Skeletal Tissue Mechanics

Year	Entry
1970	Piekarski K. Fracture of bone. J Appl Phys. January 1970;41(1):215-223.
1985	Hvid I, Hansen SL. Trabecular bone strength patterns at the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(4):464-472.
1990	Beaupré GS, Orr TE, Carter DR. An approach for time‐dependent bone modeling and remodeling: theoretical development. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):651-661.
1985	Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
1972	Martin RB. The effects of geometric feedback in the development of osteoporosis. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):447-455.
1976	Lanyon LE, Baggott DG. Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1976;58B(4):436-443.
1984	Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(5):349-361.
1917	Koch JC. The laws of bone architecture. Am J Anat. March 1917;21(2):177-298.
1973	Lanyon LE. Analysis of surface bone strain in the calcaneus of sheep during normal locomotion: strain analysis of the calcaneus. J Biomech. 1973;6(1):41-49.
1959	Currey JD. Differences in the tensile strength of bone of different histological types. J Anat. January 1959;93(1):87-95.
1995	Landis WJ. The strength of a calcified tissue depends in part on the molecular structure and organization of its constituent mineral crystals in their organic matrix. Bone. May 1995;16(5):533-544.
1970	Abendschein W, Hyatt GW. Ultrasonics and selected physical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–April 1970;69:294-301.
1985	Kaplan SJ, Hayes WC, Stone JL, Beaupré GS. Tensile strength of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(9):723-727.
1967	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1967;158(4):375-386.
1964	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The ultimate tensile strength of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1964;58(1-2):160-183.
1977	Martin RB, Atkinson PJ. Age and sex-related changes in the structure and strength of the human femoral shaft. J Biomech. 1977;10(4):223-231.
1963	Hashin Z, Shtrikman S. A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials. J Mech Phys Solids. March–April 1963;11(2):127-140.
1975	Raux P, Townsend PR, Miegel R, Rose RM, Radin EL. Trabecular architecture of the human patella. J Biomech. 1975;8(1):1-7.
1994	Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1977;127:265-274.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Uniaxial fatigue of human cortical bone: the influence of tissue physical characteristics. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):461-470.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1985.
1975	Lanyon LE, Hampson WGJ, Goodship AE, Shah JS. Bone deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human tibial shaft. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975;46(2):256-268.
1968	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The compressive properties of single osteons. Anat Rec. July 1968;161(3):377-392.
1970	Underwood EE. Quantitative Stereology. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1970.
1988	Ruff CB, Hayes WC. Sex differences in age‐related remodeling of the femur and tibia. J Orthop Res. November 1988;6(6):886-896.
1964	Frost HM. The Laws of Bone Structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
1974	Simkin A, Robin G. Fracture formation in differing collagen fiber pattern of compact bone. J Biomech. 1974;7(2):183-188.
1990	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. Sex differences in age-related changes in vertebral body size, density and biomechanical competence in normal individuals. Bone. 1990;11(2):67-73.
1957	Evans FG. Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1957.
1990	Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), III: the hyaline cartilage modeling problem. Anat Rec. April 1990;226(4):423-432.
1995	Matyas JR, Anton MG, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Stress governs tissue phenotype at the femoral insertion of the rabbit MCL. J Biomech. February 1995;28(2):147-157.
1970	Lanyon LE, Smith RN. Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):238-248.
1980	Martin RB, Pickett JC, Zinaich S. Studies of skeletal remodeling in aging men. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1980;149:268-282.
1965	Sneddon IN. The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile. Int J Eng Sci. May 1965;3(1):47-57.
1974	Cochran GVB. A method for direct recording of electromechanical data from skeletal bone in living animals. J Biomech. November 1974;7(6):563-565.
1970	Evans FG, Riolo ML. Relations between the fatigue life and histology of adult human cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1970;52A(8):1579-1586.
1972	Cochran GVB. Implantation of strain gages on bone in vivo. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):119-123.
1976	Noyes FR, Grood ES. The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and Rhesus monkeys. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58A(8):1074-1082.
1968	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The viscoelastic properties of some biological materials. Annals NY Acad Sci. January 1968;146:158-165.
1994	Prendergast P, Taylor D. Prediction of bone adaptation using damage accumulation. J Biomech. August 1994;27(8):1067-1076.
1990	Holtrop ME. Light and electron microscopic structure of bone-forming cells. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 1: The Osteoblast and Osteocyte. Caldwell, NJ: Inc., The Telford Press; 1990:1-39.
1995	Schaffler MB, Choi K, Milgrom C. Aging and matrix microdamage accumulation in human compact bone. Bone. December 1995;17(6):521-525.
