Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude

Rubin, Clinton T.; Lanyon, Lance E.

Year	Entry
1991	Lanyon LE. Biomechanical properties of bone and response of bone to mechanical stimuli: functional strain as a controlling influence on bone modeling and remodeling behavior. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 3: Bone Matrix and Bone Specific Products. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1991:79-108.
2001	Jee WSS. Integrated bone tissue physiology: anatomy and physiology. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:1-1–1-68.
2001	Fritton SP, Rubin CT. Dense bone tissue as a molecular composite. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:8-1–8-41.
2001	Goodship AE, Cunningham JL. Pathophysiology of functional adaptation of bone in remodeling and repair in vivo. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:26-1–26-31.
2025	Skedros JG. Biomechanical foundations of histological analysis in limb bones: the crucial role of load-complexity categorization and collagen fiber orientation analysis when interpreting bone adaptation. In: Stout SD, Crowder C, eds. Bone Histology: A Biological Anthropological Perspective. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2025:150-224.
1990	Carter DR, Wong M. Mechanical stresses in joint morphogenesis and maintenance. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:155-174.
1993	Fung YC. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
1994	Goodman SB. The effects of micromotion and particulate materials on tissue differentiation: bone chamber studies in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65(suppl 258).
1993	Chow JW, Jagger CJ, Chambers TJ. Characterization of osteogenic response to mechanical stimulation in cancellous bone of rat caudal vertebrae. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. August 1993;265(2, pt 1):E340-E347.
1994	Chow JW, Chambers TJ. Indomethacin has distinct early and late actions on bone formation induced by mechanical stimulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. August 1994;267(2):E287-E292.
1995	Turner CH, Owan I, Takano Y. Mechanotransduction in bone: role of strain rate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. September 1995;269(3):E438-E442.
1996	Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I, Murrell GA. Nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME suppresses mechanically induced bone formation in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. April 1996;270(4):E634-E639.
1996	Johnson DL, McAllister TN, Frangos JA. Fluid flow stimulates rapid and continuous release of nitric oxide in osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. July 1996;271(1):E205-E208.
1990	Wong M, Carter DR. A theoretical model of endochondral ossification and bone architectural construction in long bone ontogeny. Anat Embryol. July 1990;181(6):523-532.
2009	McNamara LM, Majeska RJ, Weinbaum S, Friedrich V, Schaffler MB. Attachment of osteocyte cell processes to the bone matrix. Anat Rec. March 2009;292(3):355-363.
2003	Judex S, Boyd S, Qin Y-X, Turner S, Ye K, Müller R, Rubin C. Adaptations of trabecular bone to low magnitude vibrations result in more uniform stress and strain under load. Ann Biomed Eng. January 2003;31(1):12-20.
2003	Yeni YN, Hou FJ, Ciarelli T, Vashishth D, Fyhrie DP. Trabecular shear stresses predict in vivo linear microcrack density but not diffuse damage in human vertebral cancellous bone. Ann Biomed Eng. June 2003;31(6):726-732.
2009	Fritton SP, Weinbaum S. Fluid and solute transport in bone: flow-induced mechanotransduction. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2009;41:347-374.
1991	Bertram JEA, Swartz SM. The “law of bone transformation”: a case of crying Wolff? Biol Rev. August 1991;66(3):245-273.
1991	Jones DB, Nolte H, Scholübbers J-G, Turner E, Veltel D. Biochemical signal transduction of mechanical strain in osteoblast-like cells. Biomaterials. March 1991;12(2):101-110.
1994	Hillsley MV, Frangos JA. Review: bone tissue engineering: the role of interstitial fluid flow. Biotechnol Bioeng. March 25, 1994;43(7):573-581.
1989	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Yang KH, Wu DD, Lukoschek M, Kandzari D, Sivaneri N, Blaha JD, Radin EL. The effects of altered strain environments on bone tissue kinetics. Bone. 1989;10(3):215-221.
1989	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Yang KH, Lukoschek M, Sivaneri N, Blaha JD, Radin EL. Skeletal change in response to altered strain environments: is woven bone a response to elevated strain? Bone. 1989;10(3):223-233.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
1991	Turner CH. Homeostatic control of bone structure: an application of feedback theory. Bone. 1991;12(3):203-217.
1992	Lanyon LE. The success and failure of the adaptive response to functional load-bearing in averting bone fracture. Bone. 1992;13(2):S17-S21.
1994	Forwood MR, Turner CH. The response of rat tibiae to incremental bouts of mechanical loading: a quantum concept for bone formation. Bone. November–December 1994;15(6):603.
1995	Forwood MR, Turner CH. Skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage: results from tibial loading studies in rats. Bone. October 1995;17(4)(suppl):197S-205S.
1996	Lanyon LE. Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone. Bone. January 1996;18(1)(suppl):37S-43S.
1996	Rawlinson SCF, Pitsillides AA, Lanyon LE. Involvement of different ion channels in osteoblasts' and osteocytes' early responses to mechanical strain. Bone. December 1996;19(6):609-614.
1997	Mosley JR, March BM, Lynch J, Lanyon LE. Strain magnitude related changes in whole bone architecture in growing rats. Bone. March 1997;20(3):191-198.
1998	Turner CH, Owan I, Alvey T, Hulman J, Hock JM. Recruitment and proliferative responses of osteoblasts after mechanical loading in vivo determined using sustained-release bromodeoxyuridine. Bone. May 1998;22(5):463-469.
1998	Turner CH. Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone. November 1998;23(5):399-407.
2000	Bell KL, Loveridge N, Jordan GR, Power J, Constant CR, Reeve J. A novel mechanism for induction of increased cortical porosity in cases of intracapsular hip fracture. Bone. August 2000;27(2):297-304.
