Human models for crash and impact simulation

Haug, Eberhard; Choi, Hyung-Yun; Robin, Stéphane; Beaugonin, Muriel

Year	Entry
1985	Hvid I, Hansen SL. Trabecular bone strength patterns at the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(4):464-472.
1999	Crandall JR, Duma SM, Bass CR, Pilkey WD, Kuppa SM, Khaewpong N, Eppinger R. Thoracic response and trauma in air bag deployment tests with out-of-position small female surrogates. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 1999;1(2):101-112.
1981	Dostal WF, Andrews JG. A three-dimensional biomechanical model of hip musculature. J Biomech. 1981;14(11):803-812.
1983	Wismans J, Spenny CH. Performance requirements for mechanical necks in lateral flexion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:137-148. SAE 831613.
1990	Cavanaugh JM, Walilko TJ, Malhotra A, Zhu Y, King AI. Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the thorax in twelve sled side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:23-38. SAE 902307.
1984	Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(5):349-361.
1944	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR. Mechanism of head injury as studied by the cathode ray oscilloscope: preliminary report. J Neurosurg. November 1944;1(6):393-399.
1986	Miller JAA, Schultz AB, Warwick DN, Spencer DL. Mechanical properties of lumbar spine motion segments under large loads. J Biomech. 1986;19(1):79-84.
1985	Chazal J, Tanguy A, Bourges M, Gaurel G, Escande G, Guillot M, Vanneuville G. Biomechanical properties of spinal ligaments and a histological study of the supraspinal ligament in traction. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):167-176.
1993	Dalstra M, Huiskes R, Odgaard A, van Erning L. Mechanical and textural properties of pelvic trabecular bone. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):523-535.
1994	Johnson GA, Tramaglini DM, Levine RE, Ohno K, Choi N-Y, Woo SL-Y. Tensile and viscoelastic properties of human patellar tendon. J Orthop Res. 1994;12(6):796-803.
1991	Morgan RM, Eppinger RH, Hennessey BC. Ankle joint injury mechanism for adults in frontal automotive impact. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:189-198. SAE 912902.
1999	Beillas P, Lavaste F, Nicolopoulos D, Kayventash K, Yang KH, Robin S. Foot and ankle finite element modeling using CT-scan data. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:171-184. SAE 99SC11.
2001	Robin S. HUMOS: HUman MOdel for Safety: a joint effort towards the development of refined human-like car occupant models. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1991	Pattimore D, Ward E, Thomas P, Bradford M. The nature and cause of lower limb injuries in car crashes. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:177-188. SAE 912901.
1996	Turquier F, Kang HS, Trosseille X, Willinger R, Lavaste F, Tarriere C, Dômont A. Validation study of a 3D finite element head model against experimental data. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:283-294. SAE 962431.
1976	Eppinger RH. Prediction of thoracic injury using measurable experimental parameters. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 12-15, 1976; Washington, D.C.770-780.
1985	Attarian DE, McCrackin HJ, DeVito DP, McElhaney JH, Garrett WE Jr. Biomechanical characteristics of human ankle ligaments. Foot Ankle. 1985;6(2):54-58.
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1998	Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Eppinger RH. Response and tolerance of the human forearm to impact loading. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:65-74. SAE 983149.
1972	Shuck LZ, Advani SH. Rheological response of human brain tissue in shear. J Basic Eng. December 1972;94(4):905-911.
1994	de Jager M, Sauren A, Thunnissen J, Wismans J. A three-dimensional head-neck model: validation for frontal and lateral impacts. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:93-109. SAE 942211.
1982	Allen BL Jr, Ferguson RL, Lehmann TR, O'Brien RP. A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine. 1982;7(1):1-27.
1972	Markolf KL. Deformation of the thoracolumbar intervertebral joints in response to external loads: a biomechanical study using autopsy material. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1972;54A(3):511-533.
1997	Lewis G, Shaw KM. Tensile properties of human tendo achillis: effect of donor age and strain rate. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;36(6):435-445.
1999	Willinger R, Kang H-S, Diaw B. Three-dimensional human head finite-element model validation against two experimental impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. May–June 1999;27(3):403-410.
