Press-Fit Fixation and Viscoelastic Response of a Bone-Implant Interface in the Distal Femur

Implant loosening is a primary concern for individuals receiving primary total knee arthroplasty. To investigate this concern, femoral knee components were implanted in vitro on three cadaveric femurs. The press-fit fixation was measured using strain gauged femoral components immediately after implantation and for 10-25 minutes after implantation. Specimen-specific bone-implant finite element (FE) models were created to predict the initial fixation of the interface of each femur. The FE models were calibrated using the in vitro strain measurements and used to assess initial fixation.

The initial fixation was demonstrated experimentally by the minimum principal strain at the strain rosette locations. The FE models were used to calculate the stress distribution and pressure maps of the interface surfaces of each bone. The initial fixation and pressure on the internal surfaces of the implant were shown to increase with bone density. The FE models showed that the geometry of the implant causes the distal femur to deform plastically with more bone on the lateral side plastically deforming than the medial side. The geometry causes higher stresses in the lateral side as well as higher pressures on the lateral surfaces. The implementation of plasticity in the material model for bone in the FE model decreased these strains and pressures considerably from a purely elastic model, which demonstrated the importance of including plasticity. The fixation of the femoral component was found to decrease in time due to the viscoelastic behavior of cancellous bone. The time-dependent response of the in vitro implantation was compared to a post-yield viscoelastic relaxation experiment performed on bovine cancellous bone.

Quasi-static compression experiments on cancellous bone samples from the distal femur were performed to determine the relationship between mechanical properties and density in the anterior-posterior direction. The bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), apparent modulus of elasticity, yield and ultimate stress, and yield and ultimate strain were measured for twenty-eight cylindrical specimens. The mechanical properties each significantly differed (p < 0.05) in the superior and inferior locations and linear and power law relationships between the superior and inferior mechanical properties and BMAD were determined.

