Basic biomechanical measurements of bone:​ a tutorial

Turner, C. H.; Burr, D. B.

Year	Entry
2013	Hum JM. Signaling Mechanisms That Suppress the Anabolic Response of Osteoblasts and Osteocytes to Fluid Shear Stress [PhD thesis]. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University; September 2013.
2013	Shang-cheng W, Dong-mei W, Fang W, Qiu-gen W, Chun-hui W, Shan-guang C. Tensile and compressive mechanical property of human bone tissue [in Chinese]. Ch J Tissue Eng Res. 2013;17(7):1180-1184.
2001	Turner CH, Burr DB. Experimental techniques for bone mechanics. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:7-1–7-35.
2011	Rantalainen T, Kłodowski A. Estimating lower limb skeletal loading. In: Klika V, ed. Theoretical Biomechanics. InTech; 2011:243-266.
2002	Currey JD. Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2002.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
2007	Pfefferle KL, Litsky A, Donnelly B, Bolte J IV. Biomechanical properties of the excised pediatric human rib. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2007.142-156.
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1995	Currey JD, Brear K, Zioupos P, Reilly GC. Effect of formaldehyde fixation on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. Biomaterials. 1995;16(16):1267-1271.
2001	Lucksanasombool P, Higgs WAJ, Higgs RJED, Awain MV. Fracture toughness of bovine bone: influence of orientation and storage media. Biomaterials. December 2001;22(23):3127-3132.
2019	Bravo AE, Osnaya LC, Ramírez EI, Jacobo VH, Ortiz A. The effect of bone marrow on the mechanical behavior of porcine trabecular bone. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2019;5(6):065023.
1995	Louis O, Boulpaep F, Willnecker J, Van den Winkel P, Osteaux M. Cortical mineral content of the radius assessed by peripheral QCT predicts compressive strength on biomechanical testing. Bone. March 1995;16(3):375-379.
1995	Turner CH, Chandran A, Pidaparti RMV. The anisotropy of osteonal bone and its ultrastructural implications. Bone. July 1995;17(1):85-89.
2000	Hirano T, Turner CH, Forwood MR, Johnston CC, Burr DB. Does suppression of bone turnover impair mechanical properties by allowing microdamage accumulation? Bone. July 2000;27(1):13-20.
2001	Mashiba T, Turner CH, Hirano T, Forwood MR, Johnston CC, Burr DB. Effects of suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in clinically relevant skeletal sites in beagles. Bone. May 2001;28(5):524-531.
2001	van der Meulen MCH, Jepsen KJ, Mikić B. Understanding bone strength: size isn’t everything. Bone. July 2001;29(1):101-104.
2002	Wachter NJ, Krischak GD, Mentzel M, Sarkar MR, Ebinger T, Kinz L, Claes L, Augat P. Correlation of bone mineral density with strength and microstructural parameters of cortical bone in vitro. Bone. July 2002;31(1):90-95.
2004	Akkus O, Adar F, Schaffler MB. Age-related changes in physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are related to impaired mechanical function of cortical bone. Bone. March 2004;34(4):443-453.
2004	Follet H, Boivin G, Rumelhart C, Meunier PJ. The degree of mineralization is a determinant of bone strength: a study on human calcanei. Bone. May 2004;34(5):783-789.
2006	Viguet-Carrin S, Roux JP, Arlot ME, Merabet Z, Leeming DJ, Byrjalsen I, Delmas PD, Bouxsein ML. Contribution of the advanced glycation end product pentosidine and of maturation of type I collagen to compressive biomechanical properties of human lumbar vertebrae. Bone. November 2006;39(5):1073-1079.
2007	Wallace JM, Rajachar RM, Allen MR, Bloomfield SA, Robey PG, Young MF, Kohn DH. Exercise-induced changes in the cortical bone of growing mice are bone- and gender-specific. Bone. April 2007;40(4):1120-1127.
2008	Ritchie RO, Koester KJ, Ionova S, Yao W, Lane NE, Ager JW III. Measurement of the toughness of bone: a tutorial with special reference to small animal studies. Bone. November 2008;43(5):798-812.
2010	Unger S, Blauth M, Schmoelz W. Effects of three different preservation methods on the mechanical properties of human and bovine cortical bone. Bone. December 2010;47(6):1048-1053.
2011	Allen MR, Burr DB. Bisphosphonate effects on bone turnover, microdamage, and mechanical properties: what we think we know and what we know that we don't know. Bone. July 2011;49(1):56-65.
2011	Voide R, Schneider P, Stauber M, van Lenthe GH, Stampanoni M, Müller R. The importance of murine cortical bone microstructure for microcrack initiation and propagation. Bone. December 2011;49(6):1186-1193.
2013	Gallant MA, Brown DM, Organ JM, Allen MR, Burr DB. Reference-point indentation correlates with bone toughness assessed using whole-bone traditional mechanical testing. Bone. March 2013;53(1):301-305.
2019	Pendleton MM, Emerzian SR, Liu J, Tang SY, O'Connell GD, Alwood JS, Keaveny TM. Effects of ex vivo ionizing radiation on collagen structure and whole-bone mechanical properties of mouse vertebrae. Bone. November 2019;128:115043.
