The mechanical properties of cortical bone

Reilly, Donald T.; Burstein, Albert H.

Year	Entry
2013	Pechníková M. Forensic Analysis of Bone Fractures Caused by Blunt Force Trauma [PhD thesis]. Brno, Czech Republic: Masaryk University; 2013.
2011	Wang R, Gupta HS. Deformation and fracture mechanisms of bone and nacre. Ann Rev Mater Res. August 2011;41:41-73.
2013	Shang-cheng W, Dong-mei W, Fang W, Qiu-gen W, Chun-hui W, Shan-guang C. Tensile and compressive mechanical property of human bone tissue [in Chinese]. Ch J Tissue Eng Res. 2013;17(7):1180-1184.
1991	Weinans HH. Mechanically Induced Bone Adaptations Around Orthopaedic Implants [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen; 1991.
1981	Currey JD. What is bone for? property–function relationships in bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:13-26.
1986	Frost HM. Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton. Vols. 1-2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
1992	Jaworski ZFG. Haversian systems and Haversian bone. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 4: Bone Metabolism and Mineralization. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1992:21-45.
1993	Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. Mechanical properties of cortical and trabecular bone. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 7: Bone Growth — B. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1993:285-344.
2001	van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R. Elastic constants of cancellous bone. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:15-1–15-24.
2025	Skedros JG. Biomechanical foundations of histological analysis in limb bones: the crucial role of load-complexity categorization and collagen fiber orientation analysis when interpreting bone adaptation. In: Stout SD, Crowder C, eds. Bone Histology: A Biological Anthropological Perspective. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2025:150-224.
1990	Cowin SC. Properties of cortical bone and theory of bone remodeling. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:119-153.
1993	Fung YC. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
1975	Dickenson RP, Wall JW, Hutton WC. The impact properties of bone. In: Proceedings of the 1975 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1975; Birmingham, UK.249-256.
1980	Sauter AJM, Klopper PJ, van Faassen F, Keeman JN. Fat embolism after static and dynamic load: an experimental investigation. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.248-260.
1989	Snider JN, Wasserman J, Kress T, Fuller PM, Benson R, Tucker G. Synthetic bone for impact studies. In: Proceedings of the 1989 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1989; Stockholm, Sweden.195-208.
2000	Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Konosu A, Ishikawa H. Development and validation of the finite element model for the human lower limb of pedestrians. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:335-355. SAE 2000-01-SC22.
2011	Novitskaya E, Chen P-Y, Lee S, Castro-Ceseña A, Hirata G, Lubarda VA, McKittrick J. Anisotropy in the compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone and the mineral and protein constituents. Acta Biomater. August 2011;7(8):3170-3177.
2009	Chen P-Y, Stokes AG, McKittrick J. Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Acta Biomater. February 2009;5(2):693-706.
2009	Ebacher V, Wang R. A unique microcracking process associated with the inelastic deformation of Haversian bone. Adv Funct Mater. January 9, 2009;19(1):57-66.
1983	Ruff CB, Hayes WC. Cross‐sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae: a biomechanical investigation, I: method and general patterns of variation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983;60(3):359-381.
1976	Evans FG. Mechanical properties and histology of cortical bone from younger and older men. Anat Rec. 1976;185(1):1-12.
2003	Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat Rec. 2003;275A(2):1081-1101.
1994	Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. Compressive properties of cortical bone: mineral-organic interfacial bonding. Biomaterials. January 1994;15(2):137-145.
2004	Yeni YN, Dong XN, Fyhrie DP, Les CM. The dependence between the strength and stiffness of cancellous and cortical bone tissue for tension and compression: extension of a unifying principle. Bio-med Mater Eng. 2004;14(3):303-310.
1991	Turner CH. Homeostatic control of bone structure: an application of feedback theory. Bone. 1991;12(3):203-217.
1995	Turner CH, Chandran A, Pidaparti RMV. The anisotropy of osteonal bone and its ultrastructural implications. Bone. July 1995;17(1):85-89.