Year	Entry
1994	Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. August 1994;9(8):1137-1141.
1985	Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.
1989	Ashman RB, Rho JY, Turner CH. Anatomical variation of orthotropic elastic moduli of the proximal human tibia. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):895-900.
1990	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1990;204(1):43-52.
2006	Taddei F, Cristofolini L, Martelli S, Gill HS, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models of long bones: an in vitro evaluation of the overall accuracy. J Biomech. 2006;39(13):2457-2467.
1987	Ashman RB, Corin JD, Turner CH. Elastic properties of cancellous bone: measurement by an ultrasonic technique. J Biomech. 1987;20(10):979-986.
1993	Dalstra M, Huiskes R, Odgaard A, van Erning L. Mechanical and textural properties of pelvic trabecular bone. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):523-535.
1997	Keaveny TM, Pinilla TP, Crawford RP, Kopperdahl DL, Lou A. Systematic and random errors in compression testing of trabecular bone [published correction appears in J Orthop Res. 1995;17(1):151]. J Orthop Res. 1997;15(1):101-110.
1994	Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.
1997	Jepsen KJ, Davy DT. Comparison of damage accumulation measures in human cortical bone. J Biomech. September 1997;30(9):891-894.
1998	Zysset PK, Goulet RW, Hollister SJ. A global relationship between trabecular bone morphology and homogenized elastic properties. J Biomech Eng. October 1998;120(5):640-646.
1999	Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Kopperdahl DL. Mechanical behavior of human trabecular bone after overloading. J Orthop Res. May 1999;17(3):346-353.
2008	Verhulp E, van Rietbergen B, Müller R, Huiskes R. Indirect determination of trabecular bone effective tissue failure properties using micro-finite element simulations. J Biomech. 2008;41(7):1479-1485.
2002	Kopperdahl DL, Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):801-805.
1991	Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA, Kuhn JL, Cody DD, Brown MB. Evaluation of orthogonal mechanical properties and density of human trabecular bone from the major metaphyseal regions with materials testing and computed tomography. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(5):674-682.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
2007	Yosibash Z, Padan R, Joskowicz L, Milgrom C. A CT-based high-order finite element analysis of the human proximal femur compared to in-vitro experiments. J Biomech Eng. June 2007;129(3):297-309.
1994	Les CM, Keyak JH, Stover SM, Taylor KT, Kaneps AJ. Estimation of material properties in the equine metacarpus with use of quantitative computed tomography. J Orthop Res. November 1994;12(6):822-833.
1997	Gibson LJ, Ashby MF. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1997. Cambridge Solid State Science Series.
1985	Hvid I, Jensen NC, Bünger C, Sølund K, Djurhuus JC. Bone mineral assay: its relation to the mechanical strength of cancellous bone. Eng Med. 1985;14(2):79-83.
1997	Silva MJ, Gibson LJ. Modeling the mechanical behavior of vertebral trabecular bone: effects of age-related changes in microstructure. Bone. 1997;21(2):191-199.
1989	Hvid I, Bentzen SM, Linde F, Mosekilde L, Pongsoipetch B. X-ray quantitative computed tomography: the relations to physical properties of proximal tibial trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):837-844.
1988	Harrigan TP, Jasty M, Mann RW, Harris WH. Limitations of the continuum assumption in cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(4):269-275.
2008	Zioupos P, Cook RB, Hutchinson JR. Some basic relationships between density values in cancellous and cortical bone. J Biomech. 2008;41(9):1961-1968.
1974	Schoenfeld CM, Lautenschlager EP, Meyer PR. Mechanical properties of human cancellous bone in the femoral head. Med Biol Eng. 1974;12(3):313-317.
2008	Burgers TA, Mason J, Niebur G, Ploeg HL. Compressive properties of trabecular bone in the distal femur. J Biomech. 2008;41(5):1077-1085.
2002	Provenzano PP, Lakes RS, Corr DT, Vanderby R. Application of nonlinear viscoelastic models to describe ligament behavior. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. June 2002;1(1):45-57.
2001	Cowin SC. The false premise of Wolff's Law. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:30-1–30-15.
2004	Kaneko TS, Bell JS, Pejcic MR, Tehranzadeh J, Keyak JH. Mechanical properties, density and quantitative CT scan data of trabecular bone with and without metastases. J Biomech. April 2004;37(4):523-530.
2001	Provenzano P, Lakes R, Keenan T, Vanderby R Jr. Nonlinear ligament viscoelasticity. Ann Biomed Eng. October 2001;29(10):908-914.
1993	Martin B. Aging and strength of bone as a structural material. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S34-S40.
1994	Goulet RW, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Kuhn JL, Brown MB, Feldkamp LA. The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. April 1994;27(4):375-389.