2002	Rubin C, Turner AS, Mallinckrodt C, Jerome C, Mcleod K, Bain S. Mechanical strain, induced noninvasively in the high-frequency domain, is anabolic to cancellous bone, but not cortical bone. Bone. March 2002;30(3):445-452.
2002	Lee KCL, Maxwell A, Lanyon LE. Validation of a technique for studying functional adaptation of the mouse ulna in response to mechanical loading. Bone. September 2002;31(3):407-412.
2004	Warden SJ, Turner CH. Mechanotransduction in the cortical bone is most efficient at loading frequencies of 5–10 hz. Bone. February 2004;34(2):261-270.
2005	De Souza RL, Matsuura M, Eckstein F, Rawlinson SCF, Lanyon LE, Pitsillides AA. Non-invasive axial loading of mouse tibiae increases cortical bone formation and modifies trabecular organization: a new model to study cortical and cancellous compartments in a single loaded element. Bone. December 2005;37(6):810-818.
2008	Bonewald LF, Johnson ML. Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling. Bone. April 2008;42(4):606-615.
2011	Lambers FM, Schulte FA, Kuhn G, Webster DJ, Müller R. Mouse tail vertebrae adapt to cyclic mechanical loading by increasing bone formation rate and decreasing bone resorption rate as shown by time-lapsed in vivo imaging of dynamic bone morphometry. Bone. December 2011;49(6):1340-1350.
2016	Meyer LA, Johnson MG, Cullen DM, Vivanco JF, Blank RD, Ploeg H-L, Smith EL. Combined exposure to big endothelin-1 and mechanical loading in bovine sternal cores promotes osteogenesis. Bone. April 2016;85:115-122.
2020	Ganesh T, Laughrey LE, Niroobakhsh M, Lara-Castillo N. Multiscale finite element modeling of mechanical strains and fluid flow in osteocyte lacunocanalicular system. Bone. August 2020;137:115328.
2021	Kistler-Fischbacher M, Weeks BK, Beck BR. The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 1): a systematic review. Bone. February 2021;143:115696.
2021	Kistler-Fischbacher M, Weeks BK, Beck BR. The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 2): a meta-analysis. Bone. February 2021;143:115697.
2021	Daly RM, Dalla Via J, Fyfe JJ, Nikander R, Kukuljan S. Effects of exercise frequency and training volume on bone changes following a multi-component exercise intervention in middle aged and older men: secondary analysis of an 18-month randomized controlled trial. Bone. July 2021;148:115944.
2021	Pagnotti GM, Thompson WR, Guise TA, Rubin CT. Suppression of cancer-associated bone loss through dynamic mechanical loading. Bone. September 2021;150:115998.
2021	Birks S, Uzer G. At the nuclear envelope of bone mechanobiology. Bone. October 2021;151:116023.
2022	Wang H, Du T, Li R, Main RP, Yang H. Interactive effects of various loading parameters on the fluid dynamics within the lacunar-canalicular system for a single osteocyte. Bone. May 2022;158:116367.
2022	Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Forbes SC, Fairman CM, Gualano B, Roschel H. Creatine supplementation for older adults: focus on sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty and Cachexia. Bone. September 2022;162:116467.
1993	Chambers TJ, Evans M, Gardner TN, Turner-Smith A, Chow JWM. Induction of bone formation in rat tail vertebrae by mechanical loading. Bone Miner. February 1993;20(2):167-178.
1986	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT, Baust G. Modulation of bone loss during calcium insufficiency by controlled dynamic loading. Calcif Tiss Int. July 1986;38(4):209-216.
1986	Biewener AA, Swartz SM, Bertram JEA. Bone modeling during growth: dynamic strain equilibrium in the chick tibiotarsus. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1986;39(6):390-395.
1988	Pead MJ, Suswillo R, Skerry TM, Vedi S, Lanyon LE. Increased ³H-uridine levels in osteocytes following a single short period of dynamic bone loadingin vivo. Calcif Tiss Int. August 1988;43(2):92-96.
1989	Pead MJ, Lanyon LE. Indomethacin modulation of load-related stimulation of new bone formation in vivo. Calcif Tiss Int. January 1989;45(1):34-40.
1990	Skerry TM, Suswillo R, El Haj AJ, Ali NN, Dodds RA, Lanyon LE. Load-induced proteoglycan orientation in bone tissuein vivo and in vitro. Calcif Tiss Int. May 1990;46(5):318-326.
1992	Rubin CT, Bain SD, McLeod KJ. Suppression of the osteogenic response in the aging skeleton. Calcif Tiss Int. April 1992;50(4):306-313.
1993	Lanyon LE. Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S102-S107.
1993	Rawlinson SCF, Mohan S, Baylink DJ, Lanyon LE. Exogenous prostacyclin, but not prostaglandin E₂, produces similar responses in both G6PD activity and RNA production as mechanical loading, and increases IGF-II release, in adult cancellous bone in culture. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1993;53(5):324-329.
1994	Torrance AG, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Lanyon LE. Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1994;54(3):241-247.
1994	Raab-Cullen DM, Thiede MA, Petersen DN, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Mechanical loading stimulates rapid changes in periosteal gene expression. Calcif Tiss Int. December 1994;55(6):473-478.
1995	Duncan RL, Turner CH. Mechanotransduction and the functional response of bone to mechanical strain. Calcif Tiss Int. December 1995;57(5):344-358.
1998	Akhter MP, Cullen DM, Pedersen EA, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Bone response to in vivo mechanical loading in two breeds of mice. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1998;63(5):442-449.