1975	Ward CC, Thompson RB. The development of a detailed finite element brain model. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:641-674. SAE 751163.
1989	Yoganandan N, Sances A, Pintar F. Biomechanical evaluation of the axial compressive responses of the human cadaveric and manikin necks. J Biomech Eng. August 1989;111(3):250-255.
1993	Kress TA, Snider JN, Porta DJ, Fuller PM, Wasserman JF, Tucker GV. Human femur response to impact loading. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.93-104.
1955	Hirsch C. The reaction of intervertebral discs to compression forces. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1955;37A(6):1188-1196.
1987	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Tomei G, Wiser R, Graham DI, Adams J. Directional dependence of axonal brain injury due to centroidal and non-centroidal acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 9-11, 1987; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:49-53. SAE 872197.
1955	Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Lissner HR. Observations on the mechanism of brain concussion, contusion, and laceration. Surg Gynecol Obstet. December 1955;101(6):680-690.
1970	Nahum AM, Gadd CW, Schneider DC, Kroell CK. Deflection of the human thorax under sternal impact. 1970. SAE 700400.
1988	Myklebust JB, Pintar F, Yoganandan N, Cusick JF, Maiman D, Myers TJ, Sances A Jr. Tensile strength of spinal ligaments. Spine. May 1988;13(5):528-531.
1983	McElhaney JH, Paver JG, McCrackin HJ, Maxwell GM. Cervical spine compression responses. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:163-177. SAE 831615.
1978	Lin HS, Liu YK, Adams KH. Mechanical response of the lumbar intervertebral joint under physiological (complex) loading. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1978;60A(1):41-55.
1996	van Rietbergen B. Mechanical Behavior and Adaptation of Trabecular Bone in Relation to Bone Morphology [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, Netherlands: Catholic University of Nijmegen; 1996.
1982	Williams JL, Lewis JL. Properties and an anisotropic model of cancellous bone from the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Biomech Eng. February 1982;104(1):50-56.
1974	Behrens JC, Walker PS, Shoji H. Variations in strength and structure of cancellous bone at the knee. J Biomech. 1974;7(3):201-207.
1988	McElhaney JH, Doherty BJ, Paver JG, Myers BS, Gray L. Combined bending and axial loading responses of the human cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1988; Atlanta, GA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:21-28. SAE 881709.
1987	Deng Y-C, Goldsmith W. Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading, II: analytical/numerical model. J Biomech. 1987;20(5):487-497.
1992	Svensson MY, Lövsund P. A dummy for rear-end collisions: development and validation of a new dummy-neck. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.299-310.
2001	Shah CS, Yang KH, Hardy W, Wang HK, King AI. Development of a computer model to predict aortic rupture due to impact loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:161-182. SAE 2001-22-0007.
1974	Schoenfeld CM, Lautenschlager EP, Meyer PR. Mechanical properties of human cancellous bone in the femoral head. Med Biol Eng. 1974;12(3):313-317.
1996	Ebara S, Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Foster RJ, Mow VC, Weidenbaum M. Tensile properties of nondegenerate human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Spine. March 15, 1996;21(4):452-461.
1977	Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-366. SAE 770922.
1989	Lee M-C, Haut RC. Insensitivity of tensile failure properties of human bridging veins to strain rate: implications in biomechanics of subdural hematoma. J Biomech. 1989;22(6-7):537-542.
1984	Eppinger RH, Marcus JH, Morgan RM. Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA’s thoracic side impact protection research program. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 21-24, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 840885.
1989	Lundberg A, Goldie I, Kalin B, Selvik G. Kinematics of the ankle/foot complex: plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. Foot Ankle Int. February 1989;9(4):194-200.
2002	Zhang L, Bae J, Hardy WN, Monson KL, Manley GT, Goldsmith W, Yang KH, King AI. Computational study of the contribution of the vasculature on the dynamic response of the brain. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:145-164. SAE 2002-22-0008.
1969	Rockoff SD, Sweet E, Bleustein J. The relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to the strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1969;3(1):163-175.