2003	Keyak JH, Falkinstein Y. Comparison of in situ and in vitro CT scan-based finite element model predictions of proximal femoral fracture load. Med Eng Phys. November 2003;25(9):781-787.
1987	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79-85.
1992	Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res. February 1992;7(2):137-145.
1991	Faulkner KG, Cann CE, Hasegawa BH. Effect of bone distribution on vertebral strength: assessment with patient-specific nonlinear finite element analysis. Radiology. June 1991;179(3):669-674.
1994	Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.
1989	Linde F, Hvid I. The effect of constraint on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):485-490.
1988	Rice JC, Cowin SC, Bowman JA. On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):155-168.
1983	Goldstein SA, Wilson DL, Sonstegard DA, Matthews LS. The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location. J Biomech. 1983;16(12):965-969.
2000	Cody DD, Hou FJ, Divine GW, Fyhrie DP. Short term in vivo precision of proximal femoral finite element modeling. Ann Biomed Eng. April 2000;28(4):408-414.
2003	Van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R, Eckstein F, Rüegsegger P. Trabecular bone tissue strains in the healthy and osteoporotic human femur. J Bone Miner Res. October 2003;18(10):1781-1788.
2007	Yosibash Z, Trabelsi N, Milgrom C. Reliable simulations of the human proximal femur by high-order finite element analysis validated by experimental observations. J Biomech. 2007;40(16):3688-3699.
1970	Galante J, Rostoker W, Ray RD. Physical properties of trabecular bone. Calcif Tiss Res. 1970;5(1):236-246.
1980	Carter DR, Schwab GH, Spengler DM. Tensile fracture of cancellous bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(5):733-741.
2004	Viceconti M, Davinelli M, Taddei F, Cappello A. Automatic generation of accurate subject-specific bone finite element models to be used in clinical studies. J Biomech. 2004;37(10):1597-1605.
1991	Linde F, Nørgaard P, Hvid I, Odgaard A, Søballe K. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependency on strain rate. J Biomech. 1991;24(9):803-809.
1992	Linde F, Hvid I, Madsen F. The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1992;25(4):359-368.
2006	Bouxsein ML, Melton LJ III, Riggs BL, Muller J, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, Robb RA, Camp JJ, Rouleau PA, McCollough CH, Khosla S. Age‐ and sex‐specific differences in the factor of risk for vertebral fracture: a population‐based study using QCT. J Bone Miner Res. September 2006;21(9):1475-1482.
1998	Silva MJ, Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. Computed tomography-based finite element analysis predicts failure loads and fracture patterns for vertebral sections. J Orthop Res. May 1998;16(3):300-308.
1980	Cann CE, Genant HK. Precise measurement of vertebral mineral content using computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980;4(4):493-500.
1997	Nicholson PHF, Cheng XG, Lowet G, Boonen S, Davie MWJ, Dequeker J, Van der Perre G. Structural and material mechanical properties of human vertebral cancellous bone. Med Eng Phys. October 1997;19(8):729-737.
2005	Anderson AE, Peters CL, Tuttle BD, Weiss JA. Subject-specific finite element model of the pelvis: development, validation and sensitivity studies. J Biomech Eng. June 2005;127(3):365-373.
1980	Zilch H, Rohlmann A, Bergmann G, Kölbel R. Material properties of femoral cancellous bone in axial loading, II: time dependent properties. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. December 1980;97(4):257-262.
1988	Turner CH, Cowin SC. Errors induced by off-axis measurement of the elastic properties of bone. J Biomech Eng. August 1988;110(3):213-215.
1989	Turner CH. Yield behavior of bovine cancellous bone [published correction appears in J Biomech Eng. 1989;111(4):335]. J Biomech Eng. August 1989;111(3):256-260.
1976	Hayes WC, Carter DR. Postyield behavior of subchondral trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res. July 1976;10(4):537-544.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone: dependence on structure. J Biomech. 1973;6(5):475-485.
1996	Keyak JH, Lee IY, Nath DS, Skinner HB. Postfailure compressive behavior of tibial trabecular bone in three anatomic directions. J Biomed Mater Res. July 1996;31(3):373-378.
2005	Nagaraja S, Couse TL, Guldberg RE. Trabecular bone microdamage and microstructural stresses under uniaxial compression. J Biomech. 2005;38(4):707-716.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Bone compressive strength: the influence of density and strain rate. Science. September 10, 1976;194(4270):1174-1176.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1977;59A(7):954-962.
1994	Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Ford CM, Hayes WC. Differences between the tensile and compressive strengths of bovine tibial trabecular bone depend on modulus. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1137-1146.
1994	Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Guo XE, Hayes WC. Mechanical behavior of damaged trabecular bone. J Biomech. November 1994;27(11):1309-1318.
