Skeletal Tissue Mechanics

Year	Entry
1990	Beaupré GS, Orr TE, Carter DR. An approach for time‐dependent bone modeling and remodeling: theoretical development. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):651-661.
2001	Huang C-Y, Mow VC, Ateshian GA. The role of flow-independent viscoelasticity in the biphasic tensile and compressive responses of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. October 2001;123(5):410-417.
1990	Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
1963	Hashin Z, Shtrikman S. A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials. J Mech Phys Solids. March–April 1963;11(2):127-140.
2012	Tu X, Rhee Y, Condon KW, Bivi N, Allen MR, Dwyer D, Stolina M, Turner CH, Robling AG, Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Sost downregulation and local Wnt signaling are required for the osteogenic response to mechanical loading. Bone. January 2012;50(1):209-217.
1995	Matyas JR, Anton MG, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Stress governs tissue phenotype at the femoral insertion of the rabbit MCL. J Biomech. February 1995;28(2):147-157.
1980	Martin RB, Pickett JC, Zinaich S. Studies of skeletal remodeling in aging men. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1980;149:268-282.
2007	Tatsumi S, Ishii K, Amizuka N, Li M, Kobayashi T, Kohno K, Ito M, Takeshita S, Ikeda K. Targeted ablation of osteocytes induces osteoporosis with defective mechanotransduction. Cell Metab. June 2007;5(6):464-475.
1995	Schaffler MB, Choi K, Milgrom C. Aging and matrix microdamage accumulation in human compact bone. Bone. December 1995;17(6):521-525.
1975	Currey JD, Butler G. The mechanical properties of bone tissue in children. J Bone Joint Surg. September 1975;57A(6):810-814.
2011	Price C, Zhou X, Li W, Wang L. Real‐time measurement of solute transport within the lacunar‐canalicular system of mechanically loaded bone: direct evidence for load‐induced fluid flow. J Bone Miner Res. February 2011;26(2):277-285.
1999	Zioupos P, Currey JD, Hamer AJ. The role of collagen in the declining mechanical properties of aging human cortical bone. J Biomed Mater Res. May 1999;A45(2):108-116.
1998	Turner CH. Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone. November 1998;23(5):399-407.
1961	Frost HM, Roth H, Villanueva AR. Physical characteristics of bone, III: a semimicro measurement of unit shear stress. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1961;9(1):157-162.
1987	Frost HM. The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents. Bone Miner. April 1987;2(2):73-85.
1990	Li XJ, Jee WSS, Chow S-Y, Woodbury DM. Adaptation of cancellous bone to aging and immobilization in the rat: a single photon absorptiometry and histomorphometry study. Anat Rec. May 1990;227B(1):12-24.
1978	Robertson DM, Smith DC. Compressive strength of mandibular bone as a function of microstructure and strain rate. J Biomech. 1978;11(10-12):455-471.
1969	Currey JD. The relationship between the stiffness and the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):477-480.
2000	Knothe Tate ML, Steck R, Forwood MR, Niederer P. In vivo demonstration of load-induced fluid flow in the rat tibia and its potential implications for processes associated with functional adaptation. J Exp Biol. September 2000;203(18):2737-2745.
1997	Owan I, Burr DB, Turner CH, Qiu J, Tu Y, Onyia JE, Duncan RL. Mechanotransduction in bone: osteoblasts are more responsive to fluid forces than mechanical strain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. September 1997;273(3):C810-C815.
1970	Piekarski K. Fracture of bone. J Appl Phys. January 1970;41(1):215-223.
1973	Piekarski K. Analysis of bone as a composite material. Int J Eng Sci. June 1973;11(6):557-565.
2002	Wang X, Shen X, Li X, Agrawal CM. Age-related changes in the collagen network and toughness of bone [published correction appears in Bone. 2003;32(1):107]. Bone. 2002;31(1):1-7.
1979	Lanyon LE, Bourn S. The influence of mechanical function on the development and remodeling of the tibia: an experimental study in sheep. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1979;61A(2):263-273.
1982	O'Connor JA, Lanyon LE, MacFie H. The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(10):767-781.
1983	Haut RC. Age-dependent influence of strain rate on the tensile failure of rat-tail tendon. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):296-299.