1984	Harrigan TP, Mann RW. Characterization of microstructural anisotropy in orthotropic materials using a second rank tensor. J Mater Sci. March 1984;19(3):761-767.
1987	Parfitt AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, Meunier PJ, Ott SM, Recker RR. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols, and units: report of the ASBMR histomorphometry nomenclature committee. J Bone Miner Res. December 1987;2(6):595-610.
1984	Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Fracture mechanics of bone: the effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture. J Biomech. 1984;17(1):25-34.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC, Schurman DJ. Fatigue life of compact bone, II: effects of microstructure and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):211-218.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Fatigue life of compact bone, I: effects of stress amplitude, temperature and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):27-34.
1974	Lanyon LE. Experimental support for the trajectorial theory of bone structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56B(1):160-166.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56A(5):1001-1022.
1988	Harrigan TP, Jasty M, Mann RW, Harris WH. Limitations of the continuum assumption in cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(4):269-275.
1984	Baron R, Tross R, Vignery A. Evidence of sequential remodeling in rat trabecular bone: morphology, dynamic histomorphometry, and changes during skeletal maturation. Anat Rec. January 1984;208B(1):137-145.
1974	Whitehouse WJ, Dyson ED. Scanning electron microscope studies of trabecular bone in the proximal end of the human femur. J Anat. 1974;118(pt 3):417-444.
1996	Wenzel TE, Schaffler MB, Fyhrie DP. In vivo trabecular microcracks in human vertebral bone. Bone. August 1996;19(2):89-95.
1974	Bargren JH, Bassett CAL, Gjelsvik A. Mechanical properties of hydrated cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):239-245.
1982	Williams JL, Lewis JL. Properties and an anisotropic model of cancellous bone from the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Biomech Eng. February 1982;104(1):50-56.
1974	Behrens JC, Walker PS, Shoji H. Variations in strength and structure of cancellous bone at the knee. J Biomech. 1974;7(3):201-207.
1993	Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.
1979	Goodship AE, Lanyon LE, McFie H. Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress: an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1979;61A(4):539-546.
1972	Hayes WC, Keer LM, Herrmann G, Mockros LF. A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):541-551.
1976	Yoon HS, Katz JL. Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone, II: measurements of elastic properties and microhardness. J Biomech. 1976;9(7):459-464.
1994	Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Y. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):339-360.
1958	Cohen J, Harris WH. The three-dimensional anatomy of Haversian systems. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1958;40A(2):419-434.
1987	Carter DR, Orr TE, Fyhrie DP, Schurmant DJ. Influences of mechanical stress on prenatal and postnatal skeletal development. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1987;219:237-250.
1987	Carter DR. Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1095-1109.
1990	Beaupré GS, Orr TE, Carter DR. An approach for time‐dependent bone modeling and remodeling—application: a preliminary remodeling simulation. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):662-670.
1971	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. A standard test for laboratory animal bone. J Biomech. March 1971;4(2):155-158.
1972	Burstein AH, Currey JD, Frankel VH, Reilly DT. The ultimate properties of bone tissue: the effects of yielding. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):35-44.
1975	Burstein AH, Zika JM, Heiple KG, Klein L. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1975;57A(7):956-961.
1987	Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. September 1987;219(1):1-9.
1996	Mullender MG, van der Meer DD, Huiskes R, Lips P. Osteocyte density changes in aging and osteoporosis. Bone. February 1996;18(2):109-113.
1993	Beck TJ, Ruff CB, Bissessur K. Age-related changes in female femoral neck geometry: implications for bone strength. Calcif Tiss Int. 1993;53(suppl 1):S41-S46.
1994	Mullender MG, Huiskes R, Weinans H. A physiological approach to the simulation of bone remodeling as a self-organizational control process. J Biomech. November 1994;27(11):1389-1394.
1995	Mullender MG, Huiskes R. Proposal for the regulatory mechanism of Wolff's law. J Orthop Res. July 1995;13(4):503-512.
1989	Martin RB, Burr DB. Structure, Function, and Adaptation of Compact Bone. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989.
1957	Robinson RA, Elliott SR. The water content of bone, I: the mass of water, inorganic crystals, organic matrin, and “CO₂ space” components in a unit volume of dog bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1957;39A(1):167-188.
1985	Vincentelli R, Grigoroi M. The effect of Haversian remodeling on the tensile properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):201-207.
1957	Fukada E, Yasuda I. On the piezoelectric effect of bone. J Phys Soc Jpn. October 1957;12(10):1158-1162.
1979	Lakes RS, Katz JL. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, III: a non-linear constitutive equation. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):689-698.