1998	Bowman SM, Guo XE, Cheng DW, Keaveny TM, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Creep contributes to the fatigue behavior of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. October 1998;120(5):647-654.
1994	Bowman SM, Keaveny TM, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Compressive creep behavior of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):301-310.
1989	Esses SI, Lotz JC, Hayes WC. Biomechanical properties of the proximal femur determined in vitro by single‐energy quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. October 1989;4(5):715-722.
1998	Yang G, Kabel J, Van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Huiskes R, Cowin SC. The anisotropic Hooke’s law for cancellous bone and wood. J Elast. November 1998;53(2):125-146.
1997	Wachtel EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of trabecular damage on mechanical strain. J Orthop Res. September 1997;15(5):781-787.
1995	van Rietbergen B, Weinans H, Huiskes R, Odgaard A. A new method to determine trabecular bone elastic properties and loading using micromechanical finite-element models. J Biomech. January 1995;28(1):69-81.
1994	Fyhrie DP, Schaffler MB. Failure mechanisms in human vertebral cancellous bone. Bone. 1994;15(1):105-109.
1996	Rho J-Y. An ultrasonic method for measuring the elastic properties of human tibial cortical and cancellous bone. Ultrasonics. December 1996;34(8):777-783.
1995	Rho JY, Hobatho MC, Ashman RB. Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. Med Eng Phys. July 1995;17(5):347-355.
1993	Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.
1983	Huiskes R, Chao EYS. A survey of finite element analysis in orthopedic biomechanics: the first decade. J Biomech. 1983;16(6):385-409.
1998	Burr DB, Turner CH, Naick P, Forwood MR, Ambrosius W, Hasan MS, Pidaparti R. Does microdamage accumulation affect the mechanical properties of bone? J Biomech. April 1998;31(4):337-345.
2000	Wirtz DC, Schiffers N, Pandorf T, Radermacher K, Weichert D, Forst R. Critical evaluation of known bone material properties to realize anisotropic fe-simulation of the proximal femur. J Biomech. October 2000;33(10):1325-1330.
1994	Keyak JH, Lee IY, Skinner HB. Correlations between orthogonal mechanical properties and density of trabecular bone: use of different densitometric measures. J Biomed Mater Res. November 1994;A28(11):1329-1336.
1990	Keyak JH, Meagher JM, Skinner HB, Mote CD Jr. Automated three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone: a new method. J Biomed Eng. 1990;12(5):389-397.
2001	Keaveny TM, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, Yeh OC. Biomechanics of trabecular bone. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;3:307-333.
1979	Lakes RS, Katz JL, Sternstein SS. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, I: torsional and biaxial studies. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):657-678.
1998	Kopperdahl DL, Keaveny TM. Yield strain behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech. July 1998;31(7):601-608.
1992	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1992;274:124-134.
1985	McBroom RJ, Hayes WC, Edwards WT, Goldberg RP, White AA III. Prediction of vertebral body compressive fracture using quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67A(8):1206-1214.
1986	Riggs BL, Melton LJ III. Involutional osteoporosis. NEJM. June 26, 1986;314(26):1676-1686.
1990	Lotz JC, Gerhart TN, Hayes WC. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative CT study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. January–February 1990;14(1):107-114.
1991	Røhl L, Larsen E, Linde F, Odgaard A, Jørgensen J. Tensile and compressive properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1991;24(12):1143-1149.
2002	Jaasma MJ, Bayraktar HH, Niebur GL, Keaveny TM. Biomechanical effects of intraspecimen variations in tissue modulus for trabecular bone. J Biomech. 2002;35(2):237-246.
1994	Deligianni DD, Maris A, Missirlis YF. Stress relaxation behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. December 1994;27(12):1469-1476.
2002	Taylor WR, Roland E, Ploeg H, Hertig D, Klabunde R, Warner MD, Hobatho MC, Rakotomanana L, Clift SE. Determination of orthotropic bone elastic constants using FEA and modal analysis. J Biomech. June 2002;35(6):767-773.
1999	Cody DD, Gross GJ, Hou FJ, Spencer HJ, Goldstein SA, Fyhrie DP. Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA. J Biomech. October 1999;32(10):1013-1020.
2001	Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech. 2001;34(5):569-577.
2003	Morgan EF, Bayraktar HH, Keaveny TM. Trabecular bone modulus–density relationships depend on anatomic site. J Biomech. July 2003;36(7):897-904.
1967	Bell GH, Dunbar O, Beck JS, Gibb A. Variations in strength of vertebrae with age and their relation to osteoporosis. Calcif Tiss Res. 1967;1(1):75-86.
1980	Ferry JD. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1980.
1980	Brown TD, Ferguson AB Jr. Mechanical property distributions in the cancellous bone of the human proximal femur. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(1):429-437.

