Bone quality:​ the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility

Seeman, Ego; Delmas, Pierre D.

Year	Entry
2025	Cole ME. Visualization and interpretation of cortical porosity. In: Stout SD, Crowder C, eds. Bone Histology: A Biological Anthropological Perspective. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2025:442-470.
2008	Ryb G, Dischinger P, Kleinberger M, Burch C, Ho S. Aging is not a risk factor for femoral and tibial fractures in motor vehicle crashes. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.227-234.
2019	Zenzes M, Bortel EL, Fratzl P, Mundlos S, Schuetz M, Schmidt H, Duda GN, Witte F, Zaslansky P. Normal trabecular vertebral bone is formed via rapid transformation of mineralized spicules: a high-resolution 3D ex-vivo murine study. Acta Biomater. March 1, 2019;86:429-440.
2009	Andersen TL, Sondergaard TE, Skorzynska KE, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Plesner TL, Hauge EM, Plesner T, Delaisse J-M. A physical mechanism for coupling bone resorption and formation in adult human bone. Am J Pathol. January 2009;174(1):239-247.
2015	Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GRdS, Sasso-Cerri E, Simões MJ, Cerri PS. Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:421746.
2010	Nikander R, Sievänen H, Heinonen A, Daly RM, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Med. 2010;8:47.
2008	Boivin G, Bala Y, Doublier A, Farlay D, Ste-Marie LG, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD. The role of mineralization and organic matrix in the microhardness of bone tissue from controls and osteoporotic patients. Bone. September 2008;43(3):532-538.
2009	Busse B, Hahn M, Soltau M, Zustin J, Püschel K, Duda GN, Amling M. Increased calcium content and inhomogeneity of mineralization render bone toughness in osteoporosis: mineralization, morphology and biomechanics of human single trabeculae. Bone. December 2009;45(6):1034-1043.
2010	Viguet-Carrin S, Follet H, Gineyts E, Roux JP, Munoz F, Chapurlat R, Delmas PD, Bouxsein ML. Association between collagen cross-links and trabecular microarchitecture properties of human vertebral bone. Bone. February 2010;46(2):342-347.
2010	Vilayphiou N, Boutroy S, Sornay-rendu E, Van rietbergen B, Munoz F, Delmas PD, Chapurlat R. Finite element analysis performed on radius and tibia HR-pQCT images and fragility fractures at all sites in postmenopausal women. Bone. April 2010;46(4):1030-1037.
2010	Bala Y, Farlay D, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ, Boivin G. Time sequence of secondary mineralization and microhardness in cortical and cancellous bone from ewes. Bone. April 2010;46(4):1204-1212.
2011	Zebaze RMD, Jones AC, Pandy MG, Knackstedt MA, Seeman E. Differences in the degree of bone tissue mineralization account for little of the differences in tissue elastic properties. Bone. June 1, 2011;48(6):1246-1251.
2013	Willie BM, Birkhold AI, Razi H, Thiele T, Aido M, Kruck B, Schill A, Checa S, Main RP, Duda GN. Diminished response to in vivo mechanical loading in trabecular and not cortical bone in adulthood of female C57Bl/6 mice coincides with a reduction in deformation to load. Bone. August 2013;55(2):335-346.
2014	Dong P, Haupert S, Hesse B, Langer M, Gouttenoire P-J, Bousson V, Peyrin F. 3D osteocyte lacunar morphometric properties and distributions in human femoral cortical bone using synchrotron radiation micro-CT images. Bone. March 2014;60:172-185.
2016	Farr JN, Khosla S. Determinants of bone strength and quality in diabetes mellitus in humans. Bone. January 2016;82:28-34.
2016	Bach-Gansmo FL, Brüel A, Jensen MV, Ebbesen EN, Birkedal H, Thomsen JS. Osteocyte lacunar properties and cortical microstructure in human iliac crest as a function of age and sex. Bone. October 2016;91:11-19.
2016	Mirzaali MJ, Schwiedrzik JJ, Thaiwichai S, Best JP, Michler J, Zysset PK, Wolfram U. Mechanical properties of cortical bone and their relationships with age, gender, composition and microindentation properties in the elderly. Bone. December 2016;93:196-211.
2017	Ghasem-Zadeh A, Burghardt A, Wang X-F, Iuliano S, Bonaretti S, Bui M, Zebaze R, Seeman E. Quantifying sex, race, and age specific differences in bone microstructure requires measurement of anatomically equivalent regions. Bone. August 2017;101:206-213.
2020	Xi L, De Falco P, Barbieri E, Karunaratne A, Bentley L, Esapa CT, Davis GR, Terrill NJ, Cox RD, Pugno NM, Thakker RV, Weinkamer R, Wu WW, Fang DN, Gupta HS. Reduction of fibrillar strain-rate sensitivity in steroid-induced osteoporosis linked to changes in mineralized fibrillar nanostructure. Bone. February 2020;131:115111.