1996	Massé PG, Rimnac CM, Yamauchi M, Coburn SP, Rucker RB, Howell DS, Boskey AL. Pyridoxine deficiency affects biomechanical properties of chick tibial bone. Bone. June 1996;18(6):567-574.
2000	Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Kozloff K, Zysset PK, Brown MB, Goldstein SA. Heterogeneity of bone lamellar-level elastic moduli. Bone. June 2000;26(6):603-609.
2007	Ebacher V, Tang C, McKay H, Oxland TR, Guy P, Wang R. Strain redistribution and cracking behavior of human bone during bending. Bone. May 2007;40(5):1265-1275.
2020	Taylor EA, Donnelly E. Raman and Fourier transform infrared imaging for characterization of bone material properties. Bone. October 2020;139:115490.
2021	Paschalis EP, Dempster DW, Gamsjaeger S, Rokidi S, Hassler N, Brozek W, Chan-Diehl FW, Klaushofer K, Taylor KA. Mineral and organic matrix composition at bone forming surfaces in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with either teriparatide or zoledronic acid. Bone. April 2021;145:115848.
2022	Paschalis EP, Gamsjaeger S, Klaushofer K, Shane E, Cohen A, Stepan J, Pavo I, Eriksen EF, Taylor KA, Dempster DW. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients with teriparatide for 24 months reverts forming bone quality indices to premenopausal healthy control values. Bone. September 2022;162:116478.
1988	Frost HM. Vital biomechanics: proposed general concepts for skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage. Calcif Tiss Int. May 1988;42(3):145-156.
1989	Frost HM. Transient-steady state phenomena in microdamage physiology: a proposed algorithm for lamellar bone. Calcif Tiss Int. June 1989;44(6):367-381.
1993	Martin B. Aging and strength of bone as a structural material. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S34-S40.
1976	Stein ID, Granik G. Rib structure and bending strength: an autopsy study. Calcif Tiss Res. 1976;20(1):61-73.
1978	Carter DR, Spengler DM. Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1978;135:192-217.
1983	Frost HM. A determinant of bone architecture: the minimum effective strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 1983;175:286-292.
1985	Frost HM. The pathomechanics of osteoporoses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1985;200:198-225.
1997	Burr DB. Bone, exercise, and stress fractures. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1997;25(1):171-194.
2016	Cohen H, Kugel C, May H, Medlej B, Stein D, Slon V, Hershkovitz I, Brosh T. The impact velocity and bone fracture pattern: forensic perspective. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;266:54-62.
1975	Currey JD. The effects of strain rate, reconstruction and mineral content on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. J Biomech. 1975;8(1):81-86.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1976	Saha S, Hayes WC. Tensile impact properties of human compact bone. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):243-251.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage, I: residual strength and stiffness. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):325-337.
1977	Ducheyne P, Heymans L, Martens M, Aernoudt E, Meester Pd, Mulier JC. The mechanical behaviour of intracondylar cancellous bone of the femur at different loading rates. J Biomech. 1977;10(11-12):747-762.
1978	Hayes WC, Swenson LW Jr, Schurman DJ. Axisymmetric finite element analysis of the lateral tibial plateau. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):21-33.
1979	Lanyon LE, Magee PT, Baggott DG. The relationship of functional stress and strain to the processes of bone remodelling: an experimental study on the sheep radius. J Biomech. 1979;12(8):593-600.
1985	Vincentelli R, Grigoroi M. The effect of Haversian remodeling on the tensile properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):201-207.
1985	Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.
1986	Corondan G, Haworth WL. A fractographic study of human long bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):207-218.
1988	Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Frederickson RG. Composition of the cement line and its possible mechanical role as a local interface in human compact bone. J Biomech. 1988;21(11):939-945.
1989	Martin RB, Ishida J. The relative effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bone strength. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):419-426.
1989	Ashman RB, Rho JY, Turner CH. Anatomical variation of orthotropic elastic moduli of the proximal human tibia. J Biomech. 1989;22(8-9):895-900.
1990	Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Gray ML, Brand RA, Rubin CT. Toward an identification of mechanical parameters initiating periosteal remodeling: a combined experimental and analytic approach. J Biomech. 1990;23(9):893-905.