1990	Li XJ, Jee WSS, Chow S-Y, Woodbury DM. Adaptation of cancellous bone to aging and immobilization in the rat: a single photon absorptiometry and histomorphometry study. Anat Rec. May 1990;227B(1):12-24.
1989	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Yang KH, Wu DD, Lukoschek M, Kandzari D, Sivaneri N, Blaha JD, Radin EL. The effects of altered strain environments on bone tissue kinetics. Bone. 1989;10(3):215-221.
1995	Martin B. Mathematical model for repair of fatigue damage and stress fracture in osteonal bone. J Orthop Res. May 1995;13(3):309-316.
1978	Robertson DM, Smith DC. Compressive strength of mandibular bone as a function of microstructure and strain rate. J Biomech. 1978;11(10-12):455-471.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage, I: residual strength and stiffness. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):325-337.
1969	Currey JD. The relationship between the stiffness and the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):477-480.
1993	Mori S, Burr DB. Increased intracortical remodeling following fatigue damage. Bone. March–April 1993;14(2):103-109.
1969	Frost HM. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Res. 1969;3(1):211-237.
1984	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17(12):897-905.
1968	Walker PS, Dowson D, Longfield MD, Wright V. “Boosted lubrication” in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1968;27(6):512-520.
1988	Carter DR, Blenman PR, Beaupré GS. Correlations between mechanical stress history and tissue differentiation in initial fracture healing. J Orthop Res. September 1988;6(5):736-748.
1988	Carter DR, Wong M. Mechanical stresses and endochondral ossification in the chondroepiphysis. J Orthop Res. January 1988;6(1):148-154.
1974	Whitehouse WJ. The quantitative morphology of anisotropic trabecular bone. J Microsc (Oxford). July 1974;101:153-168.
1989	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Choi K, London M, Feldkamp LA, Matthews LS. Comparison of the trabecular and cortical tissue moduli from human iliac crests. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):876-884.
1994	Jacobs CR. Numerical Simulation of Bone Adaptation to Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1994.
1997	Owan I, Burr DB, Turner CH, Qiu J, Tu Y, Onyia JE, Duncan RL. Mechanotransduction in bone: osteoblasts are more responsive to fluid forces than mechanical strain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. September 1997;273(3):C810-C815.
1973	Piekarski K. Analysis of bone as a composite material. Int J Eng Sci. June 1973;11(6):557-565.
1983	Recker RR, ed. Bone Histomorphometry: Techniques and Interpretation. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1983.
1989	Turner CH. Yield behavior of bovine cancellous bone [published correction appears in J Biomech Eng. 1989;111(4):335]. J Biomech Eng. August 1989;111(3):256-260.
1981	Woo SL-Y, Gomez MA, Amiel D, Ritter MA, Gelberman RH, Akeson WH. The effects of exercise on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of swine digital flexor tendons. J Biomech Eng. February 1981;103(1):51-56.
1969	Currey JD. The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):1-11.
1992	Miller SC, Jee WSS. Bone lining cells. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 4: Bone Metabolism and Mineralization. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1992:1-19.
1981	Woo SL-Y, Kuei SC, Amiel D, Gomez MA, Hayes WC, White FC, Akeson WH. The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1981;63A(5):780-787.
1979	Lanyon LE, Bourn S. The influence of mechanical function on the development and remodeling of the tibia: an experimental study in sheep. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1979;61A(2):263-273.
1997	Griffin LV, Gibeling JC, Martin RB, Gibson VA, Stover SM. Model of flexural fatigue damage accumulation for cortical bone. J Orthop Res. July 1997;15(4):607-614.
1972	Haut RC, Little RW. A constitutive equation for collagen fibers. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):423-430.
1991	Røhl L, Larsen E, Linde F, Odgaard A, Jørgensen J. Tensile and compressive properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1991;24(12):1143-1149.
1975	Currey JD, Butler G. The mechanical properties of bone tissue in children. J Bone Joint Surg. September 1975;57A(6):810-814.
1983	Haut RC. Age-dependent influence of strain rate on the tensile failure of rat-tail tendon. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):296-299.
1964	Currey JD. Three analogies to explain the mechanical properties of bone. Biorheology. 1964;2(1):1-10.
1988	Rice JC, Cowin SC, Bowman JA. On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):155-168.
1997	Burr DB. Bone, exercise, and stress fractures. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1997;25(1):171-194.
1983	Goldstein SA, Wilson DL, Sonstegard DA, Matthews LS. The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location. J Biomech. 1983;16(12):965-969.
1982	Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):141-154.
1987	Goldstein SA. The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic location and function. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1055-1061.
1986	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT, Baust G. Modulation of bone loss during calcium insufficiency by controlled dynamic loading. Calcif Tiss Int. July 1986;38(4):209-216.