2020	Söreskog E, Ström O, Spångéus A, Åkesson KE, Borgström F, Banefelt J, Toth E, Libanati C, Charokopou M. Risk of major osteoporotic fracture after first, second and third fracture in Swedish women aged 50 years and older. Bone. May 2020;134:115286.
2020	Schileo E, Pitocchi J, Falcinelli C, Taddei F. Cortical bone mapping improves finite element strain prediction accuracy at the proximal femur. Bone. July 2020;136:115348.
2020	Yamakawa T, Okamatsu N, Ishikawa K, Kiyohara S, Handa K, Hayashi E, Sakai N, Karakawa A, Chatani M, Tsuji M, Inagaki K, Kiuchi Y, Negishi-Koga T, Takami M. Novel gene Merlot inhibits differentiation and promotes apoptosis of osteoclasts. Bone. September 2020;138:115494.
2020	Tamimi I, Cortes ARG, Sánchez-Siles J-M, Ackerman JL, González-Quevedo D, García Á, Yaghoubi F, Abdallah M-N, Eimar H, Alsheghri A, Laurenti M, Al-Subaei A, Guerado E, García-de-Quevedo D, Tamimi F. Composition and characteristics of trabecular bone in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Bone. November 2020;140:115558.
2021	Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Umakoshi H, Sakamoto R, Fukumoto T, Ogata M, Nakano Y, Iwahashi N, Kaneko H, Mizoguchi N, Hattori A, Miyazawa T, Matsuda Y, Kawate H, Ogawa Y; Q-AND-A study group. Role of deteriorated bone quality in the development of osteoporosis in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Bone. January 2021;142:115607.
2021	Smith C, Tacey A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Lin X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Lewis JR, Duque G, Levinger I. The effects of acute exercise on bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review. Bone. February 2021;143:115766.
2021	Surowiec RK, Ram S, Idiyatullin D, Goulet R, Schlecht SH, Galban CJ, Kozloff KM. In vivo quantitative imaging biomarkers of bone quality and mineral density using multi-band-SWIFT magnetic resonance imaging. Bone. February 2021;143:115615.
2021	Zhang J, Wang Y, Cheng K-l, Cheuk K, Lam T-p, Hung ALH, Cheng JCY, Qiu Y, Müller R, Christen P, Lee WYW. Association of higher bone turnover with risk of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Bone. February 2021;143:115655.
2021	Kim HJ, Dash A, Cunningham M, Schwab F, Dowdell J, Harrison J, Zaworski C, Krez A, Lafage V, Agarwal S, Carlson B, McMahon DJ, Stein EM. Patients with abnormal microarchitecture have an increased risk of early complications after spinal fusion surgery. Bone. February 2021;143:115731.
2021	Jones BC, Jia S, Lee H, Feng A, Shetye SS, Batzdorf A, Shapira N, Noël PB, Pleshko N, Rajapakse CS. MRI-derived porosity index is associated with whole-bone stiffness and mineral density in human cadaveric femora. Bone. February 2021;143:115774.
2022	Hu YJ, Chines A, Shi Y, Seeman E, Guo XE. The effect of denosumab and alendronate on trabecular plate and rod microstructure at the distal tibia and radius: a post-hoc HR-pQCT study. Bone. January 2022;154:116187.
2022	Ghasem-Zadeh A, Bui M, Seeman E, Boyd SK, Iuliano S, Jaipurwala R, Mount PF, Toussaint ND, Chiang C. Bone microarchitecture and estimated failure load are deteriorated whether patients with chronic kidney disease have normal bone mineral density, osteopenia or osteoporosis. Bone. January 2022;154:116260.
2022	Holloway-Kew KL, Rufus-Membere P, Anderson KB, Tembo MC, Sui SX, Hyde NK, Diez-Perez A, Kotowicz MA, Pasco JA. Associations between parameters of peripheral quantitative computed tomography and bone material strength index. Bone. February 2022;155:116268.
2022	Rooney AM, Dempster DW, Nieves JW, Zhou H, Bostrom MPG, Cosman F. Effects of teriparatide and loading modality on modeling-based and remodeling-based bone formation in the human femoral neck. Bone. April 2022;157:116342.
2022	Sornay-Rendu E, Duboeuf F, Ulivieri FM, Rinaudo L, Chapurlat R. The bone strain index predicts fragility fractures: the OFELY study. Bone. April 2022;157:116348.
2022	O'Leary TJ, Izard RM, Tang JCY, Fraser WD, Greeves JP. Sex differences in tibial adaptations to arduous training: an observational cohort study. Bone. July 2022;160:116426.