1990	Choi K, Kuhn JL, Ciarelli MJ, Goldstein SA. The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue and the size-dependency of cortical bone modulus. J Biomech. 1990;23(11):1103-1113.
1992	Choi K, Goldstein SA. A comparison of the fatigue behavior of human trabecular and cortical bone tissue. J Biomech. 1992;25(12):1371-1381.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1998	Burr DB, Turner CH, Naick P, Forwood MR, Ambrosius W, Hasan MS, Pidaparti R. Does microdamage accumulation affect the mechanical properties of bone? J Biomech. April 1998;31(4):337-345.
2000	Wirtz DC, Schiffers N, Pandorf T, Radermacher K, Weichert D, Forst R. Critical evaluation of known bone material properties to realize anisotropic fe-simulation of the proximal femur. J Biomech. October 2000;33(10):1325-1330.
2001	Doblaré M, Garcia JM. Application of an anisotropic bone-remodelling model based on a damage-repair theory to the analysis of the proximal femur before and after total hip replacement. J Biomech. September 2001;34(9):1157-1170.
2003	Currey JD. The many adaptations of bone. J Biomech. 2003;36(10):1487-1495.
2009	de Bakker PM, Manske SL, Ebacher V, Oxland TR, Cripton PA, Guy P. During sideways falls proximal femur fractures initiate in the superolateral cortex: evidence from high-speed video of simulated fractures. J Biomech. August 25, 2009;42(12):1917-1925.
2016	Grassi L, Väänänen SP, Ristinmaa M, Jurvelin JS, Isaksson H. How accurately can subject-specific finite element models predict strains and strength of human femora? investigation using full-field measurements. J Biomech. March 21, 2016;49(5):802-806.
1982	Williams JL, Lewis JL. Properties and an anisotropic model of cancellous bone from the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Biomech Eng. February 1982;104(1):50-56.
1986	Little RB, Wevers HW, Siu D, Cooke TDV. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the upper tibia. J Biomech Eng. May 1986;108(2):111-119.
1987	Krause WR. Orthogonal bone cutting: saw design and operating characteristics. J Biomech Eng. August 1987;109(3):263-271.
2005	Hoffler CE, Guo XE, Zysset PK, Goldstein SA. An application of nanoindentation technique to measure bone tissue lamellae properties. J Biomech Eng. January 2005;127(7):1046-1053.
2020	Sharma NK, Sharma S, Rathi A, Kumar A, Saini KV, Sarker MD, Naghieh S, Ning L, Chen X. Micromechanisms of cortical bone failure under different loading conditions. J Biomech Eng. September 2020;142(9):094501.
1975	Burstein AH, Zika JM, Heiple KG, Klein L. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1975;57A(7):956-961.
1981	Dickenson RP, Hutton WC, Stott JRR. The mechanical properties of bone in osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1981;63B(2):233-238.
2003	Paschalis EP, Burr DB, Mendelsohn R, Hock JM, Boskey AL. Bone mineral and collagen quality in humeri of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys given rhPTH(1–34) for 18 months. J Bone Miner Res. April 2003;18(4):769-775.
2015	McNerny EMB, Gong B, Morris MD, Kohn DH. Bone fracture toughness and strength correlate with collagen cross-link maturity in a dose-controlled lathyrism mouse model. J Bone Miner Res. March 2015;30(3):455-464.
1982	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. J Exp Biol. December 1982;101:187-211.
1994	Yoshikawa T, Mori S, Santiesteban AJ, Sun TC, Hafstad E, Chen J, Burr DB. The effects of muscle fatigue on bone strain. J Exp Biol. March 1994;188(1):217-233.
1999	Reilly GC, Currey JD. The development of microcracking and failure in bone depends on the loading mode to which it is adapted. J Exp Biol. 1999;202(5):543-552.
2004	Fratzl P, Gupta HS, Paschalis EP, Roschger P. Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen–mineral nano-composite in bone. J Mater Chem. 2004;14(14):2115-2123.
