Mechanical Adaptations of Bone

Year	Entry
2007	Cowin SC, Doty SB. Bone tissue. In: Tissue Mechanics. Boca Raton, FL: Springer; 2007:341-384.
2007	Cowin SC, Doty SB. Bone tissue adaptation. In: Tissue Mechanics. Boca Raton, FL: Springer; 2007:385-424.
1991	Weinans HH. Mechanically Induced Bone Adaptations Around Orthopaedic Implants [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen; 1991.
1991	Kahn AJ, Partridge NC. Bone resorption in vivo. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 2: The Osteoclast. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1991:119-140.
1991	de Ricqles A, Meunier FJ, Castanet J, Francillon-Vieillot H. Comparative microstructure of bone. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 3: Bone Matrix and Bone Specific Products. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1991:1-78.
1992	Jaworski ZFG. Haversian systems and Haversian bone. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 3: Bone Metabolism and Mineralization. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1992:21-45.
2001	Lakes R. Viscoelastic properties of cortical bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:11-1–11-15.
2005	Mow VC, Huiskes R. A brief history of science and orthopaedic biomechanics. In: Mow VC, Huiskes R, eds. Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics & Mechano-Biology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:1-27.
2011	Ferguson VL, Olesiak SE. Nanoindentation of bone. In: Oyen ML, ed. Handbook of Nanoindentation With Biological Applications. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd; 2011:185-237.
1988	Melton LJ III, Chao EYS, Lane J. Biomechanical aspects of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:111-131.
1990	Currey JD. Function and form of bone. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:3-30.
1990	Cowin SC. Properties of cortical bone and theory of bone remodeling. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:119-153.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
2006	Mercer C, He MY, Wang R, Evans AG. Mechanisms governing the inelastic deformation of cortical bone and application to trabecular bone. Acta Biomater. January 2006;2(1):59-68.
2014	Reznikov N, Shahar R, Weiner S. Bone hierarchical structure in three dimensions. Acta Biomater. September 2014;10(8):3815-3826.
2021	Raguin E, Rechav K, Shahar R, Weiner S. Focused ion beam-SEM 3D analysis of mineralized osteonal bone: lamellae and cement sheath structures. Acta Biomater. February 2021;121:497-513.
2009	Chen P-Y, Stokes AG, McKittrick J. Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Acta Biomater. February 2009;5(2):693-706.
2002	Banse X. When density fails to predict bone strength. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73(2)(suppl 303):2-57.
1993	Riggs CM, Lanyon LE, Boyde A. Functional associations between collagen fibre orientation and locomotor strain direction in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol. March 1993;187(3):231-238.
1993	Riggs CM, Vaughan LC, Evans GP, Lanyon LE, Boyde A. Mechanical implications of collagen fibre orientation in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol. March 1993;187(3):239-248.
1987	Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. September 1987;219(1):1-9.
1990	Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), I: redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem. Anat Rec. 1990;226(4):403-413.
1990	Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), II: redefining Wolff's Law: the remodeling problem. Anat Rec. April 1990;226(4):414-422.
1990	Li XJ, Jee WSS, Chow S-Y, Woodbury DM. Adaptation of cancellous bone to aging and immobilization in the rat: a single photon absorptiometry and histomorphometry study. Anat Rec. May 1990;227B(1):12-24.
2003	Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat Rec. 2003;275A(2):1081-1101.
2005	Skedros JG, Holmes JL, Vajda EG, Bloebaum AD. Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral‐deficient: new data in a historical perspective. Anat Rec. September 2005;286A(1):781-803.
1994	Frost HM. Wolff's law and bone's structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians. Angle Orthod. June 1994;64(3):175-188.
2006	Turner CH. Bone strength: current concepts. Annals NY Acad Sci. 2006;1068(1):429-446.
1998	Weiner S, Wagner HD. The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Ann Rev Mater Sci. August 1998;28:271-298.
1991	Bertram JEA, Swartz SM. The “law of bone transformation”: a case of crying Wolff? Biol Rev. August 1991;66(3):245-273.
1994	Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. Compressive properties of cortical bone: mineral-organic interfacial bonding. Biomaterials. January 1994;15(2):137-145.
1995	Currey JD, Brear K, Zioupos P, Reilly GC. Effect of formaldehyde fixation on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. Biomaterials. 1995;16(16):1267-1271.
