Muscle and tendon:​ properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control

Zajac, Felix E.<sup>1,2</sup>

Year	Entry
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2015	Brolin K, Stockman I, Subramanian H, Gras L, Östh J. Development of an active 6‐year‐old child human body model for simulation of emergency events. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.689-700.
2023	Millard M, Kempter F, Stutzig N, Siebert T, Fehr J. Improving the accuracy of musculotendon models for the simulation of active lengthening. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-165, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.533-541.
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2004	Oi N, Pandy MG, Myers BS, Nightingale RW, Chancey VC. Variation of neck muscle strength along the human cervical spine. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:397-417. SAE 2004-22-0017.
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2015	Saul KR, Hu X, Goehler CM, Vidt ME, Daly M, Velisar A, Murray WM. Benchmarking of dynamic simulation predictions in two software platforms using an upper limb musculoskeletal model. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2015;18(13):1445-1458.
2002	Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking, I: introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations. Gait Post. December 2002;16(3):215-232.
2016	Rajagopal A, Dembia CL, DeMers MS, Delp DD, Hicks JL, Delp SL. Full body musculoskeletal model for muscle-driven simulation of human gait. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. October 2016;63(10):2068-2079.
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1990	Hoy MG, Zajac FE, Gordon ME. A musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity: the effect of muscle, tendon, and moment arm on the moment-angle relationship of musculotendon actuators at the hip, knee, and ankle. J Biomech. 1990;23(2):157-169.
1990	Pandy MG, Zajac FE, Sim E, Levine WS. An optimal control model for maximum-height human jumping. J Biomech. 1990;23(12):1185-1198.
1991	Pandy MG, Zajac FE. Optimal muscular coordination strategies for jumping. J Biomech. 1991;24(1):1-10.
1993	Zajac FE. Muscle coordination of movement: a perspective. J Biomech. 1993;26(suppl 1):109-124.
1993	Kuo AD, Zajac FE. A biomechanical analysis of muscle strength as a limiting factor in standing posture. J Biomech. 1993;26(suppl 1):137-150.
1996	Piazza SJ, Delp SL. The influence of muscles on knee flexion during the swing phase of gait. J Biomech. June 1996;29(6):723-733.
1997	Raasch CC, Zajac FE, Ma B, Levine WS. Muscle coordination of maximum-speed pedaling. J Biomech. June 1997;30(6):595-602.
2001	Anderson FC, Pandy MG. Static and dynamic optimization solutions for gait are practically equivalent. J Biomech. February 2001;34(2):153-161.
2003	Thelen DG, Anderson FC, Delp SL. Generating dynamic simulations of movement using computed muscle control. J Biomech. March 2003;36(3):321-328.
2003	Lloyd DG, Besier TF. An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model to estimate muscle forces and knee joint moments in vivo. J Biomech. June 2003;36(6):765-776.
2005	Blemker SS, Pinsky PM, Delp SL. A 3D model of muscle reveals the causes of nonuniform strains in the biceps brachii. J Biomech. April 1, 2005;38(4):657-665.
2006	Thelen DG, Anderson FC. Using computed muscle control to generate forward dynamic simulations of human walking from experimental data. J Biomech. 2006;39(6):1107-1115.
2006	Scovil CY, Ronsky JL. Sensitivity of a Hill-based muscle model to perturbations in model parameters. J Biomech. 2006;39(11):2055-2063.
2006	Liu MQ, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL. Muscles that support the body also modulate forward progression during walking. J Biomech. 2006;39(14):2623-2630.
2007	Lichtwark GA, Bougoulias K, Wilson AM. Muscle fascicle and series elastic element length changes along the length of the human gastrocnemius during walking and running. J Biomech. 2007;40(1):157-164.
2007	Holzbaur KRS, Delp SL, Gold GE, Murray WM. Moment-generating capacity of upper limb muscles in healthy adults. J Biomech. 2007;40(11):2442-2449.
2008	Vasavada AN, Danaraj J, Siegmund GP. Head and neck anthropometry, vertebral geometry and neck strength in height-matched men and women. J Biomech. 2008;41(1):114-121.
2008	Winby CR, Lloyd DG, Kirk TB. Evaluation of different analytical methods for subject-specific scaling of musculotendon parameters. J Biomech. 2008;41(8):1682-1688.