1994	Zioupos P, Currey JD. The extent of microcracking and the morphology of microcracks in damaged bone. J Mater Sci. 1994;29(4):978-986.
2009	Espinoza Orías AA, Deuerling JM, Landrigan MD, Renaud JE, Roeder RK. Anatomic variation in the elastic anisotropy of cortical bone tissue in the human femur. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. July 2009;2(3):255-263.
2013	Li S, Demirci E, Silberschmidt VV. Variability and anisotropy of mechanical behavior of cortical bone in tension and compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2013;21:109-120.
2021	Yates KM, Agnew AM, Albert DL, Kemper AR, Untaroiu CD. Subject-specific rib finite element models with material data derived from coupon tests under bending loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. April 2021;116:104358.
1988	Ruff CB, Hayes WC. Sex differences in age‐related remodeling of the femur and tibia. J Orthop Res. November 1988;6(6):886-896.
1989	Mente PL, Lewis JL. Experimental method for the measurement of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone tissue. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(3):456-461.
1990	Keller TS, Mao Z, Spengler DM. Young's modulus, bending strength, and tissue physical properties of human compact bone. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(4):592-603.
1991	Snyder SM, Schneider E. Estimation of mechanical properties of cortical bone by computed tomography. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(3):422-431.
1996	Martin RB, Stover SM, Gibson VA, Gibeling JC, Griffin LV. In vitro fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: remodeling and microcrack damage analysis. J Orthop Res. September 1996;14(5):794-801.
1998	Boyce TM, Fyhrie DP, Glotkowski MC, Radin EL, Schaffler MB. Damage type and strain mode associations in human compact bone bending fatigue. J Orthop Res. May 1998;16(3):322-329.
2009	Fritsch A, Hellmich C, Dormieux L. Ductile sliding between mineral crystals followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks: experimentally supported micromechanical explanation of bone strength. J Theo Biol. September 21, 2009;260(2):230-252.
2004	Pithioux M, Subit D, Chabrand P. Comparison of compact bone failure under two different loading rates: experimental and modelling approaches. Med Eng Phys. 2004;26(8):647-653.
2005	Barker DS, Netherway DJ, Krishnan J, Hearn TC. Validation of a finite element model of the human metacarpal. Med Eng Phys. March 2005;27(2):103-113.
2017	Paschalis EP, Gamsjaeger S, Klaushofer K. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques to assess bone quality. Osteoporos Int. August 2017;28(8):2275-2291.
1995	Zioupos P, Currey JD, Mirza MS, Barton DC. Experimentally determined microcracking around a circular hole in a flat plate of bone: comparison with predicted stresses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. March 29, 1995;347(1322):383-396.
1998	Currey JD. Mechanical properties of vertebrate hard tissues. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. 1998;216(6):399-411.
2011	Yu B, Zhao G-F, Lim JI, Lee Y-K. Compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone under varied loading rates. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. October 2011;225(10):941-947.
1996	Hillam RA. Response of Bone to Mechanical Load and Alterations in Circulating Hormones [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; October 1996.
2024	Szabo E. Insights Into the Mechanical Behavior of Maturing Cortical Bone: A Porcine Model [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 2024.
1991	Edidin AA. Modeling of Bone Material Properties from CT Scans: Considerations in Biomechanical Structural Models [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 1991.
1993	Gabriel SM. Structural Design and Analysis Considerations for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Sparing Tibial Components for Total Knee Arthroplasty [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 1993.
2020	Taylor EA. Validation and Implementation of Vibrational Spectroscopic Measures of Bone Composition [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2020.
2010	Feng L. Multi-Scale Characterization of Swine Femoral Cortical Bone and Long Bone Defect Repair by Regeneration [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2010.
2019	Livingston E. Morphological and Mechanical Analysis of the Porous Structure of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2019.
2016	Bonner TJ. An Investigation Into Lower Limb Injuries Caused by Improvised Explosive Devices [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; 2016.