1990	Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
1989	Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB. Mechanical and morphological effects of strain rate on fatigue of compact bone. Bone. 1989;10(3):207-214.
1986	Jaworski ZFG, Uhthoff HK. Reversibility of nontraumatic disuse osteoporosis during its active phase. Bone. January 1986;7(6):431.
1989	Carter DR, Orr TE, Fyhrie DP. Relationships between loading history and femoral cancellous bone architecture. J Biomech. 1989;22(3):231-244.
1982	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. J Exp Biol. December 1982;101:187-211.
1985	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calcif Tiss Int. 1985;37(4):411-417.
1984	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):397-402.
1958	Frost HM. Preparation of thin undecalcified bone sections by rapid manual method. Stain Tech. November 1958;33(6):273-277.
1982	Martin RB, Burr DB. A hypothetical mechanism for the stimulation of osteonal remodelling by fatigue damage. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):137-139.
1983	Carter DR, Caler WE. Cycle-dependent and time-dependent bone fracture with repeated loading. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):166-170.
1990	Woo SL-Y, Peterson RH, Ohland KJ, Sites TJ, Danto MI. The effects of strain rate on the properties of the medial collateral ligament in skeletally immature and mature rabbits: a biomechanical and histological study. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):712-721.
1970	Radin EL, Paul IL, Lowy M. A comparison of the dynamic force transmitting properties of subchondral bone and articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1970;52A(3):444-456.
1980	Carter DR, Schwab GH, Spengler DM. Tensile fracture of cancellous bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(5):733-741.
1988	Davy DT, Kotzar GM, Brown RH, Heiple KG, Goldberg VM, Heiple KG Jr, Berilla J, Burstein AH. Telemetric force measurements across the hip after total arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1988;70A(1):45-50.
1961	Frost HM, Roth H, Villanueva AR. Physical characteristics of bone, III: a semimicro measurement of unit shear stress. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1961;9(1):157-162.
1985	Carter DR, Caler WE. A cumulative damage model for bone-fracture. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(1):84-90.
1993	Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC. Transport of fluid and ions through a porous-permeable charged-hydrated tissue, and streaming potential data on normal bovine articular cartilage. J Biomech. June 1993;26(6):709-723.
1969	Ellis DG. Cross-sectional area measurements for tendon specimens: a comparison of several methods. J Biomech. 1969;2(2):175-186.
1992	Weinans H, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. The behavior of adaptive bone-remodeling simulation models. J Biomech. December 1992;25(12):1425-1441.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1990	Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT. Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. J Orthop Res. July 1990;8(4):604-611.
1964	Gong JK, Arnold JS, Cohn SH. Composition of trabecular and cortical bone. Anat Rec. 1964;149(3):325-331.
1995	Collins JJ. The redundant nature of locomotor optimization laws. J Biomech. March 1995;28(3):251-267.
1971	Vincentelli R, Evans FG. Relations among mechanical properties, collagen fibers, and calcification in adult human cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1971;4(3):193-201.
1997	Norman TL, Wang Z. Microdamage of human cortical bone: incidence and morphology in long bones. Bone. April 1997;20(4):375-379.
1986	Cowin SC. Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture at remodeling equilibrium. J Biomech Eng. February 1986;108(1):83-88.
1985	Cowin SC. The relationship between the elasticity tensor and the fabric tensor. Mech Mater. 1985;4(2):137-147.
1981	Cowin SC, Firoozbakhsh K. Bone remodeling of diaphysial surfaces under constant load: theoretical predictions. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):471-484.
1983	Neil JL, Demos TC, Stone JL, Hayes WC. Tensile and compressive properties of vertebral trabecular bone. In: Transacation of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 8-10, 1983; Anaheim, CA.344.
1981	Swann DA, Slayter HS, Silver FH. The molecular structure of lubricating glycoprotein-i, the boundary lubricant for articular cartilage. J Biol Chem. June 10, 1981;256(11):5921-5925.
1963	Hill R. Elastic properties of reinforced solids: some theoretical principles. J Mech Phys Solids. September 1963;11(5):357-372.
1974	Pope MH, Murphy MC. Fracture energy of bone in a shear mode. Med Biol Eng. November 1974;12(6):763-767.
1989	Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. J Biomech. 1989;22(6-7):503-515.
1965	Rydell N. Forces in the hip-joint: intravital measurements. In: Kenedi RM, ed. Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Glasgow, September 1964. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1965:351-357.
1974	Crowninshield RD, Pope MH. The response of compact bone in tension at various strain rates. Ann Biomed Eng. 1974;2(2):217-225.
1988	Whalen RT, Carter DR, Steele CR. Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density. J Biomech. 1988;21(10):825-837.