2020	Dai C, Jia J, Kot A, Liu X, Liu L, Jiang M, Lane NE, Wise BL, Yao W. Selective inhibition of progesterone receptor in osteochondral progenitor cells, but not in mature chondrocytes, modulated subchondral bone structures. Bone. March 2020;132:115196.
2020	Gardinier JD, Daly-Seiler CS, Zhang C. Osteocytes' expression of the PTH/PTHrP receptor has differing effects on endocortical and periosteal bone formation during adenine-induced CKD. Bone. April 2020;133:115186.
2020	Rios-Arce ND, Schepper JD, Dagenais A, Schaefer L, Daly-Seiler CS, Gardinier JD, Britton RA, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. Post-antibiotic gut dysbiosis-induced trabecular bone loss is dependent on lymphocytes. Bone. May 2020;134:115269.
2020	Burr DB. Fifty years of bisphosphonates: what are their mechanical effects on bone? Bone. September 2020;138:115518.
2021	Tippen SP, Noonan ML, Ni P, Metzger CE, Swallow EA, Sacks SA, Chen NX, Thompson WR, Prideaux M, Atkins GJ, Moe SM, Allen MR, White KE. Age and sex effects on FGF23-mediated response to mild phosphate challenge. Bone. May 2021;146:115885.
2022	Swallow EA, Metzger CE, Newman CL, Chen NX, Moe SM, Allen MR. Cortical porosity development and progression is mitigated after etelcalcetide treatment in an animal model of chronic kidney disease. Bone. April 2022;157:116340.
2023	Surowiec RK, Saldivar R, Rai RK, Metzger CE, Jacobson AM, Allen MR, Wallace JM. Ex vivo exposure to calcitonin or raloxifene improves mechanical properties of diseased bone through non-cell mediated mechanisms. Bone. August 2023;173:116805.
2023	Yoon J, Kaya S, Matsumae G, Dole N, Alliston T. M iR181a/b-1 controls osteocyte metabolism and mechanical properties independently of bone morphology. Bone. October 2023;175:116836.
2018	Zhao S, Arnold M, Ma S, Abel RL, Cobb JP, Hansen U, Boughton O. Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone. Bone Joint Res. August 2018;7(8):524-538.
2008	Allen MR, Reinwald S, Burr DB. Alendronate reduces bone toughness of ribs without significantly increasing microdamage accumulation in dogs following 3 years of daily treatment. Calcif Tiss Int. May 2008;82(5):354-360.
2020	Maupin KA, Dick D, Lee J, Williams BO. Loss of Lgals3 protects against gonadectomy-induced cortical bone loss in mice. Calcif Tiss Int. March 2020;106(3):283-293.
2006	Teo JCM, Si-Hoe KM, Keh JEL, Teoh SH. Relationship between CT intensity, micro-architecture and mechanical properties of porcine vertebral cancellous bone. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). March 2006;21(3):235-244.
2011	Donnelly E. Methods for assessing bone quality: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2011;469:2128-2138.
2009	Currey J. Measurement of the mechanical properties of bone: a recent history. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2009;467(8):1948-1954.
2016	Hunt HB, Donnelly E. Bone quality assessment techniques: geometric, compositional, and mechanical characterization from macroscale to nanoscale. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab. September 2016;14(3):133-149.
2005	Felsenberg D, Boonen S. The bone quality framework: determinants of bone strength and their interrelationships, and implications for osteoporosis management. Clin Ther. January 2005;27(1):1-11.
2016	Cohen H, Kugel C, May H, Medlej B, Stein D, Slon V, Hershkovitz I, Brosh T. The impact velocity and bone fracture pattern: forensic perspective. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;266:54-62.
2019	Wescott DJ. Postmortem change in bone biomechanical properties: loss of plasticity. Forensic Sci Int. July 2019;300:164-169.
2009	Vashishth D. Advanced glycation end-products and bone fractures. IBMS Bonekey. August 2009;6(8):268-278.
2020	Belda R, Palomar M, Peris-Serra JL, Vercher-Martínez A, Giner E. Compression failure characterization of cancellous bone combining experimental testing, digital image correlation and finite element modeling. Int J Mech Sci. January 2020;165:105213.
2004	Silva MJ, Brodt MD, Fan Z, Rho J-Y. Nanoindentation and whole-bone bending estimates of material properties in bones from the senescence accelerated mouse SAMP6. J Biomech. November 2004;37(11):1639-1646.
2005	Schriefer JL, Robling AG, Warden SJ, Fournier AJ, Mason JJ, Turner CH. A comparison of mechanical properties derived from multiple skeletal sites in mice. J Biomech. March 2005;38(3):467-475.
2008	Nazarian A, Bauernschmitt M, Eberle C, Meier D, Müller R, Snyder BD. Design and validation of a testing system to assess torsional cancellous bone failure in conjunction with time-lapsed micro-computed tomographic imaging. J Biomech. December 5, 2008;41(16):3496-3501.
2010	Cory E, Nazarian A, Entezari V, Vartanians V, Müller R, Snyder BD. Compressive axial mechanical properties of rat bone as functions of bone volume fraction, apparent density and micro-CT based mineral density. J Biomech. March 22, 2010;43(5):953-960.