2009	Lenaerts G, Bartels W, Gelaude F, Mulier M, Spaepen A, Van der Perre G, Jonkers I. Subject-specific hip geometry and hip joint centre location affects calculated contact forces at the hip during gait. J Biomech. June 19, 2009;42(9):1246-1251.
2010	Peterson CL, Hall AL, Kautz SA, Neptune RR. Pre-swing deficits in forward propulsion, swing initiation and power generation by individual muscles during hemiparetic walking. J Biomech. August 26, 2010;43(12):2348.
2010	Rehorn MR, Blemker SS. The effects of aponeurosis geometry on strain injury susceptibility explored with a 3D muscle model. J Biomech. September 17, 2010;43(13):2574-2581.
2010	Hamner SR, Seth A, Delp SL. Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running. J Biomech. October 19, 2010;43(14):2709-2716.
2012	Silverman AK, Neptune RR. Muscle and prosthesis contributions to amputee walking mechanics: a modeling study. J Biomech. August 31, 2012;45(13):2271-2278.
2013	Gerus P, Sartori M, Besier TF, Fregly BJ, Delp SL, Banks SA, Pandy MG, D'Lima DD, Lloyd DG. Subject-specific knee joint geometry improves predictions of medial tibiofemoral contact forces. J Biomech. November 15, 2013;46(16):2778-2786.
2014	Handsfield GG, Meyer CH, Hart JM, Abel MF, Blemker SS. Relationships of 35 lower limb muscles to height and body mass quantified using MRI. J Biomech. February 7, 2014;47(3):631-638.
2016	Modenese L, Ceseracciu E, Reggiani M, Lloyd DG. Estimation of musculotendon parameters for scaled and subject specific musculoskeletal models using an optimization technique. J Biomech. January 25, 2016;49(2):141-148.
2018	Modenese L, Montefiori E, Wang A, Wesarg S, Viceconti M, Mazzà C. Investigation of the dependence of joint contact forces on musculotendon parameters using a codified workflow for image-based modelling. J Biomech. May 17, 2018;73:108-118.
2023	Verheul J, Sueda S, Yeo S-H. Muscle inertial contributions to ankle kinetics during the swing phase of running. J Biomech. January 2023;147:111455.
2023	Bu A, MacLean MK, Ferris DP. EMG-informed neuromuscular model assesses the effects of varied bodyweight support on muscles during overground walking. J Biomech. April 2023;151:111532.
2023	Hall PT, Stubbs C, Pedersen AP, Billings C, Stephenson SM, Greenacre CB, Anderson DE, Crouch DL. Effect of polyester-based artificial tendons on movement biomechanics: a preliminary in vivo study. J Biomech. April 2023;151:111520.
2023	Hahn D, Han S-w, Joumaa V. The history-dependent features of muscle force production: a challenge to the cross-bridge theory and their functional implications. J Biomech. May 2023;152:111579.
2023	Lieber RL, Meyer G. Structure-function relationships in the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. J Biomech. May 2023;152:111593.
2023	Holt NC, Mayfield DL. Muscle-tendon unit design and tuning for power enhancement, power attenuation, and reduction of metabolic cost. J Biomech. May 2023;153:111585.
2023	Wakeling JM, Febrer-Nafría M, De Groote F. A review of the efforts to develop muscle and musculoskeletal models for biomechanics in the last 50 years. J Biomech. June 2023;155:111657.
2023	Ebers MR, Rosenberg MC, Kutz JN, Steele KM. A machine learning approach to quantify individual gait responses to ankle exoskeletons. J Biomech. August 2023;157:111695.
2023	Jadelis CT, Ellis BJ, Kamper DG, Saul KR. Cosimulation of the index finger extensor apparatus with finite element and musculoskeletal models. J Biomech. August 2023;157:111725.
2023	Blemker SS. In vivo imaging of skeletal muscle form and function: 50 years of insight. J Biomech. September 2023;158:111745.
1992	Pandy MG, Anderson FC, Hull DG. A parameter optimization approach for the optimal control of large-scale musculoskeletal systems. J Biomech Eng. November 1992;114(4):450-460.
1996	Lloyd DG, Buchanan TS. A model of load sharing between muscles and soft tissues at the human knee during static tasks. J Biomech Eng. August 1996;118(3):367-376.