1980	Jaworski ZFG, Liskova-Kiar M, Uhthoff HK. Effect of long-term immobilisation on the pattern of bone loss in older dogs. J Bone Joint Surg. February 1980;62B(1):104-110.
1993	Giori NJ, Beaupré GS, Carter DR. Cellular shape and pressure may mediate mechanical control of tissue composition in tendons. J Orthop Res. July 1993;11(4):581-591.
1979	Lakes R, Saha S. Cement line motion in bone. Science. May 4, 1979;204(4392):501-503.
1988	Giraud-Guille MM. Twisted plywood architecture of collagen fibrils in human compact bone osteons. Calcif Tiss Int. May 1988;42(3):167-180.
1960	Frost HM. Presence of microscopic cracks in vivo in bone. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1960;8(1):25-35.
1989	Martin RB, Ishida J. The relative effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bone strength. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):419-426.
1892	Wolff J. Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen. Berlin: Hirschwald; 1892.
1979	Lakes RS, Katz JL. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, II: relaxation mechanisms. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):679-687.
1964	Frost HM. Mathematical Elements of Lamellar Bone Remodelling. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
1996	Ford CM, Keaveny TM. The dependence of shear failure properties of trabecular bone on apparent density and trabecular orientation. J Biomech. 1996;29(10):1309-1317.
1983	Bensusan JS, Davy DT, Heiple KG, Verdin KG. Tensile, compressive and torsional testing of cancellous bone. In: Transacation of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 8-10, 1983; Anaheim, CA.132.
1983	Woo SL-Y, Gomez MA, Seguchi Y, Endo CM, Akeson WH. Measurement of mechanical properties of ligament substance from a bone-ligament-bone preparation. J Orthop Res. 1983;1(1):22-29.
1976	Hegedus DH, Cowin SC. Bone remodeling: small strain adaptive elasticity. J Elast. October 1976;6(4):337-352.
1991	Bertram JEA, Swartz SM. The “law of bone transformation”: a case of crying Wolff? Biol Rev. August 1991;66(3):245-273.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
1974	Noyes FR, Torvik PJ, Hyde WB, DeLucas JL. Biomechanics of ligament failure, II: an analysis of immobilization, exercise, and reconditioning effects in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1974;56A(7):1406-1418.
1976	Mansour JM, Mow VC. The permeability of articular cartilage under compressive strain and at high pressures. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1976;58A(4):509-516.
1987	Carter DR, Fyhrie DP, Whalen RT. Trabecular bone density and loading history: regulation of connective tissue biology by mechanical energy. J Biomech. 1987;20(8):785-794.
1989	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Matthews LS. The limitations of canine trabecular bone as a model for human: a biomechanical study. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):95-107.
1995	Cowin SC, Weinbaum S, Zeng Y. A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of strain generated potentials. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1281-1297.
1987	Krajcinovic D, Trafimow J, Sumarac D. Simple constitutive model for a cortical bone. J Biomech. 1987;20(8):779-784.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1977;59A(7):954-962.
1976	Malcom LL. An Experimental Investigation of the Frictional and Deformational Responses of Articular Cartilage Interfaces to Static and Dynamic Loading [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 1976.
1981	Currey JD. What is bone for? property–function relationships in bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:13-26.
1984	Currey JD. Mechanical Adaptations of Bone. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1984.
1987	Vahey JW, Lewis JL, Vanderby R Jr. Elastic moduli, yield stress, and ultimate stress of cancellous bone in the canine proximal femur. J Biomech. 1987;20(1):29-33.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1988	Currey JD. The effect of porosity and mineral content on the Young's modulus of elasticity of compact bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):131-139.
1959	Vose GP, Kubala AL Jr. Bone strength: its relationship to x-ray determined ash content. Hum Biol. September 1959;31:261-270.
1978	Carter DR, Spengler DM. Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1978;135:192-217.
1990	Choi K, Kuhn JL, Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA. The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue and the size-dependency of cortical bone modulus. J Biomech. 1990;23(11):1103-1113.
1976	Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM. Mechanical Design in Organisms. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1976.
1974	Jenkins RB, Little RW. A constitutive equation for parallel-fibered elastic tissue. J Biomech. September 1974;7(5):397-402.
1989	Jones BH, Harris JM, Vinh TN, Rubin C. Exercise-induced stress fractures and stress reactions of bone: epidemiology, etiology, and classification. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1989;17(1):379-422.
1986	Park HC, Lakes RS. Cosserat micromechanics of human bone: strain redistribution by a hydration sensitive constituent. J Biomech. 1986;19(5):385-397.
1996	Petrtýl M, Heřt J, Fiala P. Spatial organization of the haversian bone in man. J Biomech. February 1996;29(2):161-169.