Year

Entry

1994

Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. August 1994;9(8):1137-1141.

1985

Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.

1989

Ashman RB, Rho JY, Turner CH. Anatomical variation of orthotropic elastic moduli of the proximal human tibia. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):895-900.

1990

Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1990;204(1):43-52.

2006

Taddei F, Cristofolini L, Martelli S, Gill HS, Viceconti M. Subject-specific finite element models of long bones: an in vitro evaluation of the overall accuracy. J Biomech. 2006;39(13):2457-2467.

1987

Ashman RB, Corin JD, Turner CH. Elastic properties of cancellous bone: measurement by an ultrasonic technique. J Biomech. 1987;20(10):979-986.

1993

Dalstra M, Huiskes R, Odgaard A, van Erning L. Mechanical and textural properties of pelvic trabecular bone. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):523-535.

1997

Keaveny TM, Pinilla TP, Crawford RP, Kopperdahl DL, Lou A. Systematic and random errors in compression testing of trabecular bone [published correction appears in J Orthop Res. 1995;17(1):151]. J Orthop Res. 1997;15(1):101-110.

1994

Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.

1997

Jepsen KJ, Davy DT. Comparison of damage accumulation measures in human cortical bone. J Biomech. September 1997;30(9):891-894.

1998

Zysset PK, Goulet RW, Hollister SJ. A global relationship between trabecular bone morphology and homogenized elastic properties. J Biomech Eng. October 1998;120(5):640-646.

1999

Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Kopperdahl DL. Mechanical behavior of human trabecular bone after overloading. J Orthop Res. May 1999;17(3):346-353.

2008

Verhulp E, van Rietbergen B, Müller R, Huiskes R. Indirect determination of trabecular bone effective tissue failure properties using micro-finite element simulations. J Biomech. 2008;41(7):1479-1485.

2002

Kopperdahl DL, Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):801-805.

1991

Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA, Kuhn JL, Cody DD, Brown MB. Evaluation of orthogonal mechanical properties and density of human trabecular bone from the major metaphyseal regions with materials testing and computed tomography. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(5):674-682.

1959

Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.

2007

Yosibash Z, Padan R, Joskowicz L, Milgrom C. A CT-based high-order finite element analysis of the human proximal femur compared to in-vitro experiments. J Biomech Eng. June 2007;129(3):297-309.

1994

Les CM, Keyak JH, Stover SM, Taylor KT, Kaneps AJ. Estimation of material properties in the equine metacarpus with use of quantitative computed tomography. J Orthop Res. November 1994;12(6):822-833.

1997

Gibson LJ, Ashby MF. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1997. Cambridge Solid State Science Series.

1985

Hvid I, Jensen NC, Bünger C, Sølund K, Djurhuus JC. Bone mineral assay: its relation to the mechanical strength of cancellous bone. Eng Med. 1985;14(2):79-83.

1997

Silva MJ, Gibson LJ. Modeling the mechanical behavior of vertebral trabecular bone: effects of age-related changes in microstructure. Bone. 1997;21(2):191-199.

1989

Hvid I, Bentzen SM, Linde F, Mosekilde L, Pongsoipetch B. X-ray quantitative computed tomography: the relations to physical properties of proximal tibial trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):837-844.