2023	Meloni A, Pistoia L, Maffei S, Ricchi P, Casini T, Corigliano E, Putti MC, Cuccia L, Argento C, Positano V, Pepe A, Cademartiri F, Vassalle C. Bone status and HCV infection in thalassemia major patients. Bone. April 2023;169:116671.
2023	Jones BC, Wehrli FW, Kamona N, Deshpande RS, Vu B-TD, Song HK, Lee H, Grewal RK, Chan TJ, Witschey WR, MacLean MT, Josselyn NJ, Iyer SK, al Mukaddam M, Snyder PJ, Rajapakse CS. Automated, calibration-free quantification of cortical bone porosity and geometry in postmenopausal osteoporosis from ultrashort echo time MRI and deep learning. Bone. June 2023;171:116743.
2023	Vu B-TD, Jones BC, Lee H, Kamona N, Deshpande RS, Wehrli FW, Rajapakse CS. Six-minute, in vivo MRI quantification of proximal femur trabecular bone 3D microstructure. Bone. December 2023;177:116900.
2014	Hansen S, Shanbhogue V, Folkestad L, Nielsen MMF, Brixen K. Bone microarchitecture and estimated strength in 499 adult Danish women and men: a cross-sectional, population-based high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic study on peak bone structure. Calcif Tiss Int. March 2014;94(3):269-281.
2020	Qiu S, Divine G, Warner E, Rao SD. Reference intervals for bone histomorphometric measurements based on data from healthy premenopausal women. Calcif Tiss Int. December 2020;107(6):543-550.
2007	Tatsumi S, Ishii K, Amizuka N, Li M, Kobayashi T, Kohno K, Ito M, Takeshita S, Ikeda K. Targeted ablation of osteocytes induces osteoporosis with defective mechanotransduction. Cell Metab. June 2007;5(6):464-475.
2011	Burghardt AJ, Link TM, Majumdar S. High-resolution computed tomography for clinical imaging of bone microarchitecture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2011;469:2179-2193.
2010	Manolagas SC. From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. June 2010;31(3):266-300.
2020	Wang M, Li S, vom Scheidt A, Qwamizadeh M, Busse B, Silberschmidt VV. Numerical study of crack initiation and growth in human cortical bone: effect of micro-morphology. Eng Fract Mech. June 1, 2020;232:107051.
2016	Osterhoff G, Morgan EF, Shefelbine SJ, Karim L, McNamara LM, Augat P. Bone mechanical properties and changes with osteoporosis. Injury. June 2016;47(suppl 2):S11-S20.
2013	Nawathe S, Juillard F, Keaveny TM. Theoretical bounds for the influence of tissue-level ductility on the apparent-level strength of human trabecular bone. J Biomech. April 26, 2013;46(7):1293-1299.
2015	Nawathe S, Nguyen BP, Barzanian N, Akhlaghpour H, Bouxsein ML, Keaveny TM. Cortical and trabecular load sharing in the human femoral neck. J Biomech. March 18, 2015;48(5):816-822.
2008	Seeman E. Bone quality: the material and structural basis of bone strength. J Bone Min Metab. 2008;26(1):1-8.
2006	Szulc P, Seeman E, Duboeuf F, Sornay-Rendu E, Delmas PD. Bone fragility: failure of periosteal apposition to compensate for increased endocortical resorption in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. December 2006;21(12):1856-1863.
2007	Sornay‐Rendu E, Boutroy S, Munoz F, Delmas PD. Alterations of cortical and trabecular architecture are associated with fractures in postmenopausal women, partially independent of decreased BMD measured by DXA: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. March 2007;22(3):425-433.
2008	Boutroy S, Van Rietbergen B, Sornay-Rendu E, Munoz F, Bouxsein ML, Delmas PD. Finite element analysis based on in vivo HR-pQCT images of the distal radius is associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. March 2008;23(3):392-399.
2008	Kazakia GJ, Hyun B, Burghardt AJ, Krug R, Newitt DC, de Papp AE, Link TM, Majumdar S. In vivo determination of bone structure in postmenopausal women: a comparison of MR‐pQCT and high‐field MR imaging. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(4):463-474.
2008	Arlot ME, Burt‐Pichat B, Roux J, Vashishth D, Bouxsein ML, Delmas PD. Microarchitecture influences microdamage accumulation in human vertebral trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(10):1613-1618.
2009	Holzer G, von Skrbensky G, Holzer LA, Pichl W. Hip fractures and the contribution of cortical versustrabecular bone to femoral neck strength. J Bone Miner Res. March 2009;24(3):468-474.