2011	Bi X, Patil CA, Lynch CC, Pharr GM, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Nyman JS. Raman and mechanical properties correlate at whole bone- and tissue-levels in a genetic mouse model. J Biomech. January 11, 2011;44(2):297-303.
2011	Brynk T, Hellmich C, Fritsch A, Zysset P, Eberhardsteiner J. Experimental poromechanics of trabecular bone strength: role of Terzaghi's effective stress and of tissue level stress fluctuations. J Biomech. 2011;44(3):501-508.
2011	Turnbull TL, Gargac JA, Niebur GL, Roeder RK. Detection of fatigue microdamage in whole rat femora using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography. J Biomech. September 2, 2011;44(13):2395-2400;
2011	Nazarian A, Arroyo FJA, Rosso C, Aran S, Snyder BD. Tensile properties of rat femoral bone as functions of bone volume fraction, apparent density and volumetric bone mineral density. J Biomech. September 2, 2011;44(13):2482-2488.
1999	Hirano T, Burr DB, Turner CH, Sato M, Cain RL, Hock JM. Anabolic effects of human biosynthetic parathyroid hormone fragment (1–34), LY333334, on remodeling and mechanical properties of cortical bone in rabbits. J Bone Miner Res. April 1999;14(4):536-545.
1999	Brodt MD, Ellis CB, Silva MJ. Growing C57Bl/6 mice increase whole bone mechanical properties by increasing geometric and material properties. J Bone Miner Res. December 1999;14(12):2159-2166.
2000	Mashiba T, Hirano T, Turner CH, Forwood MR, Johnston CC, Burr DB. Suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates increases microdamage accumulation and reduces some biomechanical properties in dog rib. J Bone Miner Res. April 2000;15(4):613-620.
2000	Turner CH, Hsieh Y, Müller R, Bouxsein ML, Baylink DJ, Rosen CJ, Grynpas MD, Donahue LR, Beamer WG. Genetic regulation of cortical and trabecular bone strength and microstructure in inbred strains of mice. J Bone Miner Res. June 2000;15(6):1126-1131.
2001	Burr DB, Hirano T, Turner CH, Hotchkiss C, Brommage R, Hock JM. Intermittently administered human parathyroid hormone(1–34) treatment increases intracortical bone turnover and porosity without reducing bone strength in the humerus of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J Bone Miner Res. January 2001;16(1):157-165.
2001	Turner CH, Hsieh Y, Müller R, Bouxsein ML, Rosen CJ, McCrann ME, Donahue LR, Beamer WG. Variation in bone biomechanical properties, microstructure, and density in BXH recombinant inbred mice. J Bone Miner Res. February 2001;16(2):206-213.
2002	Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, Turner CH, Robling AG, Seeman E, Stuckey S. The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res. December 2002;17(12):2274-2280.
2002	Kontulainen S, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. Effect of long‐term impact‐loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet‐sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res. December 2002;17(12):2281-2289.
2003	Kontulainen S, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. Effect of long-term impact-loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet-sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res. February 2003;18(2):352-359.
2004	Kozloff KM, Carden A, Bergwitz C, Forlino A, Uveges TE, Morris MD, Marini JC, Goldstein SA. Brittle IV mouse model for osteogenesis imperfecta IV demonstrates postpubertal adaptations to improve whole bone strength. J Bone Miner Res. April 2004;19(4):614-622.
2004	Komatsubara S, Mori S, Mashiba T, Li J, Nonaka K, Kaji Y, Akiyama T, Miyamoto K, Cao Y, Kawanishi J, Norimatsu H. Suppressed bone turnover by long-term bisphosphonate treatment accumulates microdamage but maintains intrinsic material properties in cortical bone of dog rib. J Bone Miner Res. June 2004;19(6):999-1005.
2006	Stauber M, Rapillard L, van Lenthe GH, Zysset P, Müller R. Importance of individual rods and plates in the assessment of bone quality and their contribution to bone stiffness. J Bone Miner Res. April 2006;21(4):586-595.
2007	Schneider P, Stauber M, Voide R, Stampanoni M, Donahue LR, Müller R. Ultrastructural properties in cortical bone vary greatly in two inbred strains of mice as assessed by synchrotron light based micro‐ and nano‐CT. J Bone Miner Res. October 2007;22(10):1557-1570.
2010	Ominsky MS, Vlasseros F, Jolette J, Smith SY, Stouch B, Doellgast G, Gong J, Gao Y, Cao J, Graham K, Tipton B, Cai J, Deshpande R, Zhou L, Hale MD, Lightwood DJ, Henry AJ, Popplewell AG, Moore AR, Robinson MK, Lacey DL, Simonet WS, Paszty C. Two doses of sclerostin antibody in cynomolgus monkeys increases bone formation, bone mineral density, and bone strength. J Bone Miner Res. May 2010;25(5):948-959.
2015	Jepsen KJ, Silva MJ, Vashishth D, Guo XE, van der Meulen MCH. Establishing biomechanical mechanisms in mouse models: practical guidelines for systematically evaluating phenotypic changes in the diaphyses of long bones. J Bone Miner Res. June 2015;30(6):951-966.
