strain accumulation in cortical bone during rapid transient tensile loading. J Biomech Eng. December 1999;121(6):616-621.
2002	Haut Donahue TL, Hull ML, Rashid MM, Jacobs CR. A finite element model of the human knee joint for the study of tibio-femoral contact. J Biomech Eng. June 2002;124(3):273-280.
2005	Akkus O. Elastic deformation of mineralized collagen fibrils: an equivalent inclusion based composite model. J Biomech Eng. June 2005;127(3):383-390.
2006	Dong XN, Guo XE. Prediction of cortical bone elastic constants by a two-level micromechanical model using a generalized self-consistent method. J Biomech Eng. June 2006;128(3):309-316.
2011	Trabelsi N, Yosibash Z. Patient-specific finite-element analyses of the proximal femur with orthotropic material properties validated by experiments. J Biomech Eng. June 2011;133(6):061001.
2020	Mattazio RR, Noritomi PY, Silveira ZC. An in silico model for the prediction of changes in mineral density in cortical bone remodeling. J Biomech Eng. January 2020;142(1):011008.
1996	Rubin C, Gross T, Qin Y-X, Fritton S, Guilak F, McLeod K. Differentiation of the bone-tissue remodeling response to axial and torsional loading in the turkey ulna. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1996;78A(11):1665-1676.
1996	Genant HK, Engelke K, Fuerst T, Glüer C, Grampp S, Harris ST, Jergas M, Lang T, Lu Y, Majumdar S, Mathur A, Takada M. Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure: state of the art. J Bone Miner Res. June 1996;11(6):707-730.
1997	Gross TS, Edwards JL, Mcleod KJ, Rubin CT. Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. June 1997;12(6):982-988.
2000	Lucchinetti E, Thomann D, Danuser G. Micromechanical testing of bone trabeculae: potentials and limitations. J Mater Sci. December 2000;35(24):6057-6064.
2009	Espinoza Orías AA, Deuerling JM, Landrigan MD, Renaud JE, Roeder RK. Anatomic variation in the elastic anisotropy of cortical bone tissue in the human femur. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. July 2009;2(3):255-263.
2011	Shepherd TN, Zhang J, Ovaert TC, Roeder RK, Niebur GL. Direct comparison of nanoindentation and macroscopic measurements of bone viscoelasticity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. November 2011;4(8):2055-2062.
2013	Li S, Demirci E, Silberschmidt VV. Variability and anisotropy of mechanical behavior of cortical bone in tension and compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2013;21:109-120.
2016	Robinson DL, Kersh ME, Walsh NC, Ackland DC, de Steiger RN, Pandy MG. Mechanical properties of normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. August 2016;61:96-109.
1998	Van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Kabel J, Huiskes R. Relationships between bone morphology and bone elastic properties can be accurately quantified using high‐resolution computer reconstructions. J Orthop Res. January 1998;16(1):23-28.
1998	Qin Y, Rubin CT, McLeod KJ. Nonlinear dependence of loading intensity and cycle number in the maintenance of bone mass and morphology. J Orthop Res. July 1998;16(4):482-489.
2007	Fritsch A, Hellmich C. “Universal” microstructural patterns in bone: micromechanics-based prediction of anisotropic material behavior. J Theo Biol. February 21, 2007;244(4):597-620.
2009	Fritsch A, Hellmich C, Dormieux L. Ductile sliding between mineral crystals followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks: experimentally supported micromechanical explanation of bone strength. J Theo Biol. September 21, 2009;260(2):230-252.
1997	Zioupos P, Currey JD, Casinos A, De Buffrénil V. Mechanical properties of the rostrum of the whale Mesoplodon densirostris, a remarkably dense bony tissue. J Zool. 1997;241(4):725-737.
2019	Yassine RA, Hamade RF. Transversely isotropic and isotropic material considerations in determining the mechanical response of geometrically accurate bovine tibia bone. Med Biol Eng Comput. October 2019;57(10):2159-2178.
1995	Rho JY, Hobatho MC, Ashman RB. Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. Med Eng Phys. July 1995;17(5):347-355.
1997	Mitton D, Rumelhart C, Hans D, Meunier PJ. The effects of density and test conditions on measured compression and shear strength of cancellous bone from the lumbar vertebrae of ewes. Med Eng Phys. 1997;19(5):464-474.
2011	Cong A, Buijs JOD, Dragomir-Daescu D. In situ parameter identification of optimal density–elastic modulus relationships in subject-specific finite element models of the proximal femur. Med Eng Phys. March 2011;33(2):164-173.
2012	Russell NA, Pelletier MH, Bruce WJ, Walsh WR. The effect of gamma irradiation on the anisotropy of bovine cortical bone. Med Eng Phys. October 2012;34(8):1117-1122.
