Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis

Year	Entry
1917	Koch JC. The laws of bone architecture. Am J Anat. March 1917;21(2):177-298.
1954	Hirsch C, Nachemson A. New observations on the mechanical behavior of lumbar discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1954;23(4):254-283.
1950	Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Lissner HR. The mechanism of skull fracture. J Neurosurg. 1950;7(2):106-114.
1949	Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Lissner HR. Studies on skull fracture with particular reference to engineering factors. Am J Surg. November 1949;78(5):736-742.
1951	Evans FG, Lebow M. Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur. J Appl Physiol. 1951;3(9):563-572.
1880	Messerer O. Über Elasticität und Festigkeit der menschlichen Knochen. Stuttgart, Germany: Cotta; 1880.
1952	Evans FG, Lebow M. The strength of human compact bone as revealed by engineering technics. Am J Surg. March 1952;83(3):326-331.
1952	Dempster WT, Liddicoat RT. Compact bone as a non-isotropic material. Am J Anat. 1952;91(3):331-362.
1944	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR. Mechanism of head injury as studied by the cathode ray oscilloscope: preliminary report. J Neurosurg. November 1944;1(6):393-399.

Year	Entry
1962	Currey JD. Stress concentrations in bone. Q J Microsc Sci. March 1962;103(1):111-133.
1963	Frost HM. Bone Remodelling Dynamics. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1963.
1964	Frost HM. Mathematical Elements of Lamellar Bone Remodelling. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
1964	Frost HM. The Laws of Bone Structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
1993	Fung YC. Bone and cartilage. In: Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993:500-544.
1970	McElhaney J, Alem N, Roberts V. A porous block model for cancellous bones. Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; November 29–December 3, 1970; New York, NY.1-9. ASME Publication 70-WA/BHF-2.
1970	Evans FG. Impact tolerance of human pelvic and long bones. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:402-417.
1986	Frost HM. Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton. Vols. 1-2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
1972	Kummer BKF. Biomechanics of bone: mechanical properties, functional structure, functional adaptation. In: Fung YC, Perrone N, Anliker M, eds. Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives. Symposium on Biomechanics, its Foundations and Objectives; July 29-31, 1970. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Inc., Prentice-Hall International; 1972:237-271.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
1982	States JD, Hight PV. Tolerance of human femur derived from an accidental fall. In: 26th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 4-6, 1982; Ottawa, ON.37-51.
1985	European Experimental Vehicles Committee. Cycle and light-powered two-wheeler accidents. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.1152-1206. SAE 856132.
1990	Hopes PD, Chinn BP. The correlation of damage to crash helmets with injury, and the implications for injury tolerance criteria. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.319-331.
1995	Kress TA, Porta DJ, Snider JN, Fuller PM, Psihogios JP, Heck WL, Frick SJ, Wasserman JF. Fracture patterns of human cadaver long bones. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.155-169.
1961	Evans FG. Mechanics of bone fracture. In: Proceedings of the 5th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. September 14-16, 1961; University of Minnesota. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:144-157.
1964	Hodgson VR, Nakamura GS, Talwalker RK. Response of the facial structure to impact. In: Patrick LM, ed. Proceedings of the 8th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. October 21-23, 1964; Wayne State University. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press:229-250. SAE 640852.
1966	Stapp JP. Review of air force research on biodynamics of collision injury. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:325-342. SAE 660805.
1968	Greenberg SW, Gonzalez D, Gurdjian ES, Thomas LM. Changes in physical properties of bone between the in vivo, freshly dead, and embalmed conditions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:271-279. SAE 680783.
1958	Evans FG. Relations between the microscopic structure and tensile strength of human bone. Acta Anat. 1958;35(4):285-301.
1964	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The ultimate tensile strength of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1964;58(1-2):160-183.
1965	Heřt J, Kučera P, Vávra M, Voleník V. Comparison of the mechanical properties of both the primary and Haversian bone tissue. Acta Anat. 1965;61(3):412-423.
1960	Nachemson A. Lumbar intradiscal pressure: experimental studies on post-mortem material. Acta Orthop Scand. 1960;31(suppl 43):1-104.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1965	Hirsch C, Evans FG. Studies on some physical properties of infant compact bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;35(4):300-313.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1967	Lindahl O, Lindgren ÅGH. Cortical bone in man, II: variation in tensile strength with age and sex. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):141-147.