1988

Harrigan TP, Jasty M, Mann RW, Harris WH. Limitations of the continuum assumption in cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(4):269-275.

2008

Zioupos P, Cook RB, Hutchinson JR. Some basic relationships between density values in cancellous and cortical bone. J Biomech. 2008;41(9):1961-1968.

1974

Schoenfeld CM, Lautenschlager EP, Meyer PR. Mechanical properties of human cancellous bone in the femoral head. Med Biol Eng. 1974;12(3):313-317.

2008

Burgers TA, Mason J, Niebur G, Ploeg HL. Compressive properties of trabecular bone in the distal femur. J Biomech. 2008;41(5):1077-1085.

2002

Provenzano PP, Lakes RS, Corr DT, Vanderby R. Application of nonlinear viscoelastic models to describe ligament behavior. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. June 2002;1(1):45-57.

2001

Cowin SC. The false premise of Wolff's Law. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:30-1–30-15.

2004

Kaneko TS, Bell JS, Pejcic MR, Tehranzadeh J, Keyak JH. Mechanical properties, density and quantitative CT scan data of trabecular bone with and without metastases. J Biomech. April 2004;37(4):523-530.

2001

Provenzano P, Lakes R, Keenan T, Vanderby R Jr. Nonlinear ligament viscoelasticity. Ann Biomed Eng. October 2001;29(10):908-914.

1993

Martin B. Aging and strength of bone as a structural material. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S34-S40.

1994

Goulet RW, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Kuhn JL, Brown MB, Feldkamp LA. The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. April 1994;27(4):375-389.

2003

Keyak JH, Falkinstein Y. Comparison of in situ and in vitro CT scan-based finite element model predictions of proximal femoral fracture load. Med Eng Phys. November 2003;25(9):781-787.

1987

Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79-85.

1992

Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res. February 1992;7(2):137-145.

1991

Faulkner KG, Cann CE, Hasegawa BH. Effect of bone distribution on vertebral strength: assessment with patient-specific nonlinear finite element analysis. Radiology. June 1991;179(3):669-674.

1994

Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.

1989

Linde F, Hvid I. The effect of constraint on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):485-490.

1988

Rice JC, Cowin SC, Bowman JA. On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. J Biomech. 1988;21(2):155-168.

1983

Goldstein SA, Wilson DL, Sonstegard DA, Matthews LS. The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location. J Biomech. 1983;16(12):965-969.

2000

Cody DD, Hou FJ, Divine GW, Fyhrie DP. Short term in vivo precision of proximal femoral finite element modeling. Ann Biomed Eng. April 2000;28(4):408-414.

2003

Van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R, Eckstein F, Rüegsegger P. Trabecular bone tissue strains in the healthy and osteoporotic human femur. J Bone Miner Res. October 2003;18(10):1781-1788.

2007

Yosibash Z, Trabelsi N, Milgrom C. Reliable simulations of the human proximal femur by high-order finite element analysis validated by experimental observations. J Biomech. 2007;40(16):3688-3699.

1970

Galante J, Rostoker W, Ray RD. Physical properties of trabecular bone. Calcif Tiss Res. 1970;5(1):236-246.

1980

Carter DR, Schwab GH, Spengler DM. Tensile fracture of cancellous bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(5):733-741.

2004

Viceconti M, Davinelli M, Taddei F, Cappello A. Automatic generation of accurate subject-specific bone finite element models to be used in clinical studies. J Biomech. 2004;37(10):1597-1605.

1991

Linde F, Nørgaard P, Hvid I, Odgaard A, Søballe K. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependency on strain rate. J Biomech. 1991;24(9):803-809.

1992

Linde F, Hvid I, Madsen F. The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1992;25(4):359-368.

2006

Bouxsein ML, Melton LJ III, Riggs BL, Muller J, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, Robb RA, Camp JJ, Rouleau PA, McCollough CH, Khosla S. Age‐ and sex‐specific differences in the factor of risk for vertebral fracture: a population‐based study using QCT. J Bone Miner Res. September 2006;21(9):1475-1482.