2000	Kodama Y, Umemura Y, Nagasawa S, Beamer WG, Donahue LR, Rosen CR, Baylink DJ, Farley JR. Exercise and mechanical loading increase periosteal bone formation and whole bone strength in C57BL/6J mice but not in C3H/Hej mice. Calcif Tiss Int. April 2000;66(4):298-306.
2021	Brent MB, Brüel A, Thomsen JS. A systematic review of animal models of disuse-induced bone loss. Calcif Tiss Int. May 2021;108(5):561-575.
1994	Rubin CT, McLeod KJ. Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency-specific, low-amplitude mechanical strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1994;298:165-174.
1994	Turner CH, Forwood MR, Otter MW. Mechanotransduction in bone: do bone cells act as sensors of fluid flow? FASEB J. August 1994;8(11):875-878.
2001	Rubin C, Xu G, Judex S. The anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized by brief exposure to extremely low‐magnitude mechanical stimuli. FASEB J. October 2001;15(12):2225-2229.
2002	Judex S, Donahue L, Rubin C. Genetic predisposition to low bone mass is paralleled by an enhanced sensitivity to signals anabolic to the skeleton. FASEB J. August 2002;16(10):1280-1282.
2006	Rubin J, Rubin C, Jacobs CR. Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone. Gene. February 15, 2006;367:1-16.
2012	Thompson WR, Rubin CT, Rubin J. Mechanical regulation of signaling pathways in bone. Gene. July 25, 2012;503(2):179-193.
2000	Judex S, Zernicke RF. High-impact exercise and growing bone: relation between high strain rates and enhanced bone formation. J Appl Physiol. June 2000;88(6):2183-2191.
1987	Lanyon LE. Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1083-1093.
1988	Whalen RT, Carter DR, Steele CR. Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density. J Biomech. 1988;21(10):825-837.
1989	Keller TS, Spengler DM. Regulation of bone stress and strain in the immature and mature rat femur. J Biomech. 1989;22(11-12):1115-1127.
1990	Rubin CT, McLeod KJ, Bain SD. Functional strains and cortical bone adaptation: epigenetic assurance of skeletal integrity. J Biomech. 1990;23(suppl 1):43-54.
1990	Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Gray ML, Brand RA, Rubin CT. Toward an identification of mechanical parameters initiating periosteal remodeling: a combined experimental and analytic approach. J Biomech. 1990;23(9):893-905.
1991	Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J, Veldhuuzen JP. Modulation of osteogenesis in fetal bone rudiments by mechanical stress in vitro. J Biomech. 1991;24(suppl 1):101-109.
1992	Akhter MP, Raab DM, Turner CH, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Characterization of in vivo strain in the rat tibia during external application of a four-point bending load. J Biomech. October 1992;25(10):1241-1246.
1995	Mikić B, Carter DR. Bone strain gage data and theoretical models of functional adaptation. J Biomech. April 1995;28(4):465-469.
1997	Adams DJ, Spirt AA, Brown TD, Fritton SP, Rubin CT, Brand RA. Testing the daily stress stimulus theory of bone adaptation with natural and experimentally controlled strain histories. J Biomech. July 1997;30(7):671-678.
2001	Bakker AD, Soejima K, Klein-Nulend J, Burger EH. The production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ by primary bone cells is shear stress dependent. J Biomech. May 2001;34(5):671-677.
2004	Sobelman OS, Gibeling JC, Stover SM, Hazelwood SJ, Yeh OC, Shelton DR, Martin RB. Do microcracks decrease or increase fatigue resistance in cortical bone? J Biomech. September 2004;37(9):1295-1303.
2007	Judex S, Lei X, Han D, Rubin C. Low-magnitude mechanical signals that stimulate bone formation in the ovariectomized rat are dependent on the applied frequency but not on the strain magnitude. J Biomech. 2007;40(6):1333-1339.
2008	Renders GAP, Mulder L, Langenbach GEJ, van Ruijven LJ, van Eijden TMGJ. Biomechanical effect of mineral heterogeneity in trabecular bone. J Biomech. August 2008;41(13):2793-2798.
2011	Renders GAP, Mulder L, van Ruijven LJ, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ. Mineral heterogeneity affects predictions of intratrabecular stress and strain. J Biomech. February 3, 2011;44(3):402-407.
2020	Mancuso ME, Troy KL. Relating bone strain to local changes in radius microstructure following 12 months of axial forearm loading in women. J Biomech Eng. November 2020;142(11):111014.
1996	Rubin C, Gross T, Qin Y-X, Fritton S, Guilak F, McLeod K. Differentiation of the bone-tissue remodeling response to axial and torsional loading in the turkey ulna. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1996;78A(11):1665-1676.
1988	Pead MJ, Skerry TM, Lanyon LE. Direct transformation from quiescence to bone formation in the adult periosteum following a single brief period of bone loading. J Bone Miner Res. December 1988;3(6):647-656.
1989	Skerry TM, Bitensky L, Chayen J, Lanyon LE. Early strain‐related changes in enzyme activity in osteocytes following bone loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. October 1989;4(5):783-788.
1990	El Haj AJ, Minter SL, Rawlinson SCF, Suswillo R, Lanyon LE. Cellular responses to mechanical loading in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. September 1990;5(9):923-932.
1991	Raab DM, Crenshaw TD, Kimmel DB, Smith EL. A histomorphometric study of cortical bone activity during increased weight-bearing exercise. J Bone Miner Res. July 1991;6(7):741-749.
1992	Lanyon LE. Control of bone architecture by functional load bearing. J Bone Miner Res. December 1992;7(suppl 2):S369-S375.