2004	Hellmich C, Ulm F-J, Dormieux L. Can the diverse elastic properties of trabecular and cortical bone be attributed to only a few tissue-independent phase properties and their interactions? arguments from a multiscale approach. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. June 2004;2(4):219-238.
2000	Jäger I, Fratzl P. Mineralized collagen fibrils: a mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophys J. October 2000;79(4):1737-1746.
1987	Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79-85.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
1991	Turner CH. Homeostatic control of bone structure: an application of feedback theory. Bone. 1991;12(3):203-217.
1993	van der Meulen MCH, Beaupré GS, Carter DR. Mechanobiologic influences in long bone cross-sectional growth. Bone. July–August 1993;14(4):635-642.
1993	Boyce TM, Bloebaum RD. Cortical aging differences and fracture implications for the human femoral neck. Bone. September–October 1993;14(5):769-778.
1994	Crofts RD, Boyce TM, Bloebaum RD. Aging changes in osteon mineralization in the human femoral neck. Bone. March–April 1994;15(2):147-152.
1996	Ziv V, Wagner HD, Weiner S. Microstructure-microhardness relations in parallel-fibered and lamellar bone. Bone. May 1996;18(5):417-428.
1997	Bloebaum RD, Skedros JG, Vajda EG, Bachus KN, Constantz BR. Determining mineral content variations in bone using backscattered electron imaging. Bone. May 1997;20(5):485-490.
1997	Weiner S, Arad T, Sabanay I, Traub. W. Rotated plywood structure of primary lamellar bone in the rat: orientations of the collagen fibril arrays. Bone. June 1997;20(6):509-514.
1999	Wenk H-R, Heidelbach F. Crystal alignment of carbonated apatite in bone and calcified tendon: results from quantitative texture analysis. Bone. April 1999;24(4):361-369.
2000	Fyhrie DP, Vashishth D. Bone stiffness predicts strength similarly for human vertebral cancellous bone in compression and for cortical bone in tension. Bone. February 2000;26(2):169-173.
2000	Parfitt AM, Travers R, Rauch F, Glorieux FH. Structural and cellular changes during bone growth in healthy children. Bone. October 2000;27(4):487-494.
2001	Roschger P, Rinnerthaler S, Yates J, Rodan GA, Fratzl P, Klaushofer K. Alendronate increases degree and uniformity of mineralization in cancellous bone and decreases the porosity in cortical bone of osteoporotic women. Bone. August 2001;29(2):185-191.
2002	Parfitt AM. Targeted and nontargeted bone remodeling: relationship to basic multicellular unit origination and progression. Bone. January 2002;30(1):5-7.
2002	Rubin C, Turner AS, Mallinckrodt C, Jerome C, Mcleod K, Bain S. Mechanical strain, induced noninvasively in the high-frequency domain, is anabolic to cancellous bone, but not cortical bone. Bone. March 2002;30(3):445-452.
2002	Burr DB. The contribution of the organic matrix to bone's material properties. Bone. July 2002;31(1):8-11.
2003	Roschger P, Gupta HS, Berzlanovich A, Ittner G, Dempster DW, Fratzl P, Cosman F, Parisien M, Lindsay R, Nieves JW, Klaushofer K. Constant mineralization density distribution in cancellous human bone. Bone. March 2003;32(3):316-323.
2020	Haimov H, Shimoni E, Brumfeld V, Shemesh M, Varsano N, Addadi L, Weiner S. Mineralization pathways in the active murine epiphyseal growth plate. Bone. January 2020;130:115086.
2021	Ghasem-Zadeh A, Galea MP, Nunn A, Panisset M, Wang X-F, Iuliano S, Boyd SK, Forwood MR, Seeman E. Heterogeneity in microstructural deterioration following spinal cord injury. Bone. January 2021;142:115778.
1992	Frost HM. Perspectives: bone's mechanical usage windows. Bone Miner. December 1992;19(3):257-271.
1988	Frost HM. Vital biomechanics: proposed general concepts for skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage. Calcif Tiss Int. May 1988;42(3):145-156.
1989	Frost HM. Transient-steady state phenomena in microdamage physiology: a proposed algorithm for lamellar bone. Calcif Tiss Int. June 1989;44(6):367-381.