1982	Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):141-154.
1984	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17(12):897-905.
2008	Fuchs RK, Allen MR, Ruppel ME, Diab T, Phipps RJ, Miller LM, Burr DB. In situ examination of the time-course for secondary mineralization of Haversian bone using synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Matrix Biol. January 2008;27(1):34-41.
1986	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT, Baust G. Modulation of bone loss during calcium insufficiency by controlled dynamic loading. Calcif Tiss Int. July 1986;38(4):209-216.
2001	Fuchs RK, Bauer JJ, Snow CM. Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. January 2001;16(1):148-156.
1982	Martin RB, Burr DB. A hypothetical mechanism for the stimulation of osteonal remodelling by fatigue damage. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):137-139.
1989	Martin RB, Ishida J. The relative effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bone strength. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):419-426.
1987	Krajcinovic D, Trafimow J, Sumarac D. Simple constitutive model for a cortical bone. J Biomech. 1987;20(8):779-784.
1969	Ellis DG. Cross-sectional area measurements for tendon specimens: a comparison of several methods. J Biomech. 1969;2(2):175-186.
1990	Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT. Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. J Orthop Res. July 1990;8(4):604-611.
1984	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):397-402.
2003	Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH, Rannevik G, Karlsson MK. Bone loss and bone size after menopause. NEJM. July 24, 2003;349(4):327-334.
2013	Willett TL, Sutty S, Gaspar A, Avery N, Grynpas M. In vitro non-enzymatic ribation reduces post-yield strain accommodation in cortical bone. Bone. February 2013;52(2):611-622.
1980	Jaworski ZFG, Liskova-Kiar M, Uhthoff HK. Effect of long-term immobilisation on the pattern of bone loss in older dogs. J Bone Joint Surg. February 1980;62B(1):104-110.
1979	Goodship AE, Lanyon LE, McFie H. Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress: an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1979;61A(4):539-546.
1960	Frost HM. Presence of microscopic cracks in vivo in bone. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1960;8(1):25-35.
1996	Rubin C, Gross T, Qin Y-X, Fritton S, Guilak F, McLeod K. Differentiation of the bone-tissue remodeling response to axial and torsional loading in the turkey ulna. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1996;78A(11):1665-1676.
1964	Frost HM. Mathematical Elements of Lamellar Bone Remodelling. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
1983	Bensusan JS, Davy DT, Heiple KG, Verdin KG. Tensile, compressive and torsional testing of cancellous bone. In: Transacation of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 8-10, 1983; Anaheim, CA.132.
1997	Gross TS, Edwards JL, Mcleod KJ, Rubin CT. Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. June 1997;12(6):982-988.
1983	Neil JL, Demos TC, Stone JL, Hayes WC. Tensile and compressive properties of vertebral trabecular bone. In: Transacation of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. March 8-10, 1983; Anaheim, CA.344.
1989	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Ciarelli MJ, Matthews LS. The limitations of canine trabecular bone as a model for human: a biomechanical study. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):95-107.
1995	Cowin SC, Weinbaum S, Zeng Y. A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of strain generated potentials. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1281-1297.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1981	Roesler H. Some historical remarks on the theory of cancellous bone structure (Wolff's Law). In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:27-42.
1990	Choi K, Kuhn JL, Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA. The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue and the size-dependency of cortical bone modulus. J Biomech. 1990;23(11):1103-1113.
1976	Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM. Mechanical Design in Organisms. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1976.
1993	Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone. 1993;14(4):595-608.
1992	Turner CH. On Wolff's law of trabecular architecture. J Biomech. January 1992;25(1):1-9.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
2005	Skedros JG, Holmes JL, Vajda EG, Bloebaum AD. Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral‐deficient: new data in a historical perspective. Anat Rec. September 2005;286A(1):781-803.
1994	Turner CH, Forwood MR, Rho J, Yoshikawa T. Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. January 1994;9(1):87-97.
1974	Gray RJ, Korbacher GK. Compressive fatigue behaviour of bovine compact bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):287-292.
1974	Noyes FR, DeLucas JL, Torvik PJ. Biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament failure: an analysis of strain-rate sensitivity and mechanisms of failure in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1974;56A(2):236-253.