2009	Sornay-Rendu E, Cabrera-Bravo J-L, Boutroy S, Munoz F, Delmas PD. Severity of vertebral fractures is associated with alterations of cortical architecture in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. April 2009;24(4):737-743.
2010	Roux J-P, Wegrzyn J, Arlot ME, Guyen O, Delmas PD, Chapurlat R, Bouxsein ML. Contribution of trabecular and cortical components to biomechanical behavior of human vertebrae: an ex vivo study. J Bone Miner Res. February 2010;25(2):356-361.
2010	Nishiyama KK, Macdonald HM, Buie HR, Hanley DA, Boyd SK. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia have higher cortical porosity and thinner cortices at the distal radius and tibia than women with normal aBMD: an in vivo HR-pQCT study. J Bone Miner Res. April 2010;25(4):882-890.
2010	Keaveny TM, Kopperdahl DL, Melton LJ III, Hoffmann PF, Amin S, Riggs BL, Khosla S. Age‐dependence of femoral strength in white women and men. J Bone Miner Res. May 2010;25(5):994-1001.
2010	Wang Q, Wang X-F, Iuliano-Burns S, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Zebaze R, Seeman E. Rapid growth produces transient cortical weakness: a risk factor for metaphyseal fractures during puberty. J Bone Miner Res. July 2010;25(7):1521-1526.
2010	Diez‐Perez A, Güerri R, Nogues X, Cáceres E, Peña MJ, Mellibovsky L, Randall C, Bridges D, Weaver JC, Proctor A, Brimer D, Koester KJ, Ritchie RO, Hansma PK. Microindentation for in vivo measurement of bone tissue mechanical properties in humans. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(8):1877-1885.
2010	Seeman E, Delmas PD, Hanley DA, Sellmeyer D, Cheung AM, Shane E, Kearns A, Thomas T, Boyd SK, Boutroy S, Bogado C, Majumdar S, Fan M, Libanati C, Zanchetta J. Microarchitectural deterioration of cortical and trabecular bone: differing effects of denosumab and alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. August 2010;25(8):1886-1894.
2010	Wegrzyn J, Roux J, Arlot ME, Boutroy S, Vilayphiou N, Guyen O, Delmas PD, Chapurlat R, Bouxsein ML. Role of trabecular microarchitecture and its heterogeneity parameters in the mechanical behavior of ex vivo human L3 vertebrae. J Bone Miner Res. November 2010;25(11):2324-2331.
2011	Vilayphiou N, Boutroy S, Szulc P, van Rietbergen B, Munoz F, Delmas PD, Chapurlat R. Finite element analysis performed on radius and tibia HR‐pQCT images and fragility fractures at all sites in men. J Bone Miner Res. May 2011;26(5):965-973.
2012	Slyfield CR, Tkachenko EV, Wilson DL, Hernandez CJ. Three-dimensional dynamic bone histomorphometry. J Bone Miner Res. February 2012;27(2):486-495.
2012	Bala Y, Depalle B, Farlay D, Douillard T, Meille S, Follet H, Chapurlat R, Chevalier J, Boivin G. Bone micromechanical properties are compromised during long-term alendronate therapy independently of mineralization. J Bone Miner Res. April 2012;27(4):825-834.
2013	Kerschnitzki M, Kollmannsberger P, Burghammer M, Duda GN, Weinkamer R, Wagermaier W, Fratzl P. Architecture of the osteocyte network correlates with bone material quality. J Bone Miner Res. December 2013;28(8):1837-1845.
2013	Christen D, Melton LJ III, Zwahlen A, Amin S, Khosla S, Müller R. Improved fracture risk assessment based on nonlinear micro-finite element simulations from HRpQCT images at the distal radius. J Bone Miner Res. December 2013;28(12):2601-2608.
2014	Farr JN, Drake MT, Amin S, Melton LJ III, McCready LK, Khosla S. In vivo assessment of bone quality in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. April 2014;29(4):787-795.
2015	Shanbhogue VV, Hansen S, Frost M, Jørgensen NR, Hermann AP, Henriksen JE, Brixen K. Bone geometry, volumetric density, microarchitecture, and estimated bone strength assessed by HR-pQCT in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Bone Miner Res. December 2015;30(12):2188-2199.
2018	Dempster DW, Zhou H, Recker RR, Brown JP, Recknor CP, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Rao SD, Kendler DL, Lindsay R, Krege JH, Alam J, Taylor KA, Melby TE, Ruff VA. Remodeling- and modeling-based bone formation with teriparatide versus denosumab: a longitudinal analysis from baseline to 3 months in the AVA study. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):298-306.
2018	Kersh ME, Martelli S, Zebaze R, Seeman E, Pandy MG. Mechanical loading of the femoral neck in human locomotion. J Bone Miner Res. November 2018;33(11):1999-2006.