2017	Guss JD, Horsfield MW, Fontenele FF, Sandoval TN, Luna M, Apoorva F, Lima SF, Bicalho RC, Singh A, Ley RE, van der Meulen MCH, Goldring SR, Hernandez CJ. Alterations to the gut microbiome impair bone strength and tissue material properties. J Bone Miner Res. June 2017;32(6):1343-1353.
2018	Ansari N, Ho PWM, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Brunt AR, Forwood MR, Pajevic PD, Gooi JH, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Autocrine and paracrine regulation of the murine skeleton by osteocyte‐derived parathyroid hormone‐related protein. J Bone Miner Res. January 2018;33(1):137-153.
2020	Schepper JD, Collins F, Rios‐Arce ND, Kang HJ, Schaefer L, Gardinier JD, Raghuvanshi R, Quinn RA, Britton R, Parameswaran N, McCabe LR. Involvement of the gut microbiota and barrier function in glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. April 2020;35(4):801-820.
2020	Gobron B, Bouvard B, Vyavahare S, Blom LV, Pedersen KK, Windeløv JA, Boer GA, Harada N, Zhang S, Shimazu‐Kuwahara S, Wice B, Inagaki N, Legrand E, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. Enteroendocrine K cells exert complementary effects to control bone quality and mass in mice. J Bone Miner Res. July 2020;35(7):1363-1374.
2022	McGregor NE, Walker EC, Chan ASM, Poulton IJ, Cho EH-J, Windahl SH, Sims NA. STAT3 hyperactivation due to SOCS3 deletion in murine osteocytes accentuates responses to exercise- and load-induced bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. March 2022;37(3):547-558.
2022	Duran I, Zieba J, Csukasi F, Martin JH, Wachtell D, Barad M, Dawson B, Fafilek B, Jacobsen CM, Ambrose CG, Cohn DH, Krejci P, Lee BH, Krakow D. 4-PBA treatment improves bone phenotypes in the Aga2 mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res. April 2022;37(4):675-686.
2023	Gobron B, Couchot M, Irwin N, Legrand E, Bouvard B, Mabilleau G. Development of a first-in-class unimolecular dual GIP/GLP-2 analogue, GL-0001, for the treatment of bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res. May 2023;38(5):733-748.
2023	Choi RB, Hoggatt AM, Horan DJ, Rogers EZ, Loots GG, Robling AG. Sostdc1 suppression in the absence of sclerostin potentiates anabolic action of cortical bone in mice. J Bone Miner Res. May 2023;38(5):765-774.
2023	Vahidi G, Moody M, Welhaven HD, Davidson L, Rezaee T, Behzad R, Karim L, Roggenbeck BA, Walk ST, Martin SA, June RK, Heveran CM. Germ-free C57BL/6 mice have increased bone mass and altered matrix properties but not decreased bone fracture resistance. J Bone Miner Res. August 2023;38(8):1154-1174.
2001	Seeman E. Sexual dimorphism in skeletal size, density, and strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. October 2001;86(10):4576-4584.
2021	Zendeli A, Bui M, Fischer L, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Schima W, Seeman E. High cortico-trabecular transitional zone porosity and reduced trabecular density in men and women with stress fractures. J Clin Med. March 8, 2021;10(5):1123.
2011	Jungmann R, Szabo ME, Schitter G, Tang RY-S, Vashishth D, Hansma PK, Thurner PJ. Local strain and damage mapping in single trabeculae during three-point bending tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2011;4(4):523-534.
2019	Asgari M, Abi-Rafeh J, Hendy GN, Pasini D. Material anisotropy and elasticity of cortical and trabecular bone in the adult mouse femur via AFM indentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2019;93:81-92.
2020	Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan2 J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact. September 2020;20(3):347-371.
2007	Beaupied H, Lespessailles E, Benhamou C-L. Evaluation of macrostructural bone biomechanics. Joint Bone Spine. May 2007;74(3):233-239.
2002	Hsieh Y-F, Silva MJ. In vivo fatigue loading of the rat ulna induces both bone formation and resorption and leads to time-related changes in bone mechanical properties and density. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):764-771.
2024	Friedman MA, Buettmann EG, Zeineddine Y, Abraham LB, Hoppock GA, Meas SJ, Zhang Y, Farber CR, Donahue HJ. Genetic variation influences the skeletal response to hindlimb unloading in the eight founder strains of the diversity outbred mouse population. J Orthop Res. January 2024;42(1):134-140.
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2012	Rizzoli R, Chapurlat RD, Laroche J-M, Krieg MA, Thomas T, Frieling I, Boutroy S, Laib A, Bock O, Felsenberg D. Effects of strontium ranelate and alendronate on bone microstructure in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. January 2012;23(1):305-315.
2021	Metzner F, Neupetsch C, Fischer J-P, Drossel W-G, Heyde C-E, Schleifenbaum S. Influence of osteoporosis on the compressive properties of femoral cancellous bone and its dependence on various density parameters. Sci Rep. June 24, 2021;11(1):13284.
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2011	Burt LA. Upper Body Bone Strength and Muscle Function in Non-Elite Artistic Gymnasts [PhD thesis]. Australian Catholic University; May 2011.