1993	Dallas SL, Zaman G, Pead MJ, Lanyon LE. Early strain-related changes in cultured embryonic chick tibiotarsi parallel those associated with adaptive modeling in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. March 1993;8(3):251-259.
1993	Dodds RA, Ali N, Pead MJ, Lanyon LE. Early loading-related changes in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in osteocytes and periosteal osteoblasts in rat fibulae in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. March 1993;8(3):261-267.
1994	Turner CH, Forwood MR, Rho J, Yoshikawa T. Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. January 1994;9(1):87-97.
1995	Rubin CT, Gross TS, McLeod KJ, Bain SD. Morphologie stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus. J Bone Miner Res. March 1995;10(3):488-495.
1995	Rawlinson SCF, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Pitsillides AA, Lanyon LE. Calvarial and limb bone cells in organ and monolayer culture do not show the same early responses to dynamic mechanical strain. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(8):1225-1232.
1996	Kerr D, Morton A, Dick I, Prince R. Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent. J Bone Miner Res. February 1996;11(2):218-225.
1997	Gross TS, Edwards JL, Mcleod KJ, Rubin CT. Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. June 1997;12(6):982-988.
1997	Salter DM, Robb JE, Wright MO. Electrophysiological responses of human bone cells to mechanical stimulation: evidence for specific integrin function in mechanotransduction. J Bone Miner Res. July 1997;12(7):1133-1141.
1997	Kohrt WM, Ehsani AA, Birge SJ. Effects of exercise involving predominantly either joint-reaction or ground-reaction forces on bone mineral density in older women. J Bone Miner Res. August 1997;12(8):1253-1261.
1997	Umemura Y, Ishiko T, Yamauchi T, Kurono M, Mashiko S. Five jumps per day increase bone mass and breaking force in rats. J Bone Miner Res. September 1997;12(10):1480-1485.
1997	Toma CD, Ashkar S, Gray ML, Schaffer JL, Gerstenfeld LC. Signal transduction of mechanical stimuli is dependent on microfilament integrity: identification of osteopontin as a mechanically induced gene in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res. October 1997;12(10):1626-1636.
1997	Judex S, Gross TS, Zernicke RF. Strain gradients correlate with sites of exercise‐induced bone‐forming surfaces in the adult skeleton. J Bone Miner Res. October 1997;12(10):1737-1745.
1998	Bassey EJ, Rothwell MC, Littlewood JJ, Pye DW. Pre- and postmenopausal women have different bone mineral density responses to the same high-impact exercise. J Bone Miner Res. December 1998;13(12):1805-1813.
1999	McAllister TN, Frangos JA. Steady and transient fluid shear stress stimulate NO release in osteoblasts through distinct biochemical pathways. J Bone Miner Res. June 1999;14(6):930-936.
2000	Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. Partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading. J Bone Miner Res. August 2000;15(8):1596-1602.
2001	Hsieh Y, Turner CH. Effects of loading frequency on mechanically induced bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. May 2001;16(5):918-924.
2001	Lanyon L, Skerry T. Postmenopausal osteoporosis as a failure of bone's adaptation to functional loading: a hypothesis. J Bone Miner Res. November 2001;16(11):1937-1947.
2001	Hsieh Y, Robling AG, Ambrosius WT, Burr DB, Turner CH. Mechanical loading of diaphyseal bone in vivo: the strain threshold for an osteogenic response varies with location. J Bone Miner Res. December 2001;16(10):2291-2297.
2002	Ohashi N, Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. The effects of dynamic axial loading on the rat growth plate. J Bone Miner Res. February 2002;17(2):284-292.
2002	Gross TS, Srinivasan S, Liu CC, Clemens TL, Bain SD. Noninvasive loading of the murine tibia: an in vivo model for the study of mechanotransduction. J Bone Miner Res. March 2002;17(3):493-501.
2002	Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr DB, Turner CH. Improved bone structure and strength after long‐term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts. J Bone Miner Res. August 2002;17(8):1545-1554.
2002	Srinivasan S, Weimer DA, Agans SC, Bain SD, Gross TS. Low‐magnitude mechanical loading becomes osteogenic when rest is inserted between each load cycle. J Bone Miner Res. September 2002;17(9):1613-1620.
2004	Verschueren SMP, Roelants M, Delecluse C, Swinnen S, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S. Effect of 6‐month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Bone Miner Res. March 2004;19(3):352-359.
2004	Ward K, Alsop C, Caulton J, Rubin C, Adams J, Mughal Z. Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions. J Bone Miner Res. March 2004;19(3):360-369.
2007	Schneider P, Stauber M, Voide R, Stampanoni M, Donahue LR, Müller R. Ultrastructural properties in cortical bone vary greatly in two inbred strains of mice as assessed by synchrotron light based micro‐ and nano‐CT. J Bone Miner Res. October 2007;22(10):1557-1570.
2012	Sugiyama T, Meakin LB, Browne WJ, Galea GL, Price JS, Lanyon LE. Bones' adaptive response to mechanical loading is essentially linear between the low strains associated with disuse and the high strains associated with the lamellar/woven bone transition. J Bone Miner Res. August 2012;27(8):1784-1793.
2015	Allison SJ, Poole KES, Treece GM, Gee AH, Tonkin C, Rennie WJ, Folland JP, Summers GD, Brooke-Wavell K. The influence of high-impact exercise on cortical and trabecular bone mineral content and 3D distribution across the proximal femur in older men: a randomized controlled unilateral intervention. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(9):1709-1716.
2018	Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, Harding AT, Horan SA, Beck BR. High-intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: the LIFTMOR randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. February 2018;33(2):211-220.