2019	Yue Y, Yang H, Li Y, Zhong H, Tang Q, Wang J, Wang R, He H, Chen W, Chen D. Combining ultrasonic and computed tomography scanning to characterize mechanical properties of cancellous bone in necrotic human femoral heads. Med Eng Phys. April 2019;66:12-17.
2020	Zapata U, Wang Q. Material properties of the skull layers of the primate parietal bone: a single-subject study. PLoS One. March 3, 2020;15(3):e0229244.
1998	Currey JD. Mechanical properties of vertebrate hard tissues. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1998;216(6):399-411.
1996	Rho J-Y. An ultrasonic method for measuring the elastic properties of human tibial cortical and cancellous bone. Ultrasonics. December 1996;34(8):777-783.
2006	Di Jorio SL. Dynamic Modeling of Biomineralization and Muscular Adaptation During Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. Arizona State University; May 2006.
1999	Taylor WR. A Computer Based Technique for Predicting Changes in Bone Properties With Applications in Pre-Clinical Testing of Hip Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Bath; 1999.
2007	Clark EM. An Investigation Into the Role of Bone Mass and Other Factors in Determining Fracture Risk in Children [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; 2007.
1989	Fondrk MT. An Experimental and Analytical Investigation Into the Nonlinear Constitutive Equations of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 1989.
2000	Akkus O. The Relation of Microdamage to Fracture and Material Property Degradation in Human Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; August 2000.
2024	Szabo E. Insights Into the Mechanical Behavior of Maturing Cortical Bone: A Porcine Model [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 2024.
2002	Dong X. Micromechanics of Osteonal Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2002.
2015	Brock GR Jr. Changes in Bone Tissue Properties With Osteoporosis Treatment [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2015.
2005	Cook RB. Non-Invasively Assessed Skeletal Bone Status and Its Relationship to the Biomechanical Properties and Condition of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield, UK: Cranfield University; December 18, 2005.
2005	Beno T. Investigating the Role of Microstructure in Bone Permeability [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2005.
2005	Yoon YJ. Estimates of Bone Elastic Constants At Sequential Hierarchical Levels [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2005.
2009	Gailani G. Russian Doll Poroelasticity [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2009.
1994	Zysset P. A Constitutive Law for Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1994.
1993	Guo X-DE. Fatigue of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; 1993.
2016	Grigoriadis G. Heel Biomechanics Under Blast Conditions [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2016.
2002	Follet H. Caractérisation Biomécanique Et Modélisation 3D Par Imagerie X Et IRM Haute Résolution De L’os Spongieux Humain: Evaluation Du Risque Fracturaire [PhD thesis]. Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon); 2002.
2011	Abdel-Wahab AA-GM. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
2013	Li S. Cutting of Cortical Bone Tissue: Analysis of Deformation and Fracture Process [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; June 2013.
28	Wang M. Effect of Osteonal Microstructure on Crack Propagation: A Computational Study [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; October 28.
2007	Akhtar R. Micromechanical Behaviour of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; 2007.
2009	Meyer EG. Biomechanical Response of the Knee to Injury Level Forces in Sports Loading Scenarios [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2009.
2012	Deymier-Black AC. Study of the Elasto-Plastic Properties of Mineralized Biomaterials Via Synchrotron High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; June 2012.
2005	Espinoza Orias AA. The Relationship Between the Mechanical Anisotropy of Human Cortical Bone Tissue and Its Microstructure [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2005.
2006	Yue W. Micromechanical Modeling of Hydroxyapatite Whisker Reinforced Polymer Composites and Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2006.
2008	Converse GL. Processing and Properties of Hydroxyapaptite Whisker Reinforced Polyaryletherketones for Orthopaedic Applications [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2008.
2010	Deuerling JM. Effects of Ultrastructural Organization on the Mechanical Properties and Anisotropy of Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2010.
2014	Kim S. Contact Stress Analysis of the Native Radial Head and Radial Head Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2014.
2012	Jimenez Palomar I. Mechanical Properties of Bone At the Sub-lamellar Level [PhD thesis]. London, England: Queen Mary University of London; September 2012.
1995	DeVries S. A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Stress Analysis of the Glenoid With and Without a Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Component [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; July 1995.
2006	Whitty M. Development of a Physiological Three Dimensional Finite Element Model of a Human Tibia [Master's thesis]. Kingston, ON: Royal Military College of Canada; May 2006.
2001	Kim DG. Micromechanical Analysis of Bone At a Bone-Implant Interface [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2001.
1997	Qin Y-X. Fluid Flow, Matrix Strain and Loading Frequency as Interdependent Control Parameters in Skeletal Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York at Stony Brook; May 1997.
2001	Lin W. Development of Quantitative Ultrasound to Determine the Physical Properties of Bone [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York at Stony Brook; May 2001.
2004	Mittra ES. Assessment of Trabecular Bone Quality Using Microstructure, Micro-Mechanics and Micro-Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2004.
1987	Turner CH. On the Relationship Between the Elastic Properties of Cancellous Bone and Its Structure [PhD thesis]. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University; 1987.