2020	Satish R. Fractography of Fresh Vs. Dry Bones [Master's thesis]. Boston University; 2020.
2017	Heveran CM. Bone Tissue Material Properties Are Altered in Chronic Kidney Disease to Lower Fracture Resistance Determining Bone Quality [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017.
2022	Senwar B. Bone Material Quality, Structure, and Functional Relationships Contribute to Bone Strength and Toughness [Master's thesis]. University of Colorado; 2022.
2012	Webb BT. Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in the Bovine Fetus: Morphogenesis of Skeletal Lesions and Innate Immune Response [PhD thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012.
2002	Dong X. Micromechanics of Osteonal Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2002.
2010	Zhang XH. High Resolution Imaging Based Patient Specific Biomechanical Assessment of Bone Quality [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2010.
2014	Melville KM. Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Osteoblasts Mediates Bone Mass and Bone's Response to in Vivo Loading [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2014.
2015	Brock GR Jr. Changes in Bone Tissue Properties With Osteoporosis Treatment [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2015.
2015	Goff M. The Role of Micro and Ultra-Structure in Microdamage Accumulation in Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2015.
2017	Walk RE. Bone Phenotype of Toll-Like Receptor 5 Deficient (TLR5KO) Mice and PTH Treated Osteopenic Sheep [Master's thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2017.
2018	Chen JTH. Alterations in Bone Tissue Properties With Parathyroid Hormone Treatment [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2018.
2018	Guss JD. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Bone and Joint [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2018.
2018	Hunt HB. Characterization of Material Properties, Microarchitecture, and Mechanics of Bone from Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2018.
2003	Winwood K. An Experimental Investigation Into the Effects of Cyclic Fatigue on Ageing Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield University; September 2003.
2005	Cook RB. Non-Invasively Assessed Skeletal Bone Status and Its Relationship to the Biomechanical Properties and Condition of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield, UK: Cranfield University; December 18, 2005.
2004	Samuel SP. Fluid/solid Interactions in Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Cleveland State University; August 2004.
2005	Murray AW. Fracture Healing in Osteopenic Bone and the Influence of Simvastatin [MD thesis]. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh; 2005.
2011	Donaldson FE. On Incorporating Bone Microstructure in Macro-Finite-Element Models [PhD thesis]. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh; March 2011.
2018	Xie S. Characterisation of Time-Dependent Mechanical Behaviour of Trabecular Bone and Its Constituents [PhD thesis]. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh; 2018.
2002	Hengsberger S. Mechanical Characterization of Bone from the Tissue Down to the Lamellar Level by Means of Nanoindentation [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 2002.
2016	Oei L. Epidemiological, Radiological and Genetic Aspects of Endocrine Bone Diseases [PhD thesis]. Erasmus University Rotterdam; December 14, 2016.
2005	Stauber M. Volumetric Spatial Decomposition of Porous Microstructures: A Framework for Element Based Analysis of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2005.
2007	Schneider P. Ultrastructural Phenotyping of Murine Bone Using Synchrotron Micro- and Nano-Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2007.
2007	Voide R. Functional Phenotyping of Bone: A Hierarchical Assessment of Bone Failure Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2007.
2008	Nazarian A. Relative Interaction of Material and Structure in Normal and Pathologic Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2008.
2010	Johnson MR. Delivery of BMP-2 for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; May 2010.
2010	Wang JL. Effects of Aging and Remodeling on Bone Microdamage Formation [Master's thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; December 2010.
2021	Manandhar S. Cortical Bone Growth in Response to Local Strain Environment [Master's thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2021.
2016	Bonner TJ. An Investigation Into Lower Limb Injuries Caused by Improvised Explosive Devices [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; 2016.
2002	Follet H. Caractérisation Biomécanique Et Modélisation 3D Par Imagerie X Et IRM Haute Résolution De L’os Spongieux Humain: Evaluation Du Risque Fracturaire [PhD thesis]. Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon); 2002.
2015	Newman CL. Assessing and Modifying Bone Quality in Chronic Kidney Disease [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; May 2015.
2015	Weatherholt AM. Translational Studies Into the Effects of Exercise on Estimated Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; September 2015.
2023	Tippen SP. Interactions Between Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease on the Skeleton [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; May 2023.
2019	Bullock WA. The Role of Wnt Signaling in Bone Mechanotransduction [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis; November 2019.
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2002	Kontulainen S. Training, Detraining and Bone: Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass and Structure With Special Reference to Maintenance of the Exercise-Induced Bone Gain [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 2002.
2002	Egerer AK. The Relationship Between the Osteonal Cement Line and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Loma Linda University; June 2002.
2006	Yang S. Animal Experiment (rabbit) to Demonstrate Changes in Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties Over Time Using Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Louisville, KY: University of Louisville; December 2006.
2017	Mathavan N. The Anabolic - Anti-Catabolic Paradigm of Augmenting Skeletal Regeneration: A Bone Quality Perspective [PhD thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2017.
2019	Gustafsson A. The Role of Microstructure for Crack Propagation in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; December 2019.
2014	Jameson JR. Characterization of Bone Material Properties and Microstructure in Osteogenesis Imperfecta/brittle Bone Disease [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 2014.
2004	Giangregorio L. Musculoskeletal Changes After Spinal Cord Injury: Effects of Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; November 2004.