1961	Evans FG, King AI. Regional differences in some physical properties of human spongy bone. In: Evans FG, ed. Biomechanical Studies of the Musculo-Skeletal System. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1961:49-67.
1987	Lee M-C, Melvin JW, Ueno K. Finite element analysis of traumatic subdural hematoma. In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 9-11, 1987; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:67-77. SAE 872201.
1976	Burstein AH, Reilly DT, Martens M. Aging of bone tissue: mechanical properties. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58A(1):82-86.
1970	McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM. Mechanical properties of cranial bone. J Biomech. 1970;3(5):495-511.
1986	Cavanaugh JM, Nyquist GW, Goldberg SJ, King AI. Lower abdominal tolerance and response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:41-63. SAE 861878.
1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The elastic modulus for bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):271-275.
2002	Iwamoto M, Kisanuki Y, Watanabe I, Furusu K, Miki K, Hasegawa J. Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
1970	Estes MS, McElhaney JH. Response of brain tissue of compressive loading. ASME Biomechanical & Human Factors Conference; May 31–June 3, 1970; Washington, DC.1-4. ASME Publication 70-BHF-13.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1973	Begeman PC, King AI, Prasad P. Spinal loads resulting from -Gx acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1973; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:343-360. SAE 730977.
1989	Lundberg A, Svensson OK, Bylund C, Goldie I, Selvik G. Kinematics of the ankle/foot complex, II: pronation and supination. Foot Ankle Int. April 1989;9(5):248-253.
1967	Galante JO. Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;(suppl 100):1-91.
1960	Roaf R. A study of the mechanics of spinal injuries. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1960;42B(4):810-823.
1988	Panjabi M, Dvorak J, Duranceau J, Yamamoto I, Gerber M, Rauschning W, Bueff HU. Three-dimensional movements of the upper cervical spine. Spine. July 1988;13(7):726-730.
1998	Wykowski E, Sinnhuber R, Appel H. Finite element model of human lower extremities in a frontal impact. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.101-116.
1979	Pope ME, Kroell CK, Viano DC, Warner CY, Allen SD. Postural influences on thoracic impact. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:767-795. SAE 791028.
1997	van den Kroonenberg A, Thunnissen J, Wismans J. A human model for low-severity rear-impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.117-132.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
1976	Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Lustick L, Muzzy WH, Willems G, Majewski PL. The effect of duration, rate of onset, and peak sled acceleration on the dynamic response of the human head and neck. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:3-41. SAE 760800.
1978	Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Lustick L, Muzzy WH III, Willems GC, Majewski P. Effect of initial position on the human head and neck response to +Y impact acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:103-138. SAE 780888.
1980	Ono K, Kikuchi A, Nakamura M, Kobayashi H, Nakamura N. Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using subhuman primates and human cadaver skulls. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:103-160. SAE 801303.
1989	Linde F, Hvid I, Pongsoipetch B. Energy absorptive properties of human trabecular bone specimens during axial compression. J Orthop Res. May 1989;7(3):432-439.
1985	Nyquist GW, Cheng R, El-Bohy AAR, King AI. Tibia bending: strength and response. In: Proceedings of the 29th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 9-11, 1985; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:99-112. SAE 851728.
1984	Armstrong CG, Lai WM, Mow VC. An analysis of the unconfined compression of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. May 1984;106(2):165-173.
2002	Oshita F, Omori K, Nakahira Y, Miki K. Development of a finite element model of the human body. In: 7th International LS-DYNA Users Conference. May 19-21, 2002; Detroit, MI.3-37–3-48.
1982	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1982;22(8):680-686.
1992	Otte D, von Rheinbaben H, Zwipp H. Biomechanics of injuries to the foot and ankle joint of car drivers and improvements for an optimal car floor development. In: Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1992; Seattle, WA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:43-58. SAE 922514.
1992	Trosseille X, Tarriére C, Lavaste F, Guillon F, Domont A. Development of a F.E.M. of the human head according to a specific test protocol. In: Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1992; Seattle, WA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:235-253. SAE 922527.
1985	Verriest J-P, Chapon A. Validity of thoracic injury criteria based on the number of rib fractures. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.124-132. SAE 856026.