2018	Bakalova LP, Andreasen CM, Thomsen JS, Brüel A, Hauge E-M, Kiil BJ, Delaisse J-M, Andersen TL, Kersh ME. Intracortical bone mechanics are related to pore morphology and remodeling in human bone. J Bone Miner Res. December 2018;33(12):2177-2185.
2020	Huang T, Tworoger SS, Redline S, Curhan GC, Paik JM. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk for incident vertebral and hip fracture in women. J Bone Miner Res. November 2020;35(11):2143-2150.
2021	O'Leary TJ, Wardle SL, Gifford RM, Double RL, Reynolds RM, Woods DR, Greeves JP. Tibial macrostructure and microarchitecture adaptations in women during 44 weeks of arduous military training. J Bone Miner Res. July 2021;36(7):1300-1315.
2022	Whittier DE, Samelson EJ, Hannan MT, Burt LA, Hanley DA, Biver E, Szulc P, Sornay-Rendu E, Merle B, Chapurlat R, Lespessailles E, Wong AKO, Goltzman D, Khosla S, Ferrari S, Bouxsein ML, Kiel DP, Boyd SK. Bone microarchitecture phenotypes identified in older adults are associated with different levels of osteoporotic fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. March 2022;37(3):428-439.
2022	Harrison KD, Sales E, Hiebert BD, Panahifar A, Zhu N, Arnason T, Swekla KJ, Pivonka P, Chapman LD, Cooper DML. Direct assessment of rabbit cortical bone basic multicellular unit longitudinal erosion rate: a 4D synchrotron-based approach. J Bone Miner Res. November 2022;37(11):2244-2258.
2023	Jaiswal R, Zoulakis M, Axelsson KF, Darelid A, Rudäng R, Sundh D, Litsne H, Johansson L, Lorentzon M. Increased bone material strength index is positively associated with the risk of incident osteoporotic fractures in older Swedish women. J Bone Miner Res. June 2023;38(6):860-868.
2011	Silva BC, Costa AG, Cusano NE, Kousteni S, Bilezikian JP. Catabolic and anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on the skeleton. J Endocrinol Invest. November 2011;34(10):801-810.
2013	Jilka RL. The relevance of mouse models for investigating age-related bone loss in humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. October 2013;68(10):1209-1217.
2013	Depalle B, Chapurlat R, Walter-Le-Berre H, Bou-Saïd B, Follet H. Finite element dependence of stress evaluation for human trabecular bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. February 2013;18:200-212.
2020	Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan2 J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact. September 2020;20(3):347-371.
2022	Wankier Z, Taylor C, Drew A, Kubiak E, Agarwal J, Sinclair S. Use of computer tomography imaging for analyzing bone remodeling around a percutaneous osseointegrated implant. J Orthop Res. September 2022;40(9):2065-2075.
2022	Wittig NK, Østergaard M, Palle J, Christensen TEK, Langdahl BL, Rejnmark L, Hauge E-M, Brüel A, Thomsen JS, Birkedal H. Opportunities for biomineralization research using multiscale computed X-ray tomography as exemplified by bone imaging. J Struct Biol. March 2022;214(1):107822.
2010	Zebaze RMD, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Bohte A, Iuliano-Burns S, Mirams M, Price RI, Mackie EJ, Seeman E. Intracortical remodelling and porosity in the distal radius and post-mortem femurs of women: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. May 15, 2010;375(9727):1729-1736.
2020	Wu G-J, Chen J-T, Lin P-I, Cherng Y-G, Yang S-T, Chen R-M. Inhibition of the estrogen receptor alpha signaling delays bone regeneration and alters osteoblast maturation, energy metabolism, and angiogenesis. Life Sci. October 1, 2020;258:118195.
2007	Canalis E, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP. Mechanisms of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. NEJM. August 30, 2007;357(9):905-916.
2010	Saito M, Marumo K. Collagen cross-links as a determinant of bone quality: a possible explanation for bone fragility in aging, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(2):195-214.
2010	Melton LJ III, Christen D, Riggs BL, Achenbach SJ, Müller R, van Lenthe GH, Amin S, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S. Assessing forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. July 2010;21(7):1161-1169.
2012	Rizzoli R, Chapurlat RD, Laroche J-M, Krieg MA, Thomas T, Frieling I, Boutroy S, Laib A, Bock O, Felsenberg D. Effects of strontium ranelate and alendronate on bone microstructure in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. January 2012;23(1):305-315.
2020	Stumpf U, Hadji P, van den Boom L, Böcker W, Kostev K. Incidence of fractures in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study with 4420 patients. Osteoporos Int. July 2020;31(7):1315-1322.