1970	Lanyon LE, Smith RN. Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):238-248.
1976	Lindahl O. Mechanical properties of dried defatted spongy bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1976;47(1):11-19.
1967	Evans FG, Bang S. Differences and relationships between the physical properties and the microscopic structure of human femoral, tibial and fibular cortical bone. Am J Anat. January 1967;120(1):79-88.
1975	Turner AS, Mills EJ, Gabel AA. In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse. Am J Vet Res. November 1975;36(11):1573-1579.
1967	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1967;158(4):375-386.
1976	Evans FG. Mechanical properties and histology of cortical bone from younger and older men. Anat Rec. 1976;185(1):1-12.
1990	Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), I: redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem. Anat Rec. 1990;226(4):403-413.
2003	Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat Rec. 2003;275A(2):1081-1101.
1965	Elliott DH. Structure and function of mammalian tendon. Biol Rev. August 1965;40(3):392-421.
1964	Currey JD. Three analogies to explain the mechanical properties of bone. Biorheology. 1964;2(1):1-10.
1988	Frost HM. Vital biomechanics: proposed general concepts for skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage. Calcif Tiss Int. May 1988;42(3):145-156.
1989	Frost HM. Transient-steady state phenomena in microdamage physiology: a proposed algorithm for lamellar bone. Calcif Tiss Int. June 1989;44(6):367-381.
1969	Rockoff SD, Sweet E, Bleustein J. The relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to the strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1969;3(1):163-175.
1974	Currey JD, Brear K. Tensile yield in bone. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1974;15(1):173-179.
1977	Saha S, Hayes WC. Relations between tensile impact properties and microstructure of compact bone. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1977;24(1):65-72.
1966	Nachemson A. The load on lumbar disks in different positions of the body. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–March 1966;45:107-122.
1970	Abendschein W, Hyatt GW. Ultrasonics and selected physical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–April 1970;69:294-301.
1970	Currey JD. The mechanical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November–December 1970;73:210-231.
1979	Perren SM. Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January–February 1979;138:175-196.
1985	Frost HM. The pathomechanics of osteoporoses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1985;200:198-225.
2009	Currey J. Measurement of the mechanical properties of bone: a recent history. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2009;467(8):1948-1954.
1969	Robbins DH, Wood JL. Determination of mechanical properties of the bones of the skull. Exp Mech. May 1969;9(5):236-240.
1974	Saha S, Hayes WC. Instrumented tensile-impact tests of bone. Exp Mech. December 1974;14(12):473-478.
1971	Heřt J, Lišková M, Landa J. Reaction of bone to mechanical stimuli, I: continuous and intermittent loading of tibia in rabbit. Folia Morphol (Praha). August 1971;19(3):290-300.
1960	Frost HM. Presence of microscopic cracks in vivo in bone. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1960;8(1):25-35.
1961	Frost HM, Roth H, Villanueva AR. Physical characteristics of bone, III: a semimicro measurement of unit shear stress. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull. 1961;9(1):157-162.
1959	Vose GP, Kubala AL Jr. Bone strength: its relationship to x-ray determined ash content. Hum Biol. September 1959;31:261-270.
1973	Piekarski K. Analysis of bone as a composite material. Int J Eng Sci. June 1973;11(6):557-565.
1959	Currey JD. Differences in the tensile strength of bone of different histological types. J Anat. January 1959;93(1):87-95.
1957	Evans FG, Lissner HR. Tensile and compressive strength of human parietal bone. J Appl Physiol. May 1957;10(3):493-497.
1959	Lease GO, Evans FG. Strength of human metatarsal bones under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. 1959;14(1):49-51.
1961	Dempster WT, Coleman RF. Tensile strength of bone along and across the grain. J Appl Physiol. March 1961;16(2):355-360.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
1968	Ommaya AK. Mechanical properties of tissues of the nervous system. J Biomech. 1968;1(2):127-136.
1968	Nachemson AL, Evans JH. Some mechanical properties of the third human lumbar interlaminar ligament (ligamentum flavum). J Biomech. August 1968;1(3):211-220.
1969	Burdi AR, Huelke DF, Snyder RG, Lowrey GH. Infants and children in the adult world of automobile safety design: pediatric and anatomical considerations for design of child restraints. J Biomech. July 1969;2(3):267-280.