1983	Goldstein SA, Wilson DL, Sonstegard DA, Matthews LS. The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location. J Biomech. 1983;16(12):965-969.
1993	Cavanaugh JM. Biomechanics of thoracic trauma. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993:362-390.
1994	Bouquet R, Ramet M, Bermond F, Cesari D. Thoracic and pelvis human response to impact. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.100-109.
1969	Rack PMH, Westbury DR. The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle. J Physiol. October 1969;204(2):443-460.
1944	Walker AE, Kollros JJ, Case TJ. The physiological basis of concussion. J Neurosurg. March 1944;1(2):103-116.
1975	Shugar TA. Transient structural response of the linear skull-brain system. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:581-614. SAE 751161.
1988	Moroney SP, Schultz AB, Miller JAA, Andersson GBJ. Load-displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):769-779.
1994	Cesari D, Bouquet R. Comparison of Hybrid III and human cadaver thorax deformations loaded by a thoracic belt. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:65-76. SAE 942209.
1990	Cesari D, Bouquet R. Behaviour of human surrogates thorax under belt loading. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-81. SAE 902310.
1993	Portier L, Trosseille X, Le Coz J-Y, Lavaste F, Coltat J-C. Lower leg injuries in real-world frontal accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.57-78.
1996	Beaugonin M, Haug E, Cesari D. A numerical model of the human ankle/foot under impact loading in inversion and eversion. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:239-249. SAE 962428.
1997	Beaugonin M, Haug E, Cesari D. Improvement of numerical ankle/foot model: modeling of deformable bone. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:225-237. SAE 973331.
1997	Irwin A, Mertz HJ. Biomechanical basis for the CRABI and Hybrid III child dummies. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-12. SAE 973317.
1995	Beaugonin M, Haug E, Munck G, Cesari D. A preliminary numerical model of the human ankle under impact loading. International Conference on Pelvic and Lower Extremity Injuries Proceedings; 1995.277-289.
1989	Yoganandan N, Haffner M, Maiman DJ, Nichols H, Pintar FA, Jentzen J, Weinshel SS, Larson SJ, Sances A Jr. Epidemiology and injury biomechanics of motor vehicle related trauma to the human spine. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:223-242. SAE 892438.
1983	Robbins DH, Schneider LW, Snyder RG, Pflug M, Haffner M. Seated posture of vehicle occupants. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:199-224. SAE 831617.
1985	Winters JM, Stark L. Analysis of fundamental human movement patterns through the use of in-depth antagonistic muscle models. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1985;32(10):826-839.
1997	Donnelly BR, Medige J. Shear properties of human brain tissue. J Biomech Eng. November 1997;119(4):423-232.
1999	Ono K, Inami S, Kaneoka K, Gotou T, Kisanuki Y, Sakuma S, Miki K. Relationship between localized spine deformation and cervical vertebral motions for low speed rear impacts using human volunteers. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.149-164.
1993	Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
1997	Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-356. SAE 973340.
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
1988	Winters JM, Stark L. Estimated mechanical properties of synergistic muscles involved in movements of a variety of human joints. J Biomech. 1988;21(12):1027-1041.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1966	Gadd CW. Use of a weighted-impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:164-174. SAE 660793.
1974	Löwenhielm P. Dynamic properties of the parasagittal bridging veins. Z Rechtsmedizin. March 1974;74(1):55-62.
1985	Deng Y-C. Human Head Neck Upper-Torso Model Response to Dynamic Loading [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1985.
1970	Melvin JW, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL. Development of a mechanical model of the human head: determination of tissue properties and synthetic substitute materials. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:221-240. SAE 700903.
1970	Galante J, Rostoker W, Ray RD. Physical properties of trabecular bone. Calcif Tiss Res. 1970;5(1):236-246.
1975	Currey JD. The effects of strain rate, reconstruction and mineral content on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. J Biomech. 1975;8(1):81-86.
1973	Melvin JW, Stalnaker RL, Roberts VL, Trollope ML. Impact injury mechanisms in abdominal organs. In: Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1973; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:115-126. SAE 730968.