2021	Messina C, Rinaudo L, Cesana BM, Maresca D, Piodi LP, Sconfienza LM, Sardanelli F, Ulivieri FM. Prediction of osteoporotic fragility re-fracture with lumbar spine DXA-based derived bone strain index: a multicenter validation study. Osteoporos Int. January 2021;32(1):85-91.
2007	Sievänen H, Kannus P, Järvinen TLN. Bone quality: an empty term. PLoS Med. March 2007;4(3):e27.
2011	Larrue A, Rattner A, Peter Z-A, Olivier C, Laroche N, Vico L, Peyrin F. Synchrotron radiation micro-CT at the micrometer scale for the analysis of the three-dimensional morphology of microcracks in human trabecular bone. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21297.
2020	Ruiz Wills C, Tassani S, Di Gregorio S, Martínez S, González Ballester MA, Humbert L, Noailly J, Del Río LM. Relative fragility of osteoporotic femurs assessed with DXA and simulation of finite element falls guided by emergency X-rays. Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner. April–June 2020;12(2):62-70.
2019	Mohsin S, Kaimala S, AlTamimi EKY, Tariq S, Adeghate E. In vivo labeling of bone microdamage in an animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. November 18, 2019;9:16994.
2020	Rabelo GD, vom Scheidt A, Klebig F, Hemmatian H, Citak M, Amling M, Busse B, Jähn K. Multiscale bone quality analysis in osteoarthritic knee joints reveal a role of the mechanosensory osteocyte network in osteophytes. Sci Rep. 2020;10:673.
2014	Fonseca H, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Coriolano H-JA, Duarte JA. Bone quality: the determinants of bone strength and fragility. Sports Med. January 2014;44(1):37-53.
2014	Allen R. Material Differences in Equine Cortical and Trabecular Bone [Master's thesis]. California Polytechnic State University; February 2014.
2012	Moayyeri A. Risk Assessment for Osteoporotic Fractures Among Men and Women from a Prospective Population Study: The EPIC-Norfolk Study [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; 2012.
2019	Ó Breasail M. The Quantification of Pregnancy-Induced Bone Mineral Mobilisation in the Maternal Appendicular Skeleton With Novel Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) Techniques [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; 2019.
2017	Akbas AS. Local Bone Tissue Mechanical Property Changes Without Bone Remodeling: Regulation At the Osteocyte Level [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City College of New York; 2017.
2007	Travis N. Effects of Ionizing Radiaton on Diaphyseal Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; May 2007.
2008	Bandstra ER. The Spaceflight Environment and the Skeletal System [PhD thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; August 2008.
2008	Willey JS. Radiation-Induced Osteoporosis: Bone Quantity, Architecture, and Increased Resorption Following Exposure to Ionizing Radiation [PhD thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; May 2008.
2017	Heveran CM. Bone Tissue Material Properties Are Altered in Chronic Kidney Disease to Lower Fracture Resistance Determining Bone Quality [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017.
2021	Coulombe JC. Diminished Bone Structural Quality in Aging and Microgravity Follow Impairments of the Osteocyte Lacunar-Canalicular System [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2021.
2019	Campi AE. Mechanosensitive Ca²⁺ Signaling of Ex Vivo Osteocytes in Aging and Treatment [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2019.
2012	Slyfield CR Jr. The Biomechanics of Bone Turnover [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2012.
2017	Matheny JB. Interactions Between Bone Remodeling and Microdamage in Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2017.
2008	Tommasini SM. Phenotypic Integration Contributes to Skeletal Functionality and Fragility [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2008.
2018	Xie S. Characterisation of Time-Dependent Mechanical Behaviour of Trabecular Bone and Its Constituents [PhD thesis]. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh; 2018.
2012	Christen DB. Nonlinear Failure Prediction in Human Bone: A Clinical Approach Based on High Resolution Imaging [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2012.
2011	O'Neal JM. The Effects of Aging and Remodeling on Bone Quality and Microdamage [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; August 2011.
2007	Young CM. Do in-Line Dance, Progressively Loaded Squats and Foot Stomping Affect the Parameters of Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women? [Master's thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2007.
2019	Bakr M. Parathyroid Hormone Effect on Facilitating Stress Fracture Repair [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2017	Shah FA. Osteocytes as Indicators of Bone Quality: Multiscale Structure-Composition Characterisation of the Bone-Implant Interface [PhD thesis]. University of Gothenburg; 2017.
2020	Axelsson KF. Aspects of Fracture Prevention: The Role of Fracture Liaison Services and Alendronate [PhD thesis]. University of Gothenburg; 2020.
2023	Micheletti C. Multimodal and Multiscale Characterization of Bone and Bone Interfaces in Health and Disease [PhD thesis]. University of Gothenburg; 2023.
2016	Currier EJ. Predicting Peak Load of the Femoral Neck Using Structural Parameters [Master's thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2016.