1998

Silva MJ, Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. Computed tomography-based finite element analysis predicts failure loads and fracture patterns for vertebral sections. J Orthop Res. May 1998;16(3):300-308.

1980

Cann CE, Genant HK. Precise measurement of vertebral mineral content using computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980;4(4):493-500.

1997

Nicholson PHF, Cheng XG, Lowet G, Boonen S, Davie MWJ, Dequeker J, Van der Perre G. Structural and material mechanical properties of human vertebral cancellous bone. Med Eng Phys. October 1997;19(8):729-737.

2005

Anderson AE, Peters CL, Tuttle BD, Weiss JA. Subject-specific finite element model of the pelvis: development, validation and sensitivity studies. J Biomech Eng. June 2005;127(3):365-373.

1980

Zilch H, Rohlmann A, Bergmann G, Kölbel R. Material properties of femoral cancellous bone in axial loading, II: time dependent properties. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. December 1980;97(4):257-262.

1988

Turner CH, Cowin SC. Errors induced by off-axis measurement of the elastic properties of bone. J Biomech Eng. August 1988;110(3):213-215.

1989

Turner CH. Yield behavior of bovine cancellous bone [published correction appears in J Biomech Eng. 1989;111(4):335]. J Biomech Eng. August 1989;111(3):256-260.

1976

Hayes WC, Carter DR. Postyield behavior of subchondral trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res. July 1976;10(4):537-544.

1973

Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone: dependence on structure. J Biomech. 1973;6(5):475-485.

1996

Keyak JH, Lee IY, Nath DS, Skinner HB. Postfailure compressive behavior of tibial trabecular bone in three anatomic directions. J Biomed Mater Res. July 1996;31(3):373-378.

2005

Nagaraja S, Couse TL, Guldberg RE. Trabecular bone microdamage and microstructural stresses under uniaxial compression. J Biomech. 2005;38(4):707-716.

1976

Carter DR, Hayes WC. Bone compressive strength: the influence of density and strain rate. Science. September 10, 1976;194(4270):1174-1176.

1977

Carter DR, Hayes WC. The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1977;59A(7):954-962.

1994

Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Ford CM, Hayes WC. Differences between the tensile and compressive strengths of bovine tibial trabecular bone depend on modulus. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1137-1146.

1994

Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Guo XE, Hayes WC. Mechanical behavior of damaged trabecular bone. J Biomech. November 1994;27(11):1309-1318.

1998

Bowman SM, Guo XE, Cheng DW, Keaveny TM, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Creep contributes to the fatigue behavior of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. October 1998;120(5):647-654.

1994

Bowman SM, Keaveny TM, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Compressive creep behavior of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):301-310.

1989

Esses SI, Lotz JC, Hayes WC. Biomechanical properties of the proximal femur determined in vitro by single‐energy quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. October 1989;4(5):715-722.

1998

Yang G, Kabel J, Van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Huiskes R, Cowin SC. The anisotropic Hooke’s law for cancellous bone and wood. J Elast. November 1998;53(2):125-146.

1997

Wachtel EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of trabecular damage on mechanical strain. J Orthop Res. September 1997;15(5):781-787.

1995

van Rietbergen B, Weinans H, Huiskes R, Odgaard A. A new method to determine trabecular bone elastic properties and loading using micromechanical finite-element models. J Biomech. January 1995;28(1):69-81.

1994

Fyhrie DP, Schaffler MB. Failure mechanisms in human vertebral cancellous bone. Bone. 1994;15(1):105-109.

1996

Rho J-Y. An ultrasonic method for measuring the elastic properties of human tibial cortical and cancellous bone. Ultrasonics. December 1996;34(8):777-783.

1995

Rho JY, Hobatho MC, Ashman RB. Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. Med Eng Phys. July 1995;17(5):347-355.