2020	Troy KL, Mancuso ME, Johnson JE, Wu Z, Schnitzer TJ, Butler TA. Bone adaptation in adult women is related to loading dose: a 12‐month randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. July 2020;35(7):1300-1312.
2020	Kemmler W, Kohl M, Fröhlich M, Jakob F, Engelke K, von Stengel S, Schoene D. Effects of high‐intensity resistance training on osteopenia and sarcopenia parameters in older men with osteosarcopenia: one‐year results of the randomized controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). J Bone Miner Res. September 2020;35(9):1634-1644.
2021	Ng C, Scott D, Seibel MJ, Cumming RG, Naganathan V, Blyth FM, Le Couteur DG, Waite LM, Handelsman DJ, Hirani V. Higher‐impact physical activity is associated with maintenance of bone mineral density but not reduced incident falls or fractures in older men: the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. J Bone Miner Res. April 2021;36(4):662-672.
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2021	Du J, Li S, Silberschmidt VV. Remodelling of trabecular bone in human distal tibia: a model based on an in-vivo HR-pQCT study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. July 2021;119:104506.
1987	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: function as a determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(2):300-310.
1988	Skerry TM, Bitensky L, Chayen J, Lanyon LE. Loading-related reorientation of bone proteoglycan in vivo: strain memory in bone tissue? J Orthop Res. July 1988;6(4):547-551.
1990	Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT. Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. J Orthop Res. July 1990;8(4):604-611.
1995	Gross TS, Rubin CT. Uniformity of resorptive bone loss induced by disuse. J Orthop Res. September 1995;13(5):708-714.
1995	Gibson VA, Stover SM, Martin RB, Gibeling JC, Willits NH, Gustafson MB, Griffin LV. Fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: mechanical property analysis. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):861-868.
1998	Qin Y, Rubin CT, McLeod KJ. Nonlinear dependence of loading intensity and cycle number in the maintenance of bone mass and morphology. J Orthop Res. July 1998;16(4):482-489.
2007	Garman R, Gaudette G, Donahue L-R, Rubin C, Judex S. Low-level accelerations applied in the absence of weight bearing can enhance trabecular bone formation. J Orthop Res. June 2007;25(6):732-740.
2009	Riddle RC, Donahue HJ. From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction. J Orthop Res. February 2009;27(2):143-149.
2018	Sun D, Brodt MD, Zannit HM, Holguin N, Silva MJ. Evaluation of loading parameters for murine axial tibial loading: stimulating cortical bone formation while reducing loading duration. J Orthop Res. February 2018;36(2):682-691.
2010	Ozcivici E, Luu YK, Adler B, Qin Y-X, Rubin J, Judex S, Rubin CT. Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone. Nat Rev Rheumatol. January 2010;6(1):50-59.
2000	Heaney RP, Abrams S, Dawson-Hughes B, Looker A, Marcus R, Matkovic V, Weaver C. Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int. December 2000;11(12):985-1009.
2002	Ehrlich PJ, Lanyon LE. Mechanical strain and bone cell function: a review. Osteoporos Int. September 2002;13(9):688-700.
2008	Weeks BK, Beck BR. The BPAQ: a bone-specific physical activity assessment instrument. Osteoporos Int. November 2008;19(11):1567-1577.
2020	Shojaa M, von Stengel S, Kohl M, Schoene D, Kemmler W. Effects of dynamic resistance exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis with special emphasis on exercise parameters. Osteoporos Int. August 2020;31(8):1427-1444.
2013	Schulte FA, Ruffoni D, Lambers FM, Christen D, Webster DJ, Kuhn G, Müller R. Local mechanical stimuli regulate bone formation and resorption in mice at the tissue level. PLoS One. April 2013;8(4):e62172.
2008	Sharir A, Barak MM, Shahar R. Whole bone mechanics and mechanical testing. Vet J. July 2008;177(1):8-17.
2004	Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. The aging of Wolff's “law”: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Yearb Phys Anthropol. 2004;47:63-99.
2011	Burt LA. Upper Body Bone Strength and Muscle Function in Non-Elite Artistic Gymnasts [PhD thesis]. Australian Catholic University; May 2011.
1999	Taylor WR. A Computer Based Technique for Predicting Changes in Bone Properties With Applications in Pre-Clinical Testing of Hip Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Bath; 1999.
1996	Hillam RA. Response of Bone to Mechanical Load and Alterations in Circulating Hormones [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; October 1996.
2017	Saers JPP. Ontogeny and Functional Adaptation of Trabecular Bone in the Human Foot [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; July 2017.
2010	Jähn K. Ex Vivo and in Vitro Culture Models of Human Osteoblast-Like Cells and the Effects of TGFβ₃ and Serum-Free Culture [PhD thesis]. Cardiff University; 2010.
2001	Nicolella DP. A Probabilistic Analysis of the Cemented Femoral Component of a Total Hip Replacement [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 2001.
2017	Lewis KJ. Osteocyte Calcium Signaling Responses to Mechanical Load in Vivo: A Novel Experimental Approach [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City College of New York; 2017.
1990	Simske SJ. Development of Model Osteoporosis in Mice: Alleviation by Electromagnetics and Alternative Treatments [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; July 1990.
2010	Campbell SE. Nanoindentation of Bio- and Geo-Mineralized Composites: Contribution of Microstructure and Composition [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010.
2003	Kim CH. In Vivo Trabecular Bone Response to Mechanical Loading and Parathyroid Hormone Stimulation [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2003.
2009	Chan M. Mechanobiology of 3D Co-Culture Trabecular Explant Model [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2009.