1999	Egi N. Functional Morphology of the Limb Bones in Recent Carnivores and Its Application to North American Hyaenodontid Creodonta [PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; 1999.
2011	Abdel-Wahab AA-GM. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
2013	Li S. Cutting of Cortical Bone Tissue: Analysis of Deformation and Fracture Process [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; June 2013.
2002	Egerer AK. The Relationship Between the Osteonal Cement Line and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Loma Linda University; June 2002.
2013	Vijayakumar V. Quantifying the Regional Variations in the Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone of the Tibia Using Indentation Testing and CT Imaging [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; September 2013.
2015	Smolen C. Evaluation of the Load Path Through the Foot/ankle Complex in Various Postures Through Cadaveric and Finite Element Model Testing [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; September 2015.
1998	Robling AG. Histomorphometric Assessment of Mechanical Loading History from Human Skeletal Remains: The Relation Between Micromorphology and Macromorphology At the Femoral Midshaft [PhD thesis]. University of Missouri; December 1998.
1988	Lotz JC. Hip Fracture Risk Predictions by X-Ray Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; August 1988.
2007	Tai K. Nanomechanics and Ultrastructural Studies of Cortical Bone: Fundamental Insights Regarding Structure-Function, Mineral-Organic Force Mechanics Interactions, and Heterogeneity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2007.
2004	Wang X. Measurement and Analysis of Microdamage in Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2004.
2006	Leng H. Micro-Computed Tomography of Microdamage in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; May 2006.
2012	Kelly N. An Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Inelastic Behaviour of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Galway, Ireland: National University of Ireland Galway; September 2012.
1992	Bloomfield SA. Site-Specific Changes in Bone Mass and Alterations in Calciotropic Hormones With Electrical Stimulation Exercise in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1992.
1991	Ploeg H-L. An Evaluation of a Joint Replacement for the Great Toe: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 1991.
1975	Lakes RS. Viscoelastic and Dielectric Relaxation in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; July 1975.
1983	Rouhana SW. Fluid Flow and Mechanical Damping in Bovine Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; February 1983.
2012	Guo H. An Augmented Lagrangian Finite Element Formulation for the Biphasic Contact of Hydrated Soft Tissues in Physiological Joints [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; July 2012.
2009	Mahboob Z. A Validated Finite Element Study of Stress Shielding in a Novel Hybrid Knee Implant [Master's thesis]. Ryerson University; 2009.
1990	Fyhrie PB. Finite Element Analyses of Fracture Healing in Long Bones [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 10, 1990.
2008	Kennedy OD. The Effect of Bone Turnover on Bone Quality and Material Properties [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; 2008.
2000	Coleman JC. Analysis of in Vivo Bone Strain History During Dynamic Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2000.
2011	Ebacher V. Experimental Study of Deformation and Microcracking in Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2011.
2016	Firminger CR. Effects of Minimalist Footwear and Stride Length Reduction on Metatarsal Strains and the Probability of Stress Fracture in Running [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; July 2016.
2021	Firminger CR. Experimental Measurement and Applied Modelling of Patellar Tendon Strain [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; May 2021.
2002	Morgan EF-i. The Dependence on Anatomic Site of Trabecular Bone Structure-Function Relationships [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2002.
2003	Fox JC. Biomechanics of the Proximal Femur: Role of Bone Distribution and Architecture [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2003.
2012	Evdokimenko E. Investigation Into Mechanical Properties of Bone and Its Main Constituents [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2012.
1991	Baker KJ. The Influence of Mechanical Stress on Collapse Propensity in MRI-Delineated Femoral Head Osteonecrosis [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 1991.
1998	Pedersen DR. MRI-Based Finite Element Models of Surgically Achieved Fibular Graft Placement for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 1998.
1991	Choi K. The Micro Mechanical Properties of Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1991.
1995	Tseng K-F. Investigating the Structure-Function Relationships of Long Bone: An Approach Using Growth Hormone Mouse Models [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1981	Ruff CB. Structural Changes in the Lower Limb Bones With Aging At Pecos Pueblo [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1981.
1998	Vajda EG. Age-Related Changes in the Microstructure and Mineralization of the Female Proximal Femur [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; March 1998.