1990	Margulies SS, Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA. Physical model simulations of brain injury in the primate. J Biomech. 1990;23(8):823-836.
1992	Margulies SS, Thibault LE. A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man. J Biomech. August 1992;25(8):917-923.
1993	Begeman P, Balakrishnan P, Levine R, King A. Dynamic human ankle response to inversion and eversion. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:83-93. SAE 933115.
1992	Begeman PC, Balakrishnan P, King AI. Human ankle response in dorsiflexion. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Injury Prevention Through Biomechanics Symposium. April 10-11, 1992; Detroit, MI.9-20.
1999	Palaniappan P Jr, Wipasuramonton P, Begeman P, Tanavde AS, Zhu F. A three-dimensional finite element model of the human arm. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:351-363. SAE 99SC25.
1991	Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA, Kuhn JL, Cody DD, Brown MB. Evaluation of orthogonal mechanical properties and density of human trabecular bone from the major metaphyseal regions with materials testing and computed tomography. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(5):674-682.
2001	Beillas P, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI, Arnoux P-J, Kang H-S, Kayvantash K, Brunet C, Cavallero C, Prasad P. Lower limb: advanced FE model and new experimental data. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:469-494. SAE 2001-22-0022.
1995	Goel VK, Monroe BT, Gilbertson LG, Brinckmann P. Interlaminar shear stresses and laminae separation in a disc: finite element analysis of the L3-L4 motion segment subjected to axial compressive loads. Spine. March 15, 1995;20(6):689-698.
1982	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.
1980	Gennarelli TA. Analysis of head injury severity by AIS-80. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.147-155.
1984	Bowman BM, Schneider LW, Lustick LS, Anderson WR, Thomas DJ. Simulation analysis of head and neck dynamic response. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:173-205. SAE 841668.
2001	Bogduk N, Yoganandan N. Biomechanics of the cervical spine, III: minor injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). May 2001;16(4):267-275.
1994	Bandak FA, Eppinger RH. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational accelerations. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:145-163. SAE 942215.
1994	Irwin AL. Analysis and CAL3D Model of the Shoulder and Thorax Responses of Seven Cadavers Subjected to Lateral Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.
1984	Mertz HJ. A procedure for normalizing impact response data. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 21-24, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-8. SAE 840884.
1987	Dvorak J, Hayek J, Zehnder R. CT-functional diagnostics of the rotatory instability of upper cervical spine, II: an evaluation on healthy adults and patients with suspected instability. Spine. October 1987;12(8):726-731.
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Year	Entry
2011	Choi H-Y, Kwak D-S. Morphologic characteristics of Korean elderly rib. J Automotive Safety Energy. 2011;2(2):122-127.
2006	Kent RW, Bass CR, Woods WA, Salzar RS, Lee S-H, Melvin J. The role of muscle tensing on the force-deflection response of the thorax and a reassessment of frontal impact thoracic biofidelity corridors. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D-J Automob Eng. 2006;220(7):853-868.
2017	Chhor A, McGuckin D, Choi HY, Han M, Lee I. Rollover simulation using an active human model. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2011	Subit D, Kindig M, Li Z, Kent R, Baudrit P, Jansova M, Hyncik L, Dziewonski T, Toczyski J. Prediction of rib cage fracture in computational modeling: effect of rib cortical thickness distribution and intercostal muscles mechanical properties. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2011.
2007	Shaw G, Lessley D, Evans J, Crandall J, Shin J, Portier P, Paoloni G. Quasi-static and dynamic thoracic loading tests: cadaveric torsos. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.325-348.
2009	Shaw G, Parent D, Purtsezov S, Lessley D, Kerrigan J, Shin J, Crandall J, Zama Y, Ejima S, Kamiji K, Yasuki T. Frontal impact PMHS sled tests for FE torso model development. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.341-356.
2009	Shin J, Untaroiu C, Lessley D, Crandall J. Thoracic response to shoulder belt loading: investigation of chest stiffness and longitudinal strain pattern of ribs. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 20-23, 2009; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2009-01-0384.