2014	Lee HG. Innate Immune-Like Function of Osteogenic Cells and Their Effects on Inflammatory Osteolysis [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2014.
2019	Campi AE. Mechanosensitive Ca²⁺ Signaling of Ex Vivo Osteocytes in Aging and Treatment [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2019.
2017	Adebayo OO. Biomechanics of Cartilage-Bone Crosstalk in Load-Induced Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2017.
2017	Cresswell EN. Spatial Regulation of Bone Formation in Functional Adaptation of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2017.
2022	Chlebek C. Identification of Novel Cellular Pathways Involved in Bone Mechanotransduction Using Transcriptomics [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2022.
2004	Mi LY. Analysis of Avian Bone Response to Mechanical Loading Using a Computational Connected Network [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City College of New York; 2004.
2004	Thi MM. Cellular Communication and Mechanotransduction in Response to Fluid Shear Stress [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2004.
2006	Han Y. On the Transmission of Fluid Forces to the Actin Cytoskeleton of Bone and Endothelial Cells [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2006.
2009	Wang Y. Roles of Integrins in Flow Induced Mechanotransduction in Osteocytes [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2009.
2015	Ramcharan MA. Development of Functional Interactions Among Cortical and Trabecular Traits During Growth of the Lumbar Vertebral Body [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2015.
2007	Schneider P. Ultrastructural Phenotyping of Murine Bone Using Synchrotron Micro- and Nano-Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2007.
2008	Webster DJ. A Combined Experimental and Computational Model for Genetic Control of Micro Structural Bone Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2008.
2011	Lambers FM. Functional Bone Imaging in an in Vivo Mouse Model of Bone Adaptation, Aging and Disease [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2011.
2011	Boerckel JD. Mechanical Regulation of Bone Regeneration and Vascular Growth in Vivo [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; August 2011.
2019	Klosterhoff BS. Mechanobiological Regulation of Early Stage Bone Repair [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; August 2019.
2019	Ruehle MA. Cell-Based Vascular Therapeutics for Bone Regeneration [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; August 2019.
2007	Young CM. Do in-Line Dance, Progressively Loaded Squats and Foot Stomping Affect the Parameters of Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women? [Master's thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2007.
2008	Weeks BK. Improving Bone Health With Physical Activity: The Power PE Study and Development of the Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; January 2008.
2015	Nogueira RC. Exercising Opportunities to Prevent Chronic Disease: The CAPO Kids Trial [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2015.
2019	Harding A. LIFTMOR-M: Lifting Intervention for Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation for Men [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; December 2019.
2019	Lambert C. A Comparison of the Bone Response to Impact Loading and Resistance Training in Young Adult Women: The OPTIMA-Ex Trial [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2019	Myers KB. Are Improvements in Bone and Physical Performance from an 8-Month High-Intensity Exercise Program Maintained in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass? 3-Year Follow-P of the LIFTMOR Trial [Master's thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2019.
2019	Watson S. LIFTMOR: Lifting Intervention for Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; January 2019.
1993	Lieberman DE. Mobility and Strain: The Biology of Cementogenesis and Its Application to the Evolution of Hunter-Gatherer Seasonal Mobility During the Late Quaternary in the Southern Levant [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; January 1993.
2006	Main RP. Skeletal Mechanics, Bone Histomorphology, and Growth in Tetrapods [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; September 2006.
2007	Devlin MJ. Interactions of Estrogen, Strain, and Bone Growth: Implications for Human Skeletal Robusticity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; September 2007.
2009	Edwards WB. Internal Structural Loading of the Lower Extremity During Running: Implications for Skeletal Injury [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 2009.
2010	Chennimalai Kumar N. Numerical Modeling of Cortical Bone Adaptation Due to Mechanical Loading Using the Finite Element Method [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2010.
2021	Yan C. Tibial Bone Properties and Mechanics Under Atypical Loading Conditions [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2021.
2014	Ferro Pereira A. Cortical Bone Adaptation: A Finite-Element Study of the Mouse Tibia [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; January 2014.
2000	Ryder KD. Parathyroid Hormone Modulates the Response of Osteoblast-Like Cells to Mechanical Stimulation [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; May 2000.
2015	Weatherholt AM. Translational Studies Into the Effects of Exercise on Estimated Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; September 2015.
2020	Baskan Erbi̇lgi̇ç Ö. Molecular and Cellular Level Adaptations of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells to Chemical and Physical Signals [PhD thesis]. Izmir Institute of Technology; December 2020.
2005	Zumwalt AC. The Effect of Endurance Exercise on the Morphology of Muscle Attachment Sites: An Experimental Study in Sheep (Ovis Aries) [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; March 2005.
1997	Heinonen A. Exercise as an Osteogenic Stimulus [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 1997.
2002	Hudson JA. The Ontogeny of Transverse Femoral Geometry and Bone Modeling in the Ward Skeletal Population [PhD thesis]. Kent State University; August 2002.
2019	Du J. Mechanical Adaptation of Human Trabecular Bone: Experimental and Computational Study [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; 2019.
2004	Giangregorio L. Musculoskeletal Changes After Spinal Cord Injury: Effects of Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; November 2004.
2009	Karakolis T. Mechanical Induction of Bone Formation: Comparison Between Rat and Mouse Forelimb Models [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; December 2009.
2016	Druchok C. Temporal Influence of NSAIDs on Mechanically Induced Bone Formation and Fluid Flow Stimulated Cellular PGE₂ Production [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; August 2016.
1998	Robling AG. Histomorphometric Assessment of Mechanical Loading History from Human Skeletal Remains: The Relation Between Micromorphology and Macromorphology At the Femoral Midshaft [PhD thesis]. University of Missouri; December 1998.