1847	Wertheim MG. Mémoire sur l'élasticité et la cohésion des principaux tissus du corps humain. Ann Chim Phys. December 1847;21:385-414.
1987	Turner CH, Cowin SC. Dependence of elastic constants of an anisotropic porous material upon porosity and fabric. J Mater Sci. September 1987;22(9):3178-3184.
1993	Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone. 1993;14(4):595-608.
1990	Turner CH, Cowin SC, Rho JY, Ashman RB, Rice JC. The fabric dependence of the orthotropic elastic constants of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1990;23(6):549-561.
1978	Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC. Internal bone remodeling induced by a medullary pin. J Biomech. 1978;11(5):269-275.
1994	Turner CH, Forwood MR, Rho J, Yoshikawa T. Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. January 1994;9(1):87-97.
1989	Nordin M, Frankel VH, eds. Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1989.
1986	Corondan G, Haworth WL. A fractographic study of human long bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):207-218.
1984	Hart RT, Davy DT, Heiple KG. A computational method for stress analysis of adaptive elastic materials with a view toward applications in strain-induced bone remodeling. J Biomech Eng. November 1984;106(4):342-350.
1996	Martin RB, Lau ST, Mathews PV, Gibson VA, Stover SM. Collagen fiber organization is related to mechanical properties and remodeling in equine bone: a comparsion of two methods. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1515-1521.
1984	Lipson SF, Katz JL. The relationship between elastic properties and microstructure of bovine cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(4):231-240.
1988	Schaffler MB, Burr DB. Stiffness of compact bone: effects of porosity and density. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):13-16.
1974	Gray RJ, Korbacher GK. Compressive fatigue behaviour of bovine compact bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):287-292.
1984	Moyle DD, Bowden RW. Fracture of human femoral bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(3):203-213.
1974	Noyes FR, DeLucas JL, Torvik PJ. Biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament failure: an analysis of strain-rate sensitivity and mechanisms of failure in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1974;56A(2):236-253.
1983	Biewener AA, Thomason J, Goodship A, Lanyon LE. Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. J Biomech. 1983;16(8):565-576.
1971	Katz JL. Hard tissue as a composite material, I: bounds on the elastic behavior. J Biomech. October 1971;4(5):455-473.
1988	Bertram JEA, Biewener AA. Bone curvature: sacrificing strength for load predictability? J Theo Biol. March 7, 1988;131(1):75-92.
1962	McCutchen CW. The frictional properties of animal joints. Wear. January–February 1962;5(1):1-17.
1996	Burr DB, Milgrom C, Fyhrie D, Forwood M, Nyska M, Finestone A, Hoshaw S, Saiag E, Simkin A. In vivo measurement of human tibial strains during vigorous activity. Bone. May 1996;18(5):405-410.
1997	Burr DB, Forwood MR, Fyhrie DP, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Turner CH. Bone microdamage and skeletal fragility in osteoporotic and stress fractures. J Bone Miner Res. January 1997;12(1):6-15.
1987	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1135-1150.
1994	Torrance AG, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Lanyon LE. Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1994;54(3):241-247.
1981	Hayes WC, Snyder B. Toward a quantitative formulation of Wolff's Law in trabecular bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:43-68.
1981	Roesler H. Some historical remarks on the theory of cancellous bone structure (Wolff's Law). In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:27-42.
1990	Burr DB, Stafford T. Validity of the bulk-staining technique to separate artifactual from in vivo bone microdamage. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1990;260:305-308.
1993	Bergmann G, Graichen F, Rohlmann A. Hip joint loading during walking and running, measured in two patients. J Biomech. August 1993;26(8):969-990.
1970	McLeish R, Charnley J. Abduction forces in the one-legged stance. J Biomech. March 1970;3(2):191-209.
1976	Cowin SC, Hegedus DH. Bone remodeling, I: theory of adaptive elasticity. J Elast. 1976;6(3):313-326.
1977	Tappen NC. Three‐dimensional studies of resorption spaces and developing osteons. Am J Anat. July 1977;149(3):301-331.
1978	Uhthoff HK, Jaworski ZF. Bone loss in response to long-term immobilisation. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1978;60B(3):420-429.
1972	Fung Y-CB. Stress-strain-history relations of soft tissues in simple elongation. In: Fung YC, Perrone N, Anliker M, eds. Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives. Symposium on Biomechanics, its Foundations and Objectives; July 29-31, 1970. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Inc., Prentice-Hall International; 1972:181-208.
1972	Chamay A, Tschantz P. Mechanical influences in bone remodeling: experimental research on Wolff's law. J Biomech. March 1972;5(2):173-180.