2005	Kent R, Lee S-H, Darvish K, Wang S, Poster CS, Lange AW, Brede C, Lange D, Matsuoka F. Structural and material changes in the aging thorax and their role in crash protection for older occupants. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2005;49:231-249. SAE 2005-22-0011.
2006	Murakami D, Kobayashi S, Torigaki T, Kent R. Finite element analysis of hard and soft tissue contributions to thoracic response: sensitivity analysis of fluctuations in boundary conditions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:169-189. SAE 2006-22-0008.
2009	Vezin P, Berthet F. Structural characterization of human rib cage behavior under dynamic loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:93-125. SAE 2009-22-0004.
2010	El-Jawahri RE, Laituri TR, Ruan JS, Rouhana SW, Barbat SD. Development and validation of age-dependent FE human models of a mid-sized male thorax. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:407-430. SAE 2010-22-0017.
2010	Kindig MW, Lau AG, Forman JL, Kent RW. Structural response of cadaveric ribcages under a localized loading: stiffness and kinematic trends. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:337-380. SAE 2010-22-0015.
2016	Hwang E, Hu J, Chen C, Klein KF, Miller CS, Reed MP, Rupp JD, Hallman JJ. Development, evaluation, and sensitivity analysis of parametric finite element whole-body human models in side impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2016;60:473-508.
2013	Untaroiu CD, Yue N, Shin J. A finite element model of the lower limb for simulating automotive impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. March 2013;41(3):513-526.
2013	Li Z, Kindig MW, Kerrigan JR, Kent RW, Crandall JR. Development and validation of a subject-specific finite element model of a human clavicle. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2013;16(8):819-829.
2015	Kindig M, Li Z, Kent R, Subit D. Effect of intercostal muscle and costovertebral joint material properties on human ribcage stiffness and kinematics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2015;18(4):556-570.
2015	Shi X, Cao L, Reed MP, Rupp JD, Hu J. Effects of obesity on occupant responses in frontal crashes: a simulation analysis using human body models. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2015;18(12):1280-1292.
2010	Lessley DJ, Salzar R, Crandall J, Kent R, Bolton JR, Bass CR, Guillemot H, Forman JL. Kinematics of the thorax under dynamic belt loading conditions. Int J Crashworthiness. 2010;15(2):175-190.
2006	Behr M, Arnoux P-J, Serre T, Thollon L, Brunet C. Tonic finite element model of the lower limb. J Biomech Eng. April 2006;128(2):223-228.
2019	Ayagara AR, Langlet A, Hambli R. On dynamic behavior of bone: experimental and numerical study of porcine ribs subjected to impact loads in dynamic three-point bending tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2019;98:336-347.
2010	Duprey S, Subit D, Guillemot H, Kent RW. Biomechanical properties of the costovertebral joint. Med Eng Phys. March 2010;32(2):222-227.
2010	Li Z, Kindig MW, Subit D, Kent RW. Influence of mesh density, cortical thickness and material properties on human rib fracture prediction. Med Eng Phys. November 2010;32(9):998-1008.
2010	Forman JL, Del Pozo de Dios E, Kent RW. A pseudo-elastic effective material property representation of the costal cartilage for use in finite element models of the whole human body. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11(6):613-622.
2011	Wagnac É. Expérimentation et modélisation détaillée de la colonne vertébrale pour étudier le rôle de facteurs anatomiques et biomécaniques sur les traumatismes rachidiens [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2011.
2006	Ali T. The Aging Human Thorax: Structural and Material Characterization [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2006.
2009	Forman J. The Structural Characteristics of the Costal Cartilage: The Roles of Calcification and the Perichondrium, and the Representation of the Costal Cartilage in Finite Element Models of the Human Body [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2009.
2009	Kindig MM. Tolerance to Failure and Geometric Influences on the Stiffness of Human Ribs Under Anterior-Posterior Loading [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2009.
2012	Vavalle NA. Validation of the Global Human Body Models Consortium Mid-Sized Male Model in Lateral Impacts and Sled Tests [Master's thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; August 2012.
2015	Vavalle NA. The Application of a Radial Basis Function Morphing Technique to a Validated Full Human Body Finite Element Model [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; May 2015.