2010	Beckstrom AB. Histologic and Geometric Data Challenge the Assumption of Habitual Superior-Inferior (tension-Compression) Bending Across the Chimpanzee Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2010.
2011	Isaacson BM. Exploring the Effects of Electrical Stimulation for Use With Osseointegrated Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; May 2011.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2012	Maloul A. Biomechanical Characterization of Complex Thin Bone Structures in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2012.
2009	Acuña RL. Anisotropic Post-Yield Behavior of Human Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2009.
2020	Maghsoudi-Ganjeh M. Computational Investigation of Ultrastructural Behavior of Bone and Bone-Inspired Materials [PhD thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2020.
2012	Banglmaier RF. Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of a Hydroxyapatite-Collagen Bone Surrogate [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2012.
2016	Manocha RHK. Optimizing the Rehabilitation of Elbow Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2016.

Year	Entry
1970	Chamay A. Mechanical and morphological aspect of experimental overload and fatigue in bone. J Biomech. May 1970;3(3):263-270.
1967	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1967;158(4):375-386.
1952	Dempster WT, Liddicoat RT. Compact bone as a non-isotropic material. Am J Anat. 1952;91(3):331-362.
1968	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The compressive properties of single osteons. Anat Rec. July 1968;161(3):377-392.
1958	Evans FG. Relations between the microscopic structure and tensile strength of human bone. Acta Anat. 1958;35(4):285-301.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1969	Boyde A, Hobdell MH. Scanning electron microscopy of lamellar bone. Z Zellforsch. 1969;93(2):213-231.
1951	Evans FG, Lebow M. Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur. J Appl Physiol. 1951;3(9):563-572.
1964	McElhaney J, Fogle J, Byars E, Weaver G. Effect of embalming on the mechanical properties of beef bone. J Appl Physiol. November 1964;19(6):1234-1236.
1957	Evans FG. Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1957.
1973	Simkin A, Robin G. The mechanical testing of bone in bending. J Biomech. 1973;6(1):31-39.
1969	Currey JD. The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):1-11.
1965	Currey JD. Anelasticity in bone and echinoderm skeletons. J Exp Biol. October 1965;43(2):279-292.
1968	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The viscoelastic properties of some biological materials. Annals NY Acad Sci. January 1968;146:158-165.
1957	Evans FG, Lebow M. Strength of human compact bone under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. January 1957;10(1):127-130.
1959	Currey JD. Differences in the tensile strength of bone of different histological types. J Anat. January 1959;93(1):87-95.
1969	Seireg A, Kempke W. Behavior of in vivo bone under cyclic loading. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):455-461.
1970	Lang SB. Ultrasonic method for measuring elastic coefficients of bone and results on fresh and dried bovine bones. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. April 1970;17(2):101-105.
1961	Dempster WT, Coleman RF. Tensile strength of bone along and across the grain. J Appl Physiol. March 1961;16(2):355-360.
1959	Vose GP, Kubala AL Jr. Bone strength: its relationship to x-ray determined ash content. Hum Biol. September 1959;31:261-270.
1971	Sammarco GJ, Burstein AH, Davis WL, Frankel VH. The biomechanics of torsional fractures: the effect of loading on ultimate properties. J Biomech. March 1971;4(2):113-117.
1971	Katz JL. Hard tissue as a composite material, I: bounds on the elastic behavior. J Biomech. October 1971;4(5):455-473.
1973	Burstein AH, Reilly DT, Frankel VH. Failure characteristics of bone and bone tissue. In: Kenedi RM, ed. Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised in Association With the Biological Engineering Society and Held in the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 1972. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1973:131-134.
1972	Burstein AH, Currey JD, Frankel VH, Reilly DT. The ultimate properties of bone tissue: the effects of yielding. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):35-44.
1970	Piekarski K. Fracture of bone. J Appl Phys. January 1970;41(1):215-223.
1970	Currey JD. The mechanical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November–December 1970;73:210-231.
1969	Evans FG, Vincentelli R. Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1969;2(1):63-73.