1976	Noyes FR, Grood ES. The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and Rhesus monkeys. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58A(8):1074-1082.
1996	Burr DB, Milgrom C, Fyhrie D, Forwood M, Nyska M, Finestone A, Hoshaw S, Saiag E, Simkin A. In vivo measurement of human tibial strains during vigorous activity. Bone. May 1996;18(5):405-410.
1990	Burr DB, Stafford T. Validity of the bulk-staining technique to separate artifactual from in vivo bone microdamage. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1990;260:305-308.
1974	Barnes GRG, Pinder DN. In vivo tendon tension and bone strain measurement and correlation. J Biomech. January 1974;7(1):35-42.
1981	Katz JL. Composite material models for cortical bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:171-184.
2011	Barth HD, Zimmermann EA, Schaible E, Tang SY, Alliston T, Ritchie RO. Characterization of the effects of x-ray irradiation on the hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of human cortical bone. Biomaterials. December 2011;32(34):8892-8904.
1991	Lai WM, Hou JS, Mow VC. A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. August 1991;113(3):245-258.
1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56A(5):1001-1022.
1985	Frost HM. The pathomechanics of osteoporoses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1985;200:198-225.
1987	Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. September 1987;219(1):1-9.
1986	Frost HM. Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton. Vols. 1-2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
1990	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Inc., John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
1989	Caler WE, Carter DR. Bone creep-fatigue damage accumulation. J Biomech. 1989;22(6-7):625-635.
1995	Norman TL, Vashishth D, Burr DB. Fracture toughness of human bone under tension. J Biomech. March 1995;28(3):309-320.
1997	Norman TL, Wang Z. Microdamage of human cortical bone: incidence and morphology in long bones. Bone. April 1997;20(4):375-379.
1992	Norman TL, Vashishth D, Burr DB. Effect of groove on bone fracture toughness. J Biomech. December 1992;25(12):1489-1492.
1967	Evans FG, Bang S. Differences and relationships between the physical properties and the microscopic structure of human femoral, tibial and fibular cortical bone. Am J Anat. January 1967;120(1):79-88.
1993	Martin RB, Boardman DL. The effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bovine cortical bone bending properties. J Biomech. September 1993;26(9):1047-1054.
1990	Woo SL-Y, Peterson RH, Ohland KJ, Sites TJ, Danto MI. The effects of strain rate on the properties of the medial collateral ligament in skeletally immature and mature rabbits: a biomechanical and histological study. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):712-721.
1969	Evans FG, Vincentelli R. Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1969;2(1):63-73.
1985	Hvid I, Hansen SL. Trabecular bone strength patterns at the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(4):464-472.
1970	Lanyon LE, Smith RN. Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):238-248.
1973	Lanyon LE. Analysis of surface bone strain in the calcaneus of sheep during normal locomotion: strain analysis of the calcaneus. J Biomech. 1973;6(1):41-49.
1974	Lanyon LE. Experimental support for the trajectorial theory of bone structure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56B(1):160-166.
1975	Lanyon LE, Hampson WGJ, Goodship AE, Shah JS. Bone deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human tibial shaft. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975;46(2):256-268.
1976	Lanyon LE, Baggott DG. Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1976;58B(4):436-443.
1985	Kaplan SJ, Hayes WC, Stone JL, Beaupré GS. Tensile strength of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(9):723-727.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Uniaxial fatigue of human cortical bone: the influence of tissue physical characteristics. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):461-470.
1974	Simkin A, Robin G. Fracture formation in differing collagen fiber pattern of compact bone. J Biomech. 1974;7(2):183-188.
1990	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. Sex differences in age-related changes in vertebral body size, density and biomechanical competence in normal individuals. Bone. 1990;11(2):67-73.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
1997	Tomkinson A, Reeve J, Shaw RW, Noble BS. The death of osteocytes via apoptosis accompanies estrogen withdrawal in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. September 1997;82(9):3128-3135.
1968	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The viscoelastic properties of some biological materials. Annals NY Acad Sci. January 1968;146:158-165.