1993	Biewener AA. Safety factors in bone strength. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S68-S74.
1993	Burr DB. Remodeling and the repair of fatigue damage. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S75-S81.
1993	Lanyon LE. Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S102-S107.
1995	Duncan RL, Turner CH. Mechanotransduction and the functional response of bone to mechanical strain. Calcif Tiss Int. December 1995;57(5):344-358.
2003	Martin RB. Fatigue microdamage as an essential element of bone mechanics and biology. Calcif Tiss Int. August 2003;73(2):101-107.
1988	Brinckmann P, Biggemann M, Hilweg D. Fatigue fracture of human lumbar vertebrae. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1988;3(suppl 1):S1-S23.
1987	Carter DR, Orr TE, Fyhrie DP, Schurmant DJ. Influences of mechanical stress on prenatal and postnatal skeletal development. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1987;219:237-250.
1992	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1992;274:124-134.
1992	Weiner S, Traub W. Bone structure: from ȧngstroms to microns. FASEB J. February 1992;6(3):879-885.
2020	Zhou J, Cui Z, Sevostianov I. Effect of saturation on the elastic properties and anisotropy of cortical bone. Int J Eng Sci. October 2020;155:103362.
2000	Lee TC, O'Brien FJ, Taylor D. The nature of fatigue damage in bone. Int J Fract. November 2000;22(10):847-853.
2006	Gao H. Application of fracture mechanics concepts to hierarchical biomechanics of bone and bone-like materials. Int J Fract. March–April 2006;138(1-4):101-137.
2007	Vashishth D. Hierarchy of bone microdamage at multiple length scales. Int J Fatigue. June 2007;29(6):1024-1033.
1990	Beck TJ, Ruff CB, Warden KE, Scott wW Jr, Rao GU. Predicting femoral neck strength from bone mineral data: a structural approach. Invest Radiol. January 1990;25(1):6-18.
2000	Huiskes R. If bone is the answer, then what is the question? J Anat. August 2000;197(2):145-156.
2003	Ferguson VL, Bushby AJ, Boyde A. Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. J Anat. August 2003;203(2):191-202.
2012	Skedros JG, Knight AN, Farnsworth RW, Bloebaum RD. Do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei. J Anat. March 2012;220(3):242-255.
1987	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1135-1150.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
1988	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Frederickson RG. Composition of the cement line and its possible mechanical role as a local interface in human compact bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(11):939-945.
1989	Sasaki N, Matsushima N, Ikawa T, Yamamura H, Fukuda A. Orientation of bone mineral and its role in the anisotropic mechanical properties of bone: transverse anisotropy. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):157-164.
1989	Martin RB, Ishida J. The relative effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bone strength. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):419-426.
1989	Currey JD. Strain rate dependence of the mechanical properties of reindeer antler and the cumulative damage model of bone fracture. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):469-475.
1991	Carter DR, Wong M, Orr TE. Musculoskeletal ontogeny, phylogeny, and functional adaptation. J Biomech. 1991;24(suppl 1):3-16.
1991	Sasaki N, Ikawa T, Fukuda A. Orientation of mineral in bovine bone and the anisotropic mechanical properties of plexiform bone. J Biomech. 1991;24(1):57-61.
1992	Hogan HA. Micromechanics modeling of Haversian cortical bone properties. J Biomech. May 1992;25(5):549-556.
1992	Wagner HD, Weiner S. On the relationship between the microstructure of bone and its mechanical stiffness. J Biomech. November 1992;25(11):1311-1320.
1993	Sasaki N, Yoshikawa M. Stress relaxation in native and EDTA-treated bone as a function of mineral content. J Biomech. 1993;26(1):77-83.
1993	Mammone JF, Hudson SM. Micromechanics of bone strength and fracture. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):439-446.
1993	Sasaki N, Nakayama Y, Yoshikawa M, Enyo A. Stress relaxation function of bone and bone collagen. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1369-1376.
1994	Guo X-DE, McMahon TA, Keaveny TM, Hayes WC, Gibson LJ. Finite element modeling of damage accumulation in trabecular bone under cyclic loading. J Biomech. February 1994;27(2):145-155.
1995	Mikić B, Carter DR. Bone strain gage data and theoretical models of functional adaptation. J Biomech. April 1995;28(4):465-469.
1996	Pattin CA, Caler WE, Carter DR. Cyclic mechanical property degradation during fatigue loading of cortical bone. J Biomech. January 1996;29(1):69-79.