1968	Nachemson AL, Evans JH. Some mechanical properties of the third human lumbar interlaminar ligament (ligamentum flavum). J Biomech. August 1968;1(3):211-220.
1977	Saha S. Longitudinal shear properties of human compact bone and its constituents, and the associated failure mechanisms. J Mater Sci. 1977;12(9):1798-1806.
1994	Yoshikawa T, Mori S, Santiesteban AJ, Sun TC, Hafstad E, Chen J, Burr DB. The effects of muscle fatigue on bone strain. J Exp Biol. March 1994;188(1):217-233.
1996	Pattin CA, Caler WE, Carter DR. Cyclic mechanical property degradation during fatigue loading of cortical bone. J Biomech. January 1996;29(1):69-79.
1976	Bonfield W, Datta PK. Fracture toughness of compact bone. J Biomech. 1976;9(3):131-134.
1989	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Yang KH, Lukoschek M, Sivaneri N, Blaha JD, Radin EL. Skeletal change in response to altered strain environments: is woven bone a response to elevated strain? Bone. 1989;10(3):223-233.
1988	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Frederickson RG. Composition of the cement line and its possible mechanical role as a local interface in human compact bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(11):939-945.
1979	Lakes RS, Katz JL, Sternstein SS. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, I: torsional and biaxial studies. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):657-678.
1984	Katz JL, Yoon HS, Lipson S, Maharidge R, Meunier A, Christel P. The effects of remodeling on the elastic properties of bone. Calcif Tiss Int. 1984;36(suppl 1):S31-S36.
1960	Frost HM. Measurement of osteocytes per unit volume and volume components of osteocytes and canaliculae in man. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1960;8(2):208-211.
1982	Woo SL-Y. Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments, I: quasi-static and nonlinear viscoelastic properties. Biorheology. 1982;19(3):385-396.
1984	Lanyon LE. Functional strain as a determinant for bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S56-S61.
1985	Burr DB, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Radin EL. Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):189-200.
1991	Lai WM, Hou JS, Mow VC. A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. August 1991;113(3):245-258.
1974	Lakes RS, Katz JL. Interrelationships among the viscoelastic functions for anisotropic solids: application to calcified tissues and related systems. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):259-270.
1968	Linn FC. Lubrication of animal joints, II: the mechanism. J Biomech. August 1, 1968;1(3):193.
1974	Evans FG, Vincentelli R. Relations of the compressive properties of human cortical bone to histological structure and calcification. J Biomech. January 1974;7(1):1-10.
1965	Kerley ER. The microscopic determination of age in human bone. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1965;23(2):149-163.
1983	Frost HM. Bone histomorphometry: correction of the labeling “escape error”. In: Recker RR, ed. Bone Histomorphometry: Techniques and Interpretation. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1983:133-142.
1996	Schinagl RM, Ting MK, Price JH, Sah RL. Video microscopy to quantitate the inhomogeneous equilibrium strain within articular cartilage during confined compression. Ann Biomed Eng. July–August 1996;24(4):500-512.
1984	Portigliatti Barbos M, Bianco P, Ascenzi A, Boyde A. Collagen orientation in compact bone, II: distribution of lamellae in the whole of the human femoral shaft with reference to its mechanical properties. Metab Bone Dis Rel Res. 1984;5(6):309-315.
1985	Frost HM. The pathomechanics of osteoporoses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1985;200:198-225.
1980	Mow VC, Kuei SC, Lai WM, Armstrong CG. Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression: theory and experiments. J Biomech Eng. February 1980;102(1):73-84.
1994	Forwood MR, Turner CH. The response of rat tibiae to incremental bouts of mechanical loading: a quantum concept for bone formation. Bone. November–December 1994;15(6):603.
1977	Alexander RM, Bennet-Clark HC. Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissues. Nature. January 13, 1977;265(5590):114-117.
1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The elastic modulus for bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):271-275.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1978	Moyle DD, Welborn JW III, Cooke FW. Work to fracture of canine femoral bone. J Biomech. 1978;11(10-12):435-440.
1990	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Inc., John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
1992	Linde F, Hvid I, Madsen F. The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1992;25(4):359-368.
1979	Alto A, Pope MH. On the fracture toughness of equine metacarpi. J Biomech. 1979;12(6):415-421.
1989	Caler WE, Carter DR. Bone creep-fatigue damage accumulation. J Biomech. 1989;22(6-7):625-635.
1995	Hillam RA, Skerry TM. Inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of formation by mechanical loading of the modeling rat ulna in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. June 1995;10(5):683-689.
1981	Van Buskirk WC, Cowin SC, Ward RN. Ultrasonic measurement of orthotropic elastic constants of bovine femoral bone. J Biomech Eng. May 1981;103(2):67-72.