2011	Ritchie RO. The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nat Mater. November 2011;10(11):817-822.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC, Schurman DJ. Fatigue life of compact bone, II: effects of microstructure and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):211-218.
1990	Boyde A, Riggs CM. The quantitative study of the orientation of collagen in compact bone slices. Bone. 1990;11(1):35-39.
1980	Mow VC, Kuei SC, Lai WM, Armstrong CG. Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression: theory and experiments. J Biomech Eng. February 1980;102(1):73-84.
2011	Nakashima T, Hayashi M, Fukunaga T, Kurata K, Oh-hora M, Feng JQ, Bonewald LF, Kodama T, Wutz A, Wagner EF, Penninger JM, Takayanagi H. Evidence for osteocyte regulation of bone homeostasis through RANKL expression. Nat Med. October 2011;17(10):1231-1234.
1974	Bargren JH, Bassett CAL, Gjelsvik A. Mechanical properties of hydrated cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):239-245.
2002	Hengsberger S, Kulik A, Zysset P. Nanoindentation discriminates the elastic properties of individual human bone lamellae under dry and physiological conditions. Bone. 2002;30(1):178-184.
1979	Lakes R, Saha S. Cement line motion in bone. Science. May 4, 1979;204(4392):501-503.
1994	Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Y. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):339-360.
2003	Seeman E. Periosteal bone formation: a neglected determinant of bone strength. NEJM. July 24, 2003;349(4):320-323.
2000	You J, Yellowley CE, Donahue HJ, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Jacobs CR. Substrate deformation levels associated with routine physical activity are less stimulatory to bone cells relative to loading-induced oscillatory fluid flow. J Biomech Eng. August 2000;122(4):387-393.
2012	Moustafa A, Sugiyama T, Prasad J, Zaman G, Gross TS, Lanyon LE, Price JS. Mechanical loading-related changes in osteocyte sclerostin expression in mice are more closely associated with the subsequent osteogenic response than the peak strains engendered. Osteoporos Int. April 2012;23(4):1225-1234.
1957	Fukada E, Yasuda I. On the piezoelectric effect of bone. J Phys Soc Jpn. October 1957;12(10):1158-1162.
2011	Green JO, Wang J, Diab T, Vidakovic B, Guldberg RE. Age-related differences in the morphology of microdamage propagation in trabecular bone. J Biomech. October 13, 2011;44(15):2659-2666.
2005	Nyman JS, Reyes M, Wang X. Effect of ultrastructural changes on the toughness of bone. Micron. October–December 2005;36(7-8):566-582.
1997	Noble BS, Stevens H, Loveridge N, Reeve J. Identification of apoptotic changes in osteocytes in normal and pathological human bone. Bone. March 1997;20(3):273-282.
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2001	Bakker AD, Soejima K, Klein-Nulend J, Burger EH. The production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ by primary bone cells is shear stress dependent. J Biomech. May 2001;34(5):671-677.
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2005	Diab T, Vashishth D. Effects of damage morphology on cortical bone fragility. Bone. July 2005;37(1):96-102.
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1971	Vincentelli R, Evans FG. Relations among mechanical properties, collagen fibers, and calcification in adult human cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1971;4(3):193-201.
2008	Robling AG, Niziolek PJ, Baldridge LA, Condon KW, Allen MR, Alam I, Mantila SM, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Bellido TM, Harris SE, Turner CH. Mechanical stimulation of bone in vivo reduces osteocyte expression of Sost/sclerostin. J Biol Chem. February 29, 2008;283(9):5866-5875.
2003	Xu J, Rho JY, Mishra SR, Fan Z. Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation characterization of human lamellar bone prepared by microtome sectioning and mechanical polishing technique. J Biomed Mater Res. December 1, 2003;A67(3):719-726.
2006	Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S. Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (‘entheses’) in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. J Anat. April 2006;208(4):471-490.
2000	Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. Partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading. J Bone Miner Res. August 2000;15(8):1596-1602.
2001	Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. Recovery periods restore mechanosensitivity to dynamically loaded bone. J Exp Biol. 2001;204(19):3389-3399.
2002	Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr DB, Turner CH. Improved bone structure and strength after long‐term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts. J Bone Miner Res. August 2002;17(8):1545-1554.
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