2009	Karakolis T. Mechanical Induction of Bone Formation: Comparison Between Rat and Mouse Forelimb Models [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; December 2009.
2007	Wagner EB. Musculoskeletal Adaptation to Partial Weight Suspension: Studies of Lunar and Mars Loading [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2007.
2009	McGee-Lawrence ME. Skeletal Preservation by Hibernating Bears [PhD thesis]. Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University; 2009.
2009	Pfeiler TW. Computational and Experimental Analyses of Bone and Adult Stem Cell Mechanobiology [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2009.
2018	Doering JA. Understanding Musculoskeletal Changes With Aging: Stiffness in Muscle-Tendon Units and Cellular Crosstalk [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2018.
2019	Hanne NJ. Characterizing Osteovascular Structure and Function With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Stroke [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2019.
2013	Turnbull TL. The Spatial Distribution of Fatigue Microdamage Accumulation in Cortical Bone and Factors Influencing Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2013.
2015	Gargac J. Evaluation of Bone Healing, Damage, and Adaptation Using Computational Modeling and Image Processing Techniques [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2015.
2016	Hunckler MD. Investigation of a Rabbit Ulnar Loading Model for Atypical Fractures in Cortical Bone During Long-Term Bisphosphonate Treatment [Master's thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2016.
2006	Xavier AM. Determination of the Material Properties of the Pediatric Rib [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2006.
2004	Sasimontonkul S. Do Running and Fatigued Running Relate to Tibial Stress Fractures? [PhD thesis]. Oregon State University; 2004.
2018	Peña Fernández M. X-Ray Biomechanical Imaging and Digital Volume Correlation of Bone: From Regeneration to Structure [PhD thesis]. Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth; December 2018.
2014	Krause A. Effects of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Bone Loss Induced by Mechanical Unloading [Master's thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 2014.
2013	Bart ZR. Multi-Scale Analysis of Morphology, Mechanics, and Composition of Collagen in Murine Osteogenesis Imperfecta [Master's thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Purdue University; August 2013.
2024	Kohler R. Targeting Bone Quality in Murine Models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2024.
2005	Buie HR. Use of Finite Element Method Modelling and Rapid Prototyping to Study the Effect of Trabecular Bone Architecture on Apparent Mechanical Properties [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; November 2005.
2009	Lievers WB. Effects of Geometric and Material Property Changes on the Apparent Elastic Properties of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; April 2009.
2013	Morton JJ. An Investigation of Rat Vertebra Failure Behaviour Under Uniaxial Compression Through Time-Lapsed Micro-CT Imaging [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; 2013.
2013	Schumacher Y. Comparison of Two Loading Surface Preparation Methods on Rat Vertebral Bodies for Compression Testing [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 2013.
2021	Zojaji M. Quantifying the Accuracy of Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko Beam Theories for Long Bones in Three- and Four-Point Bend Tests With Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 2021.
2019	Beltejar M-JG. Understanding the Genetic Basis for Bone-Matrix Quality [PhD thesis]. University of Rochester; 2019.
2001	Kim DG. Micromechanical Analysis of Bone At a Bone-Implant Interface [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2001.
2013	Nikel O. Role of Osteopontin and Osteocalcin in the Organic-Inorganic Interface of Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; November 2013.
2016	Bailey SM. The Role of Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins and Post-Translational Modifications on Bone Fracture [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; September 2016.
2022	Tice MJL. Loss and Modulation of Bone Matrix and Fragility During Diabetes Mellitus [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; May 2022.
2011	Yao H. Microstructure-Based Characterization and Modeling of Trabecular Bone Deformation and Failure [PhD thesis]. Southern Methodist University; August 3, 2011.
2006	Xie L. Low Level Mechanical Vibrations Enhance Musculoskeletal Accretion in Growing Mice [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; December 2006.
2014	Butler TA. The Effects of Post Pubertal Food Restriction on Bone Architecture, Strength, and Medullary Adipose Composition [PhD thesis]. Temple University; January 2014.
2020	Lamprecht A. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on the Viscoelastic Properties of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; 2020.
2005	Ashe MC. Upper Limb Bone Health: Cadaveric, Imaging and Clinical Studies With Special Emphasis on Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2005.
2005	Manske SL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Instrument to Assess the Association Between Femoral Neck Bone Geometry and Strength of the Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; October 2005.
2006	Macdonald HM. Effectiveness of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Increasing Bone Strength in Children: Action Schools! British Columbia [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2006.
2015	Tan VPS. Effects of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Adolescent Bone Strength, Structure and Density: The Health Promoting Secondary Schools (HPSS) Bone Health Study [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; June 2015.
2017	Gabel LEC. Bone Strength Accrual Across Adolescent Growth and the Influences of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2017.
1999	Judex S. The Effect of Exercise-Induced Mechanical Stimuli on Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1999.
2001	Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.
2002	Wohl GR. Bone Mechanics in Transplanted Osteochondral Grafts [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2002.
2003	Pardy CK. The Effects of Doxycycline on the Mechanical and Morphometric Properties of Early and Established Osteoarthritic Bone in a Canine Model Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; October 2003.
2004	LaMothe JM. Functional Adaptation of Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2004.
2007	Klinck RJ. Establishing in Vivo Micro-CT for Use in Mouse Models of Osteoprosis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2007.