1996	Zysset PK, Curnier A. A 3D damage model for trabecular bone based on fabric tensors. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1549-1558.
1997	Braidotti P, Branca FP, Stagni L. Scanning electron microscopy of human cortical bone failure surfaces. J Biomech. February 1997;30(2):155-162.
1997	Vashishth D, Behiri JC, Bonfield W. Crack growth resistance in cortical bone: concept of microcrack toughening. J Biomech. August 1997;30(8):763-769.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1999	Liu D, Weiner S, Wagner HD. Anisotropic mechanical properties of lamellar bone using miniature cantilever bending specimens. J Biomech. July 1999;32(7):647-654.
1999	Catanese J III, Iverson EP, Ng RK, Keaveny TM. Heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of demineralized bone. J Biomech. December 1999;32(12):1365-1369.
2000	Sevostianov I, Kachanov M. Impact of the porous microstructure on the overall elastic properties of the osteonal cortical bone. J Biomech. July 2000;33(7):881-888.
2001	Hazelwood SJ, Martin RB, Rashid MM, Rodrigo JJ. A mechanistic model for internal bone remodeling exhibits different dynamic responses in disuse and overload. J Biomech. March 2001;34(3):299-308.
2002	Kim HS, Al-Hassan STS. A morphological model of vertebral trabecular bone. J Biomech. August 2002;35(8):1101-1114.
2003	Hengsberger S, Enstroem J, Peyrin F, Zysset P. How is the indentation modulus of bone tissue related to its macroscopic elastic response? a validation study. J Biomech. October 2003;36(10):1503-1509.
2010	Santos L, Romeu JC, Canhão H, Fonseca JE, Fernandes PR. A quantitative comparison of a bone remodeling model with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and analysis of the inter-individual biological variability of femoral neck T-score. J Biomech. December 1, 2010;43(16):3150-3155.
2011	Coelho PG, Fernandes PR, Rodrigues HC. Multiscale modeling of bone tissue with surface and permeability control. J Biomech. January 11, 2011;44(2):321-329.
1993	Huiskes R, Hollister SJ. From structure to process, from organ to cell: recent developments of FE-analysis in orthopaedic biomechanics. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4B):520-527.
1996	Prendergast PJ, Huiskes R. Microdamage and osteocyte-lacuna strain in bone: a microstructural finite element analysis. J Biomech Eng. May 1996;118(2):240-246.
1999	Fondrk MT, Bahniuk EH, Davy DT. Inelastic strain accumulation in cortical bone during rapid transient tensile loading. J Biomech Eng. December 1999;121(6):616-621.
2014	Aiyangar AK, Vivanco J, Au AG, Anderson PA, Smith EL, Ploeg H-L. Dependence of anisotropy of human lumbar vertebral trabecular bone on quantitative computed tomography-based apparent density. J Biomech Eng. September 2014;136(9):091003.
2020	Sharma NK, Sharma S, Rathi A, Kumar A, Saini KV, Sarker MD, Naghieh S, Ning L, Chen X. Micromechanisms of cortical bone failure under different loading conditions. J Biomech Eng. September 2020;142(9):094501.
1993	McCalden RW, McGeough JA, Barker MB, Court-Brown CM. Age-related changes in the tensile properties of cortical bone: the relative importance of changes in porosity, mineralization, and microstructure. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75A(8):1193-1205.
1995	Buckwalter JA, Glimcher MJ, Cooper RR, Recker R. Bone biology, I: structure, blood supply, cells, matrix, and mineralization. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1995;77A(8):1256-1275.
1991	Raab DM, Crenshaw TD, Kimmel DB, Smith EL. A histomorphometric study of cortical bone activity during increased weight-bearing exercise. J Bone Miner Res. July 1991;6(7):741-749.
1995	Rawlinson SCF, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Pitsillides AA, Lanyon LE. Calvarial and limb bone cells in organ and monolayer culture do not show the same early responses to dynamic mechanical strain. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(8):1225-1232.
2000	Borah B, Dufresne TE, Cockman MD, Gross GJ, Sod EW, Myers WR, Combs KS, Higgins RE, Pierce SA, Stevens ML. Evaluation of changes in trabecular bone architecture and mechanical properties of minipig vertebrae by three‐dimensional magnetic resonance microimaging and finite element modeling. J Bone Miner Res. September 2000;15(9):1786-1797.