1993

Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. February 1993;26(2):111-119.

1983

Huiskes R, Chao EYS. A survey of finite element analysis in orthopedic biomechanics: the first decade. J Biomech. 1983;16(6):385-409.

1998

Burr DB, Turner CH, Naick P, Forwood MR, Ambrosius W, Hasan MS, Pidaparti R. Does microdamage accumulation affect the mechanical properties of bone? J Biomech. April 1998;31(4):337-345.

2000

Wirtz DC, Schiffers N, Pandorf T, Radermacher K, Weichert D, Forst R. Critical evaluation of known bone material properties to realize anisotropic fe-simulation of the proximal femur. J Biomech. October 2000;33(10):1325-1330.

1994

Keyak JH, Lee IY, Skinner HB. Correlations between orthogonal mechanical properties and density of trabecular bone: use of different densitometric measures. J Biomed Mater Res. November 1994;A28(11):1329-1336.

1990

Keyak JH, Meagher JM, Skinner HB, Mote CD Jr. Automated three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone: a new method. J Biomed Eng. 1990;12(5):389-397.

2001

Keaveny TM, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, Yeh OC. Biomechanics of trabecular bone. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;3:307-333.

1979

Lakes RS, Katz JL, Sternstein SS. Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, I: torsional and biaxial studies. J Biomech. 1979;12(9):657-678.

1998

Kopperdahl DL, Keaveny TM. Yield strain behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech. July 1998;31(7):601-608.

1992

Huiskes R, Weinans H, Van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1992;274:124-134.

1985

McBroom RJ, Hayes WC, Edwards WT, Goldberg RP, White AA III. Prediction of vertebral body compressive fracture using quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67A(8):1206-1214.

1986

Riggs BL, Melton LJ III. Involutional osteoporosis. NEJM. June 26, 1986;314(26):1676-1686.

1990

Lotz JC, Gerhart TN, Hayes WC. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative CT study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. January–February 1990;14(1):107-114.

1991

Røhl L, Larsen E, Linde F, Odgaard A, Jørgensen J. Tensile and compressive properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1991;24(12):1143-1149.

2002

Jaasma MJ, Bayraktar HH, Niebur GL, Keaveny TM. Biomechanical effects of intraspecimen variations in tissue modulus for trabecular bone. J Biomech. 2002;35(2):237-246.

1994

Deligianni DD, Maris A, Missirlis YF. Stress relaxation behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. December 1994;27(12):1469-1476.

2002

Taylor WR, Roland E, Ploeg H, Hertig D, Klabunde R, Warner MD, Hobatho MC, Rakotomanana L, Clift SE. Determination of orthotropic bone elastic constants using FEA and modal analysis. J Biomech. June 2002;35(6):767-773.

1999

Cody DD, Gross GJ, Hou FJ, Spencer HJ, Goldstein SA, Fyhrie DP. Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA. J Biomech. October 1999;32(10):1013-1020.

2001

Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech. 2001;34(5):569-577.

2003

Morgan EF, Bayraktar HH, Keaveny TM. Trabecular bone modulus–density relationships depend on anatomic site. J Biomech. July 2003;36(7):897-904.

1967

Bell GH, Dunbar O, Beck JS, Gibb A. Variations in strength of vertebrae with age and their relation to osteoporosis. Calcif Tiss Res. 1967;1(1):75-86.

1980

Ferry JD. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1980.

1980

Brown TD, Ferguson AB Jr. Mechanical property distributions in the cancellous bone of the human proximal femur. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(1):429-437.

Year	Entry
2021	Atthapreyangkul A. Multi-Scale Finite Element Modelling of Human Cortical Bone: An Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Microdamage Onset of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; April 2021.

Year

Entry

2021

Atthapreyangkul A. Multi-Scale Finite Element Modelling of Human Cortical Bone: An Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Microdamage Onset of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; April 2021.