1986	Gray ML. Physical Regulation of Epiphyseal Cartilage Biosynthesis: Responses to Electrical, Mechanical, and Chemical Signals [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; July 1986.
2014	Ellman R. Skeletal Adaptation to Reduced Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2014.
2015	Ireland AD. Bone Mechanoadaptation and the Influence of Muscular Action on Bone Across the Lifespan [PhD thesis]. Manchester Metropolitan University; 2015.
2022	Ng CATT. Getting the Jump on Healthy Bones: The Skeletal Effects of Impact Physical Activity Across the Lifespan [PhD thesis]. Monash University; 2022.
2019	Podlisny DR. Effects of Poroelasticity on Mechanoadaptation in Bone [Master's thesis]. Northeastern University; May 2019.
2021	DiMauro NCB. Modeling Fluid Flow in Bone Mechanoadaptation [Master's thesis]. Northeastern University; December 2021.
2004	Tovar A. Bone Remodeling as a Hybrid Cellular Automaton Optimization Process [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2004.
1992	Bloomfield SA. Site-Specific Changes in Bone Mass and Alterations in Calciotropic Hormones With Electrical Stimulation Exercise in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1992.
1998	D'Andrea SE. Lower Limb Response to Impact in Simulated Microgravity and 1G [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1998.
2019	Mustafy T. The Short and Long Term Effects of in Vivo Cyclic Axial Compression Applied During Puberty on Bone Growth, Morphometry and Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; July 2019.
2003	Peterman MM. A Strain Map of the Human Distal Tibia During the Stance Phase of Walking, from Dynamic Cadaver Experiments and Finite Element Analysis Simulations [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 2003.
2016	Berman AG. Influence of Mechanical Stimulation on the Quantity and Quality of Bone During Modeling [Master's thesis]. Purdue University; August 2016.
2007	Doube M. Calcified Tissue Structure in the Distal Condyle of the Third Metacarpal Bone in Young Thoroughbred Horses [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; December 2007.
2002	Wang X. Simulation for Bone Adaptive Remodeling: A Stochastic Approach With Application on Spine Fusion [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; May 2002.
2012	Emerson NJ. Development of Patient-Specific CT-FE Modelling of Bone Through Validation Using Porcine Femora [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; September 2012.
2018	Samvelyan H. The Effect of Timing of Feeding on Bone's Adaptive Response to Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; March 2018.
1988	Whalen RT. The Influence of the Daily Stress History on the Regulation of Bone Density [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; February 1988.
1990	Orr TE. The Role of Mechanical Stresses in Bone Remodeling [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 1990.
1990	Wong M. The Role of Mechanical Loading Histories in Skeletal Morphogenesis [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1990.
1994	Levenston ME. Simulation of Functional Adaptation in Trabecular and Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 1994.
2009	Litzenberger JB. The Role of Integrin Signaling in Bone Mechanotransduction [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; 2009.
2010	Chen JC. Mechanical Factors in Initial Long Bone Ossification and Later Functional Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; May 2010.
1997	Qin Y-X. Fluid Flow, Matrix Strain and Loading Frequency as Interdependent Control Parameters in Skeletal Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York at Stony Brook; May 1997.
2006	Garman RA. Low-Level Accelerations Applied in the Absence of Weight Bearing Can Alter Cellular Activity and Tissue Morphology in the Skeleton [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2006.
2008	Luu YK. Biomechanical Promotion of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation as a Countermeasure to the Development of Obesity and Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2008.
2009	Ferreri SL. Anti-Catabolic Role of Ultrasonic Mechanical Perturbation in Prevention of Bone Loss and Turnover in OVX Rat Model: A Combined Empirical, Nanomechanical and Micro-Numerical Simulation Approach [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2009.
2009	Ozcivici E. Recovery of Trabecular Bone from Disuse Induced Deterioration in Cellular, Morphological and Biomechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2009.
2011	Appiah-Nkansah K. Integration of Refractory Periods in the Administration of Low-Magnitude Mechanical Signals Increases Mesenchymal Stem Cell Numbers in the Bone Marrow [Master's thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2011.
2011	Patri N. Low Intensity Vibrations Applied Locally Can be Transmitted to the Alveolar Bone Thereby Enhancing the Quality of the Bone in Adults Rats [Master's thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2011.
2012	Acerbo AS. Local Chemical and Nanostructural Properties of Rat Cortical Bone Are Altered by Osteoporosis and Pharmaceutical Treatments [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2012.
2012	Uzer G. Role of Fluid Shear Modulation on Bone Cell Metabolism During High-Frequency Oscillatory Vibrations [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; December 2012.
2017	Morse AR. The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Antagonists - Sclerostin and DKK1 - in Bone Homeostasis and Mechanotransduction [PhD thesis]. University of Sydney; 2017.
2008	Mulvihill BMC. Computational Investigation Into the Mechanoregulation of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; December 2008.
1994	Oden ZM. Computational Prediction of Functional Adaptation in Canine Radii [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1994.
2000	Coleman JC. Analysis of in Vivo Bone Strain History During Dynamic Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2000.
2003	Youn I. Osteogenic Properties of the Periosteum: In Vitro Characterizations and Its Potential Application to Bone-Tunnel Healing [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2003.
2004	Roberts MD. Adaptation of Bone to Mechanical and Nonmechanical Stimuli: An Integrated Experimental and Computational Study [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2004.
2022	Davis RA. Investigating the Effects of Aging and Prolonged Opioid Use on Bone Histomorphometry, Quality, and Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Akron; August 2022.
2005	Ashe MC. Upper Limb Bone Health: Cadaveric, Imaging and Clinical Studies With Special Emphasis on Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2005.