1994	Oden ZM. Computational Prediction of Functional Adaptation in Canine Radii [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1994.
2005	Ashe MC. Upper Limb Bone Health: Cadaveric, Imaging and Clinical Studies With Special Emphasis on Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2005.
2015	Tan VPS. Effects of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Adolescent Bone Strength, Structure and Density: The Health Promoting Secondary Schools (HPSS) Bone Health Study [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; June 2015.
2016	Gustafson HM. Quantifying the Response of Vertebral Bodies to Compressive Loading Using Digital Image Correlation [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; October 2016.
2017	Fung A. Experimental Validation of Finite Element Predicted Bone Strain in the Human Metatarsal [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2017.
2000	Haut Donahue TL. A Finite Element Model of the Human Knee Joint for the Study of Meniscal Replacements [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2005	Yan J. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2005.
1996	Adams DJ. Mechanical Factors Initiating Appositional Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 1996.
2009	Chang C-Y. Prediction of the Effects of Lower-Extremity Muscle Forces on Knee, Thigh, and Hip Injuries in Frontal Motor Vehicle Crashes [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2009.
2002	Raum K. Quantitative Akustische Rastermikroskopiemethoden zur Charakterisierung der elastischen Eigenschaften von Knochengewebe [PhD thesis]. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; 2002.
2015	Robinson DL. Mechanical Properties of Normal and Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; 2015.
2021	Atthapreyangkul A. Multi-Scale Finite Element Modelling of Human Cortical Bone: An Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Microdamage Onset of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; April 2021.
1992	Cohen CS. Relationships Among Stability, Bony Ingrowth, and Remodeling for a Porous Coated Hip Endoprosthesis [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1992.
1995	Grimm MJ. Ultrasound Propagation Through the Calcaneus: Dependence on “Bone Quality” and Prediction by Biot's Theory [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1995.
1995	Marcolongo MS. Bioactive Glass Fiber/polymeric Composite as a Bone Bonding Biomaterial [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1995.
2016	Arango Villegas C. Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Cortical Bone Microstructure by the Finite Element Method [PhD thesis]. Universität Politècnica de València; May 2016.
2018	Hosseini Kalajahi SM. Addressing Partial Volume Artifacts With Quantitative Computed Tomography-Based Finite Element Modeling of the Human Proximal Tibia [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; April 2018.
2007	Anderson AE. Computational Modeling of Hip Joint Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; April 2007.
1999	Pellettiere JA. A Dynamic Material Model for Bone [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 1999.
2000	Funk JR. The Effect of Active Muscle Tension on the Axial Impact Tolerance of the Human Foot/ankle Complex [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2000.
2006	Lau AG. Development of a Microstructural Homogenization Model for Calcifying Cartilage Using the Generalized Method of Cells [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2006.
2018	Khor F. Computational Modeling of Hard Tissue Response and Fracture in the Lower Cervical Spine Under Compression Including Age Effects [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2018.
2017	Meng Y. Development and Validation of a Child Finite Element Model for Use in Pedestrian Accident Simulations [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; April 28, 2017.
2001	Zhang N. Investigation of Bone Mechanical Properties At the Microscopic Level Using Ultrasonic Methods and Numerical Simulation [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2001.
1994	Kohles SS. Elastic and Physiochemical Relationships Within Cortical Bone: Growth Hormone Treatment of a Dwarf Rat Model [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 1994.
2001	Brown CU. Time-Dependent Circumferential Deformation of Cortical Bone Subjected to Internal Radial Loading [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.

Year	Entry
1980	Katz JL. Anisotropy of Young's modulus of bone. Nature. January 3, 1980;283(5742):106-107.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1976	Yoon HS, Katz JL. Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone, I: theoretical considerations for hexagonal symmetry. J Biomech. 1976;9(6):407-412.
1982	Ashman RB. Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Cortical Bone: Techniques and Limitations [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1982.
1976	Yoon HS, Katz JL. Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone, II: measurements of elastic properties and microhardness. J Biomech. 1976;9(7):459-464.
1969	Currey JD. The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):1-11.
1970	Abendschein W, Hyatt GW. Ultrasonics and selected physical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–April 1970;69:294-301.
1981	Van Buskirk WC, Cowin SC, Ward RN. Ultrasonic measurement of orthotropic elastic constants of bovine femoral bone. J Biomech Eng. May 1981;103(2):67-72.
1983	Burris CL Sr. A Correlation of Quasistatic and Ultrasonic Measurements of the Elastic Properties of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University; 1983.
1970	Lang SB. Ultrasonic method for measuring elastic coefficients of bone and results on fresh and dried bovine bones. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. April 1970;17(2):101-105.
1964	Currey JD. Three analogies to explain the mechanical properties of bone. Biorheology. 1964;2(1):1-10.
1981	Van Buskirk WC, Ashman RB. The elastic moduli of bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:131-143.