2017	Bakalova LP. Relating Cortical Bone Mechanics to Intracortical Pore Morphology, Distribution and Remodeling History Within the Fibula Diaphysis [Master's thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2017.
2018	Muckatira SK. Error Estimation in Whole Bone Microstrain Measurement When Using Digital Volume Correlation [Master's thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2018.
2019	Livingston E. Morphological and Mechanical Analysis of the Porous Structure of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2019.
2015	Newman CL. Assessing and Modifying Bone Quality in Chronic Kidney Disease [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; May 2015.
2015	Weatherholt AM. Translational Studies Into the Effects of Exercise on Estimated Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; September 2015.
2017	Mathavan N. The Anabolic - Anti-Catabolic Paradigm of Augmenting Skeletal Regeneration: A Bone Quality Perspective [PhD thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2017.
2014	Ellman R. Skeletal Adaptation to Reduced Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2014.
2019	Piet J. Restoring Mechano-Adaptation in Aged Murine Bone [PhD thesis]. Northeastern University; March 2019.
2011	Garrison JG. The Relative Importance of Stress State, Microarchitecture, and Damage Burden in the Failure Behavior of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2011.
2011	Wu Z. Measures of Bone Quality and Their Relationship to Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2011.
2013	Turnbull TL. The Spatial Distribution of Fatigue Microdamage Accumulation in Cortical Bone and Factors Influencing Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2013.
2017	Kreipke TC. Structural, Mechanical, and Biological Relationships of Trabecular Bone in Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2017.
2020	O’Sullivan LM. Time-Sequence of Biomechanical Adaption in Trabecular Tissue During Estrogen Deficiency [PhD thesis]. National University of Ireland Galway; March 2020.
2011	Agnew AM. Histomorphometry of the Elderly Rib: A Methodological Approach With Implications for Biomechanics, Function, and Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.
2015	Hunter RL. Variation in Cortical Osteocyte Lacunar Density and Distribution: Implications for Bone Quality Assessment [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2015.
2018	Dominguez VM. Defining Bone Quality: Cortical Microdamage and Its Contribution to Fracture Risk in the Human Rib [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2018.
2019	Jammy GR. Skeletal and Muscle Health Among Rural South Indian Older Population [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2019.
2023	Hua Y. Body Composition and Bone Characteristics Data in NCAA D1 League Football Team by DXA and HRpQCT [Master's thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2023.
2016	Berman AG. Influence of Mechanical Stimulation on the Quantity and Quality of Bone During Modeling [Master's thesis]. Purdue University; August 2016.
2019	Powell KM. The Effects of Zoledronate and Raloxifene Combination Therapy on Diseased Mouse Bone [Master's thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Purdue University; May 2019.
2019	Priddy C. Mechanotransduction in Living Bone: Effects of the Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway [Master's thesis]. Purdue University; August 2019.
2013	Toal VR. The Mechanics of Microdamage and Microfracture in Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology; September 2013.
2013	Maher JR. Transcutaneous Raman Spectroscopy of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Rochester; 2013.
2022	van Dijk Christiansen P. The Relevance of Reversal Cells and Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone on the Duration of the Reversal-Resorption Phase in Intracortical Bone Remodeling Events [PhD thesis]. University of Southern Denmark (SDU); November 2022.
2020	Marinho L. The Relationship Between Fracture Morphology and Bone Biomechanics: A Study of Changes Occurring in Juvenile Porcine Ribs Over the Early Postmortem Interval [PhD thesis]. Simon Fraser University; 2020.
2012	Uzer G. Role of Fluid Shear Modulation on Bone Cell Metabolism During High-Frequency Oscillatory Vibrations [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; December 2012.
2008	Kennedy OD. The Effect of Bone Turnover on Bone Quality and Material Properties [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; 2008.
2011	Wulliamoz PM. Micromechanical Modelling of Normal, Drug Treated and Osteoporotic Bone Using Scanning Acoustic Microsopy and Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; December 2011.
2014	Butler TA. The Effects of Post Pubertal Food Restriction on Bone Architecture, Strength, and Medullary Adipose Composition [PhD thesis]. Temple University; January 2014.
2012	Bhandari KH. Bone Targeting Salmon Calcitonin Analogues as Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Disease [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2012.
2011	Kristensen E. The Role of Growth Hormone in the Development of Bone Microarchitecture, Craniofacial Shape and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2011.
2012	Nishiyama KKS. In Vivo Assessment of Bone Microarchitecture and Estimated Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; October 2012.
2013	Enns-Bray WS. Mapping Anisotropy of the Proximal Femur for Improved Image-Based Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2013.
2016	Pangka AVS. Biomechanical Measures of the Muscle-Bone Unit in Postmenopausal Females: A Pilot Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2016.