1980	Gottesman T, Hashin Z. Analysis of viscoelastic behaviour of bones on the basis of microstructure. J Biomech. 1980;13(2):89-96.
1983	Parfitt AM. The physiologic and clinical significance of bone histomorphometric data. In: Recker RR, ed. Bone Histomorphometry: Techniques and Interpretation. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1983:143-223.
1997	Mori S, Harruff R, Ambrosius W, Burr DB. Trabecular bone volume and microdamage accumulation in the femoral heads of women with and without femoral neck fractures. Bone. December 1997;21(6):521-526.
1981	Firoozbakhsh K, Cowin SC. An analytical model of Pauwels’ functional adaptation mechanism in bone. J Biomech Eng. November 1981;103(4):246-252.
1972	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The shearing properties of single osteons. Anat Rec. March 1972;172B(3):499-510.
1985	Cowin SC, Hart RT, Balser JR, Kohn DH. Functional adaptation in long bones: establishing in vivo values for surface remodeling rate coefficients. J Biomech. 1985;18(9):665-684.
1975	Townsend PR, Raux P, Rose RM, Miegel RE, Radin EL. The distribution and anisotropy of the stiffness of cancellous bone in the human patella. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):363-367.
1976	Woo SL-Y, Akeson WH, Jemmott GF. Measurements of nonhomogeneous, directional mechanical properties of articular cartilage in tension. J Biomech. 1976;9(12):785-791.
1966	Cooper RR, Milgram JW, Robinson RA. Morphology of the osteon: an electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1966;48A(7):1239-1271.
1995	Sharkey NA, Ferris L, Smith TS, Matthews DK. Strain and loading of the second metatarsal during heel-lift. J Bone Joint Surg. July 1995;77A(7):1050-1057.
1984	Noyes FR, Butler DL, Grood ES, Zernicke RF, Hefzy MS. Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):344-352.
1975	Turner AS, Mills EJ, Gabel AA. In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse. Am J Vet Res. November 1975;36(11):1573-1579.
1995	Norman TL, Vashishth D, Burr DB. Fracture toughness of human bone under tension. J Biomech. March 1995;28(3):309-320.
1984	Hart RT, Davy DT, Heiple KG. Mathematical modeling and numerical solutions for functionally dependent bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S104-S109.
1992	Norman TL, Vashishth D, Burr DB. Effect of groove on bone fracture toughness. J Biomech. December 1992;25(12):1489-1492.
1985	Stouffer DC, Butler DL, Hosny D. The relationship between crimp pattern and mechanical response of human patellar tendon-bone units. J Biomech Eng. May 1985;107(2):158-165.
1976	Yoon HS, Katz JL. Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone, I: theoretical considerations for hexagonal symmetry. J Biomech. 1976;9(6):407-412.
1967	Evans FG, Bang S. Differences and relationships between the physical properties and the microscopic structure of human femoral, tibial and fibular cortical bone. Am J Anat. January 1967;120(1):79-88.
1993	van der Meulen MCH, Beaupré GS, Carter DR. Mechanobiologic influences in long bone cross-sectional growth. Bone. July–August 1993;14(4):635-642.
1986	Woo SL, Orlando CA, Gomez MA, Frank CB, Akeson WH. Tensile properties of the medial collateral ligament as a function of age. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(2):133-141.
1993	Martin RB, Boardman DL. The effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bovine cortical bone bending properties. J Biomech. September 1993;26(9):1047-1054.
1986	Frost HM. Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton. Vols. 1-2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
1743	Hunter W. Of the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages. Philos Trans. June 23, 1743;42(470):514-521. Reprinted in: Hunter W. Of the structure and disease of articulating cartilages. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 1995;317:3-6.
1981	Frasca P. Scanning-electron microscopy studies of “ground substance” in the cement lines, resting lines, hypercalcified rings and reversal lines of human cortical bone. Acta Anat. 1981;109(2):115-121.
1980	Brown TD, Ferguson AB Jr. Mechanical property distributions in the cancellous bone of the human proximal femur. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(1):429-437.
1970	McElhaney J, Alem N, Roberts V. A porous block model for cancellous bones. Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; November 29–December 3, 1970; New York, NY.1-9. ASME Publication 70-WA/BHF-2.
1984	Rubin CT. Skeletal strain and the functional significance of bone architecture. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S11-S18.
1989	Zajac FE. Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1989;17(4):359-411.
1973	Panjabi MM, White AA III, Southwick WO. Mechanical properties of bone as a function of rate of deformation. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1973;55A(2):322-330.
1969	Evans FG, Vincentelli R. Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1969;2(1):63-73.