2006	Macdonald HM. Effectiveness of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Increasing Bone Strength in Children: Action Schools! British Columbia [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2006.
2015	Tan VPS. Effects of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Adolescent Bone Strength, Structure and Density: The Health Promoting Secondary Schools (HPSS) Bone Health Study [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; June 2015.
2017	Gabel LEC. Bone Strength Accrual Across Adolescent Growth and the Influences of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2017.
1999	Judex S. The Effect of Exercise-Induced Mechanical Stimuli on Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1999.
2000	Shymkiw RC-C. Measurement of Blood Flow in Bone by Laser Doppler Imaging [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; May 2000.
2001	Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.
2004	LaMothe JM. Functional Adaptation of Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2004.
2010	Manske SL. Muscle Disuse and Vibration Effects on Bone Morphology [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2010.
2016	Pangka AVS. Biomechanical Measures of the Muscle-Bone Unit in Postmenopausal Females: A Pilot Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2016.
2023	Bruce OL. Tibial-Fibular Morphology: Variation, Sexual Dimorphism, and Mechanical Implications [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; May 2023.
2000	Gibson VA. Fatigue Behavior of Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2014	Gangadharan V. Delineating the Cellular Mechanism of Osteoblast Desensitization to Mechanical Stimulation [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; 2014.
2023	Fuller LH. Structure-Function Relationships of Bighorn Sheep Horncore Bone and Horn-Horncore Interface Materials for Energy Absorption Applications [PhD thesis]. University of Massachusetts at Amherst; February 2023.
1991	Choi K. The Micro Mechanical Properties of Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1991.
1995	Tseng K-F. Investigating the Structure-Function Relationships of Long Bone: An Approach Using Growth Hormone Mouse Models [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1995	Waanders NA. A Distraction Osteogenesis Model to Investigate the Influence of the Mechanical Environment on Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
2004	Hoffler CE II. In Pursuit of Accurate Structural and Mechanical Osteocyte Mechanotransduction Models [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2004.
2004	Taboas JM. Mechanobiologic Regulation of Skeletal Progenitor Cell Differentiation [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2004.
2010	Soves CP. The Potential Role of Megakaryocytes in Mechanically Mediated Bone Adaptation [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2010.
2013	Davis MS. Microdamage: Its Role in the Mechanical Integrity of Low Bone Mass Diseases and Its Treatment Implications [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2013.
2010	Hughes JM. Revisiting Harold Frost's Mechanostat Theory of Bone Functional Adaptation: New Interpretations Based on New Evidence [PhD thesis]. University of Minnesota; December 2010.
1996	Beck BR. The Relationship of Streaming Potential Magnitude to Strain and Periosteal Modeling [PhD thesis]. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon; December 1996.
1994	Spirt AA. In Vivo Electromechanical Phenomena in Cortical Bone of the Female Rat from the Postnatal State Through Senescence [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1994.
1995	Marcolongo MS. Bioactive Glass Fiber/polymeric Composite as a Bone Bonding Biomaterial [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1995.
2002	Wang M-Y. Quantifying Musculoskeletal Load and Adaptation: Biomechanical Consideration [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); August 2002.
2010	Beckstrom AB. Histologic and Geometric Data Challenge the Assumption of Habitual Superior-Inferior (tension-Compression) Bending Across the Chimpanzee Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2010.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2021	Tibert N. Non-Pharmacological Management of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient and Health-Care Professional Perspectives and Experiences [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2021.
2001	Lee T. Viscoelastic Properties of Biological and High-Damping Composite Materials [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2001.
2016	Johnson MG. Endothelin-Converting Enzyme-1 Dependent Endothelin 1 Signaling in Osteogenesis [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2016	Meyer LA. Testing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2019	Khurelbaatar T. Quantitative Imaging and Computational Modelling to Estimate the Relationship Between Mechanical Strain and Changes Within the Distal Tibia in First-Time Marathon Trainees [Master's thesis]. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute; June 2019.
2020	Mancuso ME. Defining the Multiscale Relationship Between Subject-Specific Bone Strain and Structural Adaptation in the Distal Radius of Women [PhD thesis]. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute; July 2020.
2007	Christiansen BA. Vibrational Stimulation of Bone Formation in Mice [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; December 2007.
2009	McKenzie JA. Investigations Into the Ulnar Response to Mechanical Stimuli Activating Lamellar and Woven Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; December 2009.
2001	Li B. Mechanotransduction in Bone: Passive and Load-Induced Fluid Transport in Rat Femora [Master's thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.

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1984	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17(12):897-905.
1970	Lanyon LE, Smith RN. Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):238-248.
1984	Lanyon LE. Functional strain as a determinant for bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S56-S61.
1977	Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes WC, Tichenor CC, Nagel DA. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1977;59A(2):204-208.
1970	Donaldson CL, Hulley SB, Vogel JM, Hattner RS, Bayers JH, McMillan DE. Effect of prolonged bed rest on bone mineral. Metabolism. December 1970;19(12):1071-1084.
1981	Churches AE, Howlett CR. The response of mature cortical bone to controlled time-varying loading. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:69-80.
1981	Woo SL-Y, Kuei SC, Amiel D, Gomez MA, Hayes WC, White FC, Akeson WH. The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1981;63A(5):780-787.
1982	O'Connor JA, Lanyon LE, MacFie H. The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(10):767-781.
1984	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):397-402.
1983	Krølner B, Toft B. Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clin Sci (London). 1983;64(5):537-540.
1978	Uhthoff HK, Jaworski ZF. Bone loss in response to long-term immobilisation. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1978;60B(3):420-429.