2021	Whittier DEW. The Assessment of Fragility Fracture Risk Using HR-PQCT as a Novel Tool for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2021.
2014	Nawathe S. Micromechanics of the Human Proximal Femur: Role of Microstructure and Tissue-Level Ductility on Femoral Strength [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2014.
2018	Pendleton MM. Effects of Spaceflight- and Clinically-Relevant Ionizing Radiation Exposure on Bone Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2018.
2019	Nguyen C. Multiscale Network Characterization of the Strength and Robustness of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara, University of California; September 2019.
2016	Chen C. Mechanical and Micro-Structural Modeling of Trabecular Bone by in Vivo Imaging [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 2016.
2018	Oweis R. Associations Between Fluoride Intakes, Bone Outcomes and Dental Fluorosis [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 2018.
2022	Zhang X. Development of an Image-Based System for Assessment of Bone Density, Geometry, and Micro-Architecture Suitable for Human Studies [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; August 2022.
2024	Qalaj P. Finite Element Analysis of Nanoindentation Across Bone Interfaces and Effects on the Measured Mechanical Properties [Master's thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; 2024.
2007	Ackert-Bicknell CL. The Effects of Allelic Variation in Pparg* on Skeletal Metabolism* [PhD thesis]. Orono, ME: University of Maine; December 2007.
2021	Vaidya RS. Diabetes Associated Alterations in Osteocytic Regulation of Bone Remodelling [PhD thesis]. University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth; August 2021.
2019	Surowiec R. Novel Models to Image and Quantify Bone Drug Efficacy and Disease Progression in Vivo: Addressing the Fragility Phenotype [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2019.
2010	Hughes JM. Revisiting Harold Frost's Mechanostat Theory of Bone Functional Adaptation: New Interpretations Based on New Evidence [PhD thesis]. University of Minnesota; December 2010.
2019	Küsters NV. Auswirkungen des Alters und der Knochenmikroarchitektur auf die trabekuläre Knochenmineralisationsdichteverteilung: Eine rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studie an 152 humanen Beckenkammbiopsien [PhD thesis]. Hamburg, Germany: Universität Hamburg; 2019.
2016	Vrahna C. Investigating the Effects of Downstream Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Targets on Bone Strength and Quality [PhD thesis]. Melbourne, Australia: The University of Melbourne; December 2016.
2020	Sharma AK. Evaluation of Renal Bone Disease: Advancing Our Understanding of Associations and Diagnostic Challenges [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; April 2020.
2022	Blank MA. Defining Mechanisms by Which EphrinB2 in Osteocytes Controls Bone Strength and Material Quality [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; September 2022.
2022	Delelio DM. Evaluation of Bone’s Response to Force: Fracture Type, Fracture Location, and Fracture Severity Across the Female Lifespan [Master's thesis]. Reno, University of Nevada; December 2022.
2019	Youlten S. Defining the Transcriptome of the Osteocyte Network [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; 2019.
2021	Harrison KD. A Novel in Vivo Synchrotron Radiation Micro-CT Imaging Platform for the Direct Tracking of Remodeling Events in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; December 2021.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2010	Wynnyckyj C. The Consequences of Collagen Degradation on Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2012	Maloul A. Biomechanical Characterization of Complex Thin Bone Structures in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2012.
2013	Gajic-Veljanoski O. Quantifying Uncertainty in the Efficacy of Vitamin K on Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: Economic Evaluation, Evidence Synthesis and Bayesian Meta-Analysis [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2015	Ng AH-M. A Mouse Model of Adynamic Bone Disease (ABD) and Its Consequences on Bone Quality With Age [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2015.
2018	Burke MV. Quantification of Changes in Vertebral Bone Quality in the Presence of Metastases [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018.
2011	Islam A. Mechanistic Model of Nanoscratch Test to Determine the in Situ Toughness of Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2011.
2014	Gandhi C. Effects of Matrix Advanced Glycation End Products on Human Osteoclast Resorption of Human Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2014.
2017	Ahsan AS. Effect of Intrafibrillar Mineralization on the Mechanical Properties of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone Using a Cohesive Finite Element Approach [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2017.
2022	Xiao P. Medical Image-Based AI Techniques in Prediction of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2022.
2011	Lala D. Determinants of Fracture Risk Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Control Study [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2011.
2022	Pastula CC. Assessment of Occupant Response in Frontal Bus Crash Scenarios Using Human Body Models to Improve Public Transportation Safety [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2022.
2016	Manhard MK. Advancements of MRI Measurements of Bound and Pore Water Concentration of Cortical Bone for Evaluation of Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; August 2016.
2011	Vivanco Morales JF. Investigation of Fabrication and Environmental Effects on Bioceramic Bone Scaffolds [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.

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