2003	Paschalis EP, Burr DB, Mendelsohn R, Hock JM, Boskey AL. Bone mineral and collagen quality in humeri of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys given rhPTH(1–34) for 18 months. J Bone Miner Res. April 2003;18(4):769-775.
2003	Qiu S, Rao DS, Palnitkar S, Parfitt AM. Reduced iliac cancellous osteocyte density in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res. September 2003;18(9):1657-1663.
1993	Bonadio J, Jepsen KJ, Mansoura MK, Jaenisch R, Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA. A murine skeletal adaptation that significantly increases cortical bone mechanical properties: implications for human skeletal fragility. J Clin Invest. October 1993;92(4):1697-1705.
1998	Swartz SM, Parker A, Huo C. Theoretical and empirical scaling patterns and topological homology in bone trabeculae. J Exp Biol. February 1998;201(4):573-590.
1998	Akiva U, Wagner HD, Weiner S. Modelling the three-dimensional elastic constants of parallel-fibred and lamellar bone. J Mater Sci. March 15, 1998;33(6):1497-1509.
2000	Liu D, Wagner HD, Weiner S. Bending and fracture of compact circumferential and osteonal lamellar bone of the baboon tibia. J Mater Sci Mater Med. January 2000;11(1):49-60.
2004	Ji B, Gao H. Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials. J Mech Phys Solids. September 2004;52(9):1963-1990.
1990	Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT. Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. J Orthop Res. July 1990;8(4):604-611.
1990	Beaupré GS, Orr TE, Carter DR. An approach for time‐dependent bone modeling and remodeling: theoretical development. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):651-661.
1999	Weiner S, Traub W, Wagner HD. Lamellar bone: structure–function relations. J Struct Biol. June 1999;126(3):241-255.
2001	Roschger P, Grabner BM, Rinnerthaler S, Tesch W, Kneissel M, Berzlanovich A, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. Structural development of the mineralized tissue in the human L4 vertebral body. J Struct Biol. November 2001;136(2):126-136.
2020	Raguin E, Rechav K, Brumfeld V, Shahar R, Weiner S. Unique three-dimensional structure of a fish pharyngeal jaw subjected to unusually high mechanical loads. J Struct Biol. August 1, 2020;211(2):107530.
2020	Buss DJ, Reznikov N, McKee MD. Crossfibrillar mineral tessellation in normal and Hyp mouse bone as revealed by 3D FIB-SEM microscopy. J Struct Biol. November 1, 2020;212(2):107603.
1988	Bertram JEA, Biewener AA. Bone curvature: sacrificing strength for load predictability? J Theo Biol. March 7, 1988;131(1):75-92.
2007	Skedros JG, Baucomb SL. Mathematical analysis of trabecular “trajectories” in apparent trajectorial structures: the unfortunate historical emphasis on the human proximal femur. J Theo Biol. January 7, 2007;244(1):15-45.
1985	Currey JD, Alexander RM. The thickness of the walls of tubular bones. J Zool. 1985;206(4):453-468.
1990	Brear K, Currey JD, Pond CM. Ontogenetic changes in the mechanical properties of the femur of the polar bear Ursus maritimus. J Zool. 1990;222(1):49-58.
2006	Adharapurapu RR, Jiang F, Vecchio KS. Dynamic fracture of bovine bone. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. September 2006;26(8):1325-1332.
1995	Rho JY, Hobatho MC, Ashman RB. Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. Med Eng Phys. July 1995;17(5):347-355.
1993	Lakes R. Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature. February 11, 1993;361(6412):511-515.
2001	Thompson JB, Kindt JH, Drake B, Hansma HG, Morse DE, Hansma PK. Bone indentation recovery time correlates with bond reforming time. Nature. December 13, 2001;414(6865):773-776.
1994	Parfitt AM. The two faces of growth: benefits and risks to bone integrity. Osteoporos Int. November 1994;4(6):382-398.
2004	Wegst UGK, Ashby MF. The mechanical efficiency of natural materials. Philos Mag. July 21, 2004;84(21):2167-2181.
2008	Meyers MA, Chen P-Y, Lin AY-M, Seki Y. Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Prog Mater Sci. January 2008;53(1):1-206.