2011	Kristensen E. The Role of Growth Hormone in the Development of Bone Microarchitecture, Craniofacial Shape and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2011.
2013	Owoc JS. Large Scale Elasto-Plastic Modelling for in Vivo Assessment of Bone Strength from High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2013.
2016	Britz HM. The Effect of Genetic Variation on Mouse Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2016.
2017	Fung A. Experimental Validation of Finite Element Predicted Bone Strain in the Human Metatarsal [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2017.
2010	Martin S. The Effects of Obesity on Murine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; Spring 2010.
2018	Pendleton MM. Effects of Spaceflight- and Clinically-Relevant Ionizing Radiation Exposure on Bone Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2018.
2006	Rao SH. The Genetics of Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Potential Therapeutics in a Murine Model [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2006.
2019	Emami AJ. Systemic Bone Loss After Femoral Fracture in Mice: Potential Mechanisms and Age-Related Effects [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2019.
2023	Bermudez B. Effects of Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Bone Strength, Accrual, and Nutrient Trafficking [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado Denver; 2023.
2012	Evdokimenko E. Investigation Into Mechanical Properties of Bone and Its Main Constituents [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2012.
2021	Garcia JJ. Protein Kinase G1 Activation Improves Diabetic Fracture Healing [Master's thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2021.
2019	Mazur C. Osteocyte Regulation of Bone Quality in Homeostasis and in Skeletal Disease [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2019.
2007	Ruffoni D. Modeling of Material and Architectural Quality of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; September 2007.
2003	Rajachar RM. Effects of Age -Related Ultra-Structural Level Changes in Bone on Microdamage Mechanisms [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2003.
2005	Kozloff KM. Influence of a Collagen Mutation of the Mechanical Nature of Bone: Governing Factors in a Disease Model for Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2005.
2007	Wallace JM III. Investigating the Inbred Strain-Specific Response to Biglycan-Deficiency and Exercise: A Study in Genetically-Mediated Skeletal Adaptation [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2007.
2011	Saito E. Designed Biodegradable and Osteoconductive Porous Scaffolds for Human Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2011.
2016	Vrahna C. Investigating the Effects of Downstream Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Targets on Bone Strength and Quality [PhD thesis]. Melbourne, Australia: The University of Melbourne; December 2016.
2019	Martig S. Compressive Fatigue Life and Micromorphology of Equine Metacarpal Subchondral Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; June 2019.
2022	Blank MA. Defining Mechanisms by Which EphrinB2 in Osteocytes Controls Bone Strength and Material Quality [PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; September 2022.
2013	Blaber EA. Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration in Space [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; November 2013.
1996	Beck BR. The Relationship of Streaming Potential Magnitude to Strain and Periosteal Modeling [PhD thesis]. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon; December 1996.
2017	de Bakker CMJ. Structural Adaptations of the Maternal Skeleton in Response to Reproduction and Lactation [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2017.
2021	Tseng W-J. Structural and Mechanical Responses to Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Treatment, Discontinuation and Cyclic Administration Regimens [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2021.
2020	Belda González R. Mechanical and Morphometric Characterization of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Universität Politècnica de València; March 2020.
2018	Pratt I. Interpreting the 3D Orientation of Vascular Canals in Cortical Bone in Birds and Bats [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; September 2018.
2010	Beckstrom AB. Histologic and Geometric Data Challenge the Assumption of Habitual Superior-Inferior (tension-Compression) Bending Across the Chimpanzee Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2010.
2010	Kyle KA. Differential Effects of PPAR-Γ Activation Vs. Chemical or Genetic Reduction of DPP-4 Activity on Murine Bone Quality [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2010	Thang HHM. The in Vivo Effects of Rac1 and Rac2 on Bone Quality and Aging [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2010	Wynnyckyj C. The Consequences of Collagen Degradation on Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2011	Wright D. Development of a Novel Measure of Three-Dimensional Bone Connectivity in a Mouse Tibia Fracture Model: Characterizing Torsional Strength and Stiffness Through Failure Surface Analysis [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2011.
2013	Gaspar AE. Beyond Bone Mineral Density: Detecting Changes in Fracture Risk in the Absence of Mineral Loss With the Mechanical Response Tissue Analyzer [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2013	Liu CC. Effects of a New Conjugate Drug in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2015	Ng AH-M. A Mouse Model of Adynamic Bone Disease (ABD) and Its Consequences on Bone Quality With Age [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2015.
2007	McDonald MM. The Role of the Osteoclast During Endochondral Ossification in a Rat Fracture Model [PhD thesis]. University of Technology Sydney (UTS); May 2007.
2021	Seelemann CA. The Effects of Methacrylated Glucosamine on the Mechanical Properties of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels and Gelatin-Methacryloyl/nanohydroxyapatite Composite Materials [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2021.
2014	Makowski AJ. Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for Fracture Resistance Assessment [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; December 2014.
2018	Creecy A. Age- and Diabetes-Related Changes in the Matrix and Fracture Resistance of Bone [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; August 10, 2018.
2017	Kunde AN. The Effect of Staphylococcus Aureus* on Stiffness of Cortical Bone* [Master's thesis]. Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University; May 2017.