1969	Seireg A, Kempke W. Behavior of in vivo bone under cyclic loading. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):455-461.
1970	McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM. Mechanical properties of cranial bone. J Biomech. 1970;3(5):495-511.
1972	Cochran GVB. Implantation of strain gages on bone in vivo. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):119-123.
1972	Chamay A, Tschantz P. Mechanical influences in bone remodeling: experimental research on Wolff's law. J Biomech. March 1972;5(2):173-180.
1972	Pope MH, Outwater JO. The fracture characteristics of bone substance. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):457-465.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone: dependence on structure. J Biomech. 1973;6(5):475-485.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. A structural model for the mechanical behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1973;6(6):657-670.
1974	Bargren JH, Bassett CAL, Gjelsvik A. Mechanical properties of hydrated cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):239-245.
1974	Gray RJ, Korbacher GK. Compressive fatigue behaviour of bovine compact bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):287-292.
1976	Saha S, Hayes WC. Tensile impact properties of human compact bone. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):243-251.
1978	Hayes WC, Swenson LW Jr, Schurman DJ. Axisymmetric finite element analysis of the lateral tibial plateau. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):21-33.
1979	Churches AE, Howlett CR, Waldron KJ, Ward GW. The response of living bone to controlled time-varying loading: method and preliminary results. J Biomech. 1979;12(1):35-45.
1979	Alto A, Pope MH. On the fracture toughness of equine metacarpi. J Biomech. 1979;12(6):415-421.
1986	Corondan G, Haworth WL. A fractographic study of human long bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):207-218.
1987	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1135-1150.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1973	Cooke FW, Zeidman H, Scheifele SJ. The fracture mechanics of bone: another look at composite modeling. J Biomed Mater Res. May 1973;7(3):383-399.
1959	Evans FG, Lissner HR. Biomechanical studies on the lumbar spine and pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1959;41A(2):278-290.
1970	Evans FG, Riolo ML. Relations between the fatigue life and histology of adult human cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1970;52A(8):1579-1586.
1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56A(5):1001-1022.
1985	McBroom RJ, Hayes WC, Edwards WT, Goldberg RP, White AA III. Prediction of vertebral body compressive fracture using quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67A(8):1206-1214.
1994	Myers BS, Arbogast KB, Lobaugh B, Harper KD, Richardson WJ, Drezner MK. Improved assessment of lumbar vertebral body strength using supine lateral dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. J Bone Miner Res. May 1994;9(5):687-693.
1965	Currey JD. Anelasticity in bone and echinoderm skeletons. J Exp Biol. October 1965;43(2):279-292.
1966	Bartley MH Jr, Arnold JS, Haslam RK, Jee SS Webster. The relationship of bone strength and bone quantity in health, disease and aging. J Gerontol. 1966;21(4):517-521.
1967	Currey JD. The failure of exoskeletons and endoskeletons. J Morphol. 1967;123(1):1-16.
1966	Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR. Is bone hydraulically strengthened? Med Biol Eng. September 1966;4(5):433-438.
1974	Schoenfeld CM, Lautenschlager EP, Meyer PR. Mechanical properties of human cancellous bone in the femoral head. Med Biol Eng. 1974;12(3):313-317.
1971	Moon DW, Beedle CW, Kovacic CR. Peak head acceleration of athletes during competition: football. Med Sci Sports. Spring 1971;3(1):44-50.
2012	Moore E. The Frequency, Aqueous Solution, Stress Amplitude, Temperature (FAST) Machine: A Device Proposed for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; August 2012.
2011	Abdel-Wahab AA-GM. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
1998	Robling AG. Histomorphometric Assessment of Mechanical Loading History from Human Skeletal Remains: The Relation Between Micromorphology and Macromorphology At the Femoral Midshaft [PhD thesis]. University of Missouri; December 1998.
1972	Pugh JW. Structure and Dynamic Properties of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1972.
1975	Lakes RS. Viscoelastic and Dielectric Relaxation in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; July 1975.
1973	Margel-Robertson DR. Studies of Fracture in Bone [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; March 1973.
1998	Arslanoğlu R. Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Aspects of Cellular Mechanotransduction [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; December 1998.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University; 1985.
1993	Sedman AJ. Mechanical Failure and Antler: The Accumulation of Bone of Damage [PhD thesis]. York, UK: University of York; September 1993.