1989	Biewener AA. Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science. July 7, 1989;245(4913):45-48.
1998	Zysset PK, Guo XE, Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Goldstein SA. Mechanical properties of human trabecular bone lamellae quantified by nanoindentation. Technol Health Care. December 1998;6(5-6):429-432.
2004	Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. The aging of Wolff's “law”: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Yearb Phys Anthropol. 2004;47:63-99.
1996	Hillam RA. Response of Bone to Mechanical Load and Alterations in Circulating Hormones [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; October 1996.
2017	Saers JPP. Ontogeny and Functional Adaptation of Trabecular Bone in the Human Foot [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; July 2017.
1989	Fondrk MT. An Experimental and Analytical Investigation Into the Nonlinear Constitutive Equations of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 1989.
2010	Campbell SE. Nanoindentation of Bio- and Geo-Mineralized Composites: Contribution of Microstructure and Composition [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010.
1989	Athanasiou KA. Biomechanical Assessment of Articular Cartilage Healing and Interspecies Variability [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1989.
2002	Dong X. Micromechanics of Osteonal Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2002.
2003	Winwood K. An Experimental Investigation Into the Effects of Cyclic Fatigue on Ageing Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield University; September 2003.
1999	Yang G. Averaging and Bounding of Anisotropic Elastic Constants [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 1999.
1994	Zysset P. A Constitutive Law for Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1994.
2010	Dupont KM. Human Stem Cell Delivery and Programming for Functional Regeneration of Large Segmental Bone Defects [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; May 2010.
1991	Farley CT. Mechanical and Energetic Constraints in Terrestrial Locomotion [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; May 1991.
1993	Guo X-DE. Fatigue of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; 1993.
1994	Runestad JA. Humeral and Femoral Diaphyseal Cross-Sectional Geometry and Articular Dimensions in Prosimii and Platyrrhini (primates) With Application for Reconstruction of Body Mass and Locomotor Behavior in Adapidae (primates: Eocene) [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; March 1994.
1995	Heinrich RE. Functional Morphology and Body Size of Early Tertiary Miacoidea (mammalia, Carnivora) [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; 1995.
1999	Egi N. Functional Morphology of the Limb Bones in Recent Carnivores and Its Application to North American Hyaenodontid Creodonta [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; 1999.
1997	Heinonen A. Exercise as an Osteogenic Stimulus [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 1997.
2002	Kontulainen S. Training, Detraining and Bone: Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass and Structure With Special Reference to Maintenance of the Exercise-Induced Bone Gain [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 2002.
2002	Hudson JA. The Ontogeny of Transverse Femoral Geometry and Bone Modeling in the Ward Skeletal Population [PhD thesis]. Kent State University; August 2002.
2011	Abdel-Wahab AA-GM. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
2002	Egerer AK. The Relationship Between the Osteonal Cement Line and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Loma Linda University; June 2002.
2023	Buss DJ. Mineralization of Biological Fiber Systems [PhD thesis]. McGill University; July 2023.
2017	Osorio DA. Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels: Processing Techniques and Bone Scaffolding Applications [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; August 2017.
1998	Robling AG. Histomorphometric Assessment of Mechanical Loading History from Human Skeletal Remains: The Relation Between Micromorphology and Macromorphology At the Femoral Midshaft [PhD thesis]. University of Missouri; December 1998.
2010	Johnson TPM. On the Rate-Dependent Constitutive Response of Cortical and Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2010.
2012	Zhao Y. Bone Indentation Modeling Via Analytical and Finite Element Methods [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; March 2012.
2013	Verbruggen SW. Mechanobiological Origins of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. National University of Ireland Galway; September 2013.
1992	Bloomfield SA. Site-Specific Changes in Bone Mass and Alterations in Calciotropic Hormones With Electrical Stimulation Exercise in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1992.
2019	Curto M. Multi-Material 3D Printing of Bioinspired Mechanical Structures [PhD thesis]. Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth; March 2019.
1997	McCrory JL. A Biomechanical Comparison of 1-G and Fully Loaded Simulated Zero-Gravity Locomotion [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 1997.
2011	Ahmed F. Multiscale Quantitative Imaging of Human Femoral Heads Using X-Ray Microtomography [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; 2011.
2012	Brennan MA. Close to the Bone: Investigations Into Bone Tissue Mineralisation and Mechanobiology of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. University of Southampton; January 2012.