2019	Nguyen J. The Effect of Cortical Remodeling on Bone Stiffness in White-Tailed Deer Proximal Humerus [Master's thesis]. Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University; May 2019.
2020	Long EB. The Effect of Staphylococcus Aureus* Exposure on White-Tailed Deer Trabecular Bone Stiffness and Yield* [Master's thesis]. Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University; May 2020.
2009	García-Rodríguez S. Mechanical Behavior of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2009.
2016	Collins CJ. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods to Determine Mechanical Properties of Long Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2016	Meyer LA. Testing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2001	Li B. Mechanotransduction in Bone: Passive and Load-Induced Fluid Transport in Rat Femora [Master's thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.

Year	Entry
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1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The elastic modulus for bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):271-275.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
1964	McElhaney J, Fogle J, Byars E, Weaver G. Effect of embalming on the mechanical properties of beef bone. J Appl Physiol. November 1964;19(6):1234-1236.
1984	Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(5):349-361.
1987	Ashman RB, Corin JD, Turner CH. Elastic properties of cancellous bone: measurement by an ultrasonic technique. J Biomech. 1987;20(10):979-986.
1982	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. J Exp Biol. December 1982;101:187-211.
1982	Ashman RB. Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Cortical Bone: Techniques and Limitations [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1982.
1979	Lakes R, Saha S. Cement line motion in bone. Science. May 4, 1979;204(4392):501-503.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1977;127:265-274.
1952	Dempster WT, Liddicoat RT. Compact bone as a non-isotropic material. Am J Anat. 1952;91(3):331-362.
1989	Turner CH. Yield behavior of bovine cancellous bone [published correction appears in J Biomech Eng. 1989;111(4):335]. J Biomech Eng. August 1989;111(3):256-260.
1979	Lakes RS, Katz JL, Sternstein SS. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, I: torsional and biaxial studies. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):657-678.
1989	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Choi K, London M, Feldkamp LA, Matthews LS. Comparison of the trabecular and cortical tissue moduli from human iliac crests. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):876-884.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1951	Evans FG, Lebow M. Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur. J Appl Physiol. 1951;3(9):563-572.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Fatigue life of compact bone, I: effects of stress amplitude, temperature and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):27-34.
1991	Biewener AA. Musculoskeletal design in relation to body size. J Biomech. 1991;24(suppl 1):19-29.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1977;59A(7):954-962.
1986	Keller TS, Spengler DM, Carter DR. Geometric, elastic, and structural properties of maturing rat femora. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(1):57-67.
1973	Evans FG. Mechanical Properties of Bone. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1973.
1989	Odgaard A, Hvid I, Linde F. Compressive axial strain distributions in cancellous bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):829-835.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1989	Forwood MR, Parker AW. Microdamage in response to repetitive torsional loading in the rat tibia. Calcif Tiss Int. July 1989;45(1):47-53.
1990	Choi K, Kuhn JL, Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA. The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue and the size-dependency of cortical bone modulus. J Biomech. 1990;23(11):1103-1113.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1992	Choi K, Goldstein SA. A comparison of the fatigue behavior of human trabecular and cortical bone tissue. J Biomech. 1992;25(12):1371-1381.
1990	Turner CH, Cowin SC, Rho JY, Ashman RB, Rice JC. The fabric dependence of the orthotropic elastic constants of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1990;23(6):549-561.
1986	Park HC, Lakes RS. Cosserat micromechanics of human bone: strain redistribution by a hydration sensitive constituent. J Biomech. 1986;19(5):385-397.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC, Schurman DJ. Fatigue life of compact bone, II: effects of microstructure and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):211-218.
1989	Caler WE, Carter DR. Bone creep-fatigue damage accumulation. J Biomech. 1989;22(6-7):625-635.
1984	Hvid I, Jensen J. Cancellous bone strength at the proximal human tibia. Eng Med. January 1984;13(1):21-25.
1984	Pelker RR, Friedlaender GE, Markham TC, Panjabi MM, Moen CJ. Effects of freezing and freeze‐drying on the biomechanical properties of rat bone. J Orthop Res. 1984;1(4):405-411.
1988	Harrigan TP, Jasty M, Mann RW, Harris WH. Limitations of the continuum assumption in cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(4):269-275.
1984	Martin RB, Burr DB. Non-invasive measurement of long bone cross-sectional moment of inertia by photon absorptiometry. J Biomech. 1984;17(3):195-201.
1968	Bonfield W, Li CH. The temperature dependence of the deformation of bone. J Biomech. 1968;1(4):323-329.
1985	Carter DR, Caler WE. A cumulative damage model for bone-fracture. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(1):84-90.
1987	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79-85.
1976	Yoon HS, Katz JL. Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone, II: measurements of elastic properties and microhardness. J Biomech. 1976;9(7):459-464.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
1972	Burstein AH, Currey JD, Frankel VH, Reilly DT. The ultimate properties of bone tissue: the effects of yielding. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):35-44.
1993	Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.
1976	Burstein AH, Reilly DT, Martens M. Aging of bone tissue: mechanical properties. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58A(1):82-86.
1992	Beck TJ, Ruff CB, Scott WW Jr, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Quan CA. Sex differences in geometry of the femoral neck with aging: a structural analysis of bone mineral data. Calcif Tiss Int. January 1992;51(1):24-29.