1988	Whalen RT. The Influence of the Daily Stress History on the Regulation of Bone Density [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; February 1988.
1990	Orr TE. The Role of Mechanical Stresses in Bone Remodeling [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 1990.
1991	Pattin CAG. Cyclic Mechanical Property Degradation in Bone During Fatigue Loading [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; March 1991.
1993	van der Meulen MCH. The Influence of Mechanics on Long Bone Development and Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1993.
2009	Alwood JS. Radiation and Mechanical Unloading Effects on Mouse Vertebral Bone: Ground-Based Models of the Spaceflight Environment [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2009.
2000	O’Brien FJ. Microcracks and the Fatigue Behaviour of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; October 2000.
2006	Soares Silva LDM. Nanoindentation Study and Quantitative Backscattered Electron Imaging of Human Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; 2006.
2003	Fox JC. Biomechanics of the Proximal Femur: Role of Bone Distribution and Architecture [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2003.
1987	Stover SM. Dorsal Metacarpal Disease in Thoroughbred Horses: Relationship to the Development of the Third Metacarpal Bone [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 1987.
2003	Nyman JS. Simulations of Bone Adaptation to Total Knee Arthroplasty and Bisphosphonates Through Remodeling Stimulated by Microdamage and Disuse [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2003.
2013	Wang Y-K. Multi-Level Micromechanical Modeling of Bone Tissues [PhD thesis]. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles, University of California; 2013.
1996	Adams DJ. Mechanical Factors Initiating Appositional Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 1996.
2002	Beardsley CL. Development of Quantitative Measures for Bone Comminution Severity [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 2002.
1995	Tseng K-F. Investigating the Structure-Function Relationships of Long Bone: An Approach Using Growth Hormone Mouse Models [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1996	Germiller JA. Influence of Skeletal Muscle on Embryonic Long Bone Development [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1996.
1996	Rouleau JP. The Influence of Cyclic Strain Amplitude and Timing of Mechanical Stimulation on Secondary Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1996.
2021	Atthapreyangkul A. Multi-Scale Finite Element Modelling of Human Cortical Bone: An Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Microdamage Onset of Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; April 2021.
1996	Beck BR. The Relationship of Streaming Potential Magnitude to Strain and Periosteal Modeling [PhD thesis]. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon; December 1996.
2013	Liao L. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Proximal Femur and Surrounding Muscles: in Vivo Precision [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; September 2013.
1993	Boyce TM. Aging Changes Within the Human Femoral Neck Cortex [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; August 1993.
1998	Vajda EG. Age-Related Changes in the Microstructure and Mineralization of the Female Proximal Femur [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; March 1998.
2010	Beckstrom AB. Histologic and Geometric Data Challenge the Assumption of Habitual Superior-Inferior (tension-Compression) Bending Across the Chimpanzee Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2010.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2002	Stock JT. Climatic and Behavioural Influences on Postcranial Robusticity Among Holocene Foragers [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2002.
2010	Wynnyckyj C. The Consequences of Collagen Degradation on Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2018	Khor F. Computational Modeling of Hard Tissue Response and Fracture in the Lower Cervical Spine Under Compression Including Age Effects [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2018.
2021	Fiori CJ-BM. An in Vitro Model of Oxidative Damage in Bovine Cortical Bone to Induce Bone Fragility [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2021.
2014	Reznikov N. The Adaptation of Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Weizmann Institute of Science; July 2014.
2022	Luo TD. The Effects of Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Bone Damage [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; September 2022.
1994	Kohles SS. Elastic and Physiochemical Relationships Within Cortical Bone: Growth Hormone Treatment of a Dwarf Rat Model [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 1994.
2011	Aiyangar AK. Physical and Computational Modeling of Subsidence of Anterior Interbody Fusion Devices [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.
2016	Collins CJ. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods to Determine Mechanical Properties of Long Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1985.
2001	Parsamian GP. Damage Mechanics of Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.
2002	Hustosky KT. Experimental Characterization of the Mechanical Consequences of a Debonded Total Hip Stem With an Unsupported Distal Tip [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 2002.
1992	Oxland TR. Burst Fractures of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation [PhD thesis]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; May 1992.
1993	Sedman AJ. Mechanical Failure and Antler: The Accumulation of Bone of Damage [PhD thesis]. York, UK: University of York; September 1993.