1998	Neptune RR, Hull ML. Evaluation of performance criteria for simulation of submaximal steady-state cycling using a forward dynamic model. J Biomech Eng. June 1998;120(3):334-341.
1999	Neptune RR. Optimization algorithm performance in determining optimal controls in human movement analyses. J Biomech Eng. April 1999;121(2):249-252.
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2013	Millard M, Uchida T, Seth A, Delp SL. Flexing computational muscle: modeling and simulation of musculotendon dynamics. J Biomech Eng. February 2013;135(2):021005.
2015	Marra MA, Vanheule V, Fluit R, Koopman BHFJM, Rasmussen J, Verdonschot N, Andersen MS. A subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling framework to predict in vivo mechanics of total knee arthroplasty. J Biomech Eng. February 2015;137(2):020904.
2015	Hicks JL, Uchida TK, Seth A, Rajagopal A, Delp SL. Is my model good enough? best practices for verification and validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations of movement. J Biomech Eng. February 2015;137(2):020905.
2006	Murray WM, Hentz VR, Fridén J, Lieber RL. Variability in surgical technique for brachioradialis tendon transfer: evidence and implications. J Bone Joint Surg. September 2006;88AA(9):2009-2016.
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2023	Lake SP, Snedeker JG, Wang VM, Awad H, Screen HRC, Thomopoulos S. Guidelines for ex vivo mechanical testing of tendon. J Orthop Res. October 2023;41(10):2105-2113.
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2018	Seth A, Hicks JL, Uchida TK, Habib A, Dembia CL, Dunne JJ, Ong CF, DeMers MS, Rajagopal A, Millard M, Hamner SR, Arnold EM, Yong JR, Lakshmikanth SK, Sherman MA, Ku JP, Delp SL. OpenSim: simulating musculoskeletal dynamics and neuromuscular control to study human and animal movement. PLoS Comput Biol. July 2018;14(7):e1006223.
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1998	Vasavada AN, Li S, Delp SL. Influence of muscle morphometry and moment arms on the moment-generating capacity of human neck muscles. Spine. February 15, 1998;23(4):412-422.
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2015	Östh J, Brolin K, Bråse D. A human body model with active muscles for simulation of pretensioned restraints in autonomous braking interventions. Traffic Inj Prev. April 3, 2015;16(3):304-313.
2019	Beaucage-Gauvreau E. Brace for it: Assessing Lumbar Spinal Loads for a Braced Arm-to-Thigh Lifting and Bending Technique Using a Musculoskeletal Modelling Approach [PhD thesis]. University of Adelaide; June 2019.
2013	De Gregorio M. Active and Passive Precision Grip Responses to Unexpected Perturbations [PhD thesis]. Arizona State University; August 2013.
2014	Amiri P. Obesity and Its Influence on Knee Joint Contact Forces in Individuals With Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis [Master's thesis]. Halifax, NS: Dalhousie University; August 2014.
2008	Pal S. Explicit Finite Element Modeling of Joint Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; August 2008.
2016	Navacchia A. Multiscale Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Lower Limb to Perform Personalized Simulations of Movement [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; November 2016.
2018	Hume DR. Translating Data from the Laboratory Into Simulation: A Computational Framework for Subject-Specific Finite Element Musculoskeletal Simulation [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; August 2018.
1993	Best TM. A Biomechanical Study of Skeletal Muscle Strain Injuries [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1993.
2000	Van Ee CA. Tensile Properties of the Human Muscular and Ligamentous Cervical Spine [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2000.
2005	Chancey VC. Strength of the Human Neck: Understanding the Contributions of the Ligamentous and Muscular Spine in Tension and Bending [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2005.
2011	Dibb AT. Pediatric Head and Neck Dynamic Response: A Computational Study [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2011.
2020	Cox CA. Computational Modeling of the Lumbar Spine: Active Musculature and Intra‐abdominal Pressure in Compressive Loading [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2020.
2010	McKay JL. Neuromechanical Constraints and Optimality for Balance [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; August 2010.
2001	Koo K-kT. Neuromusculoskeletal Modeling of the Elbow Joint in Subjects With and Without Spasticity [PhD thesis]. Hong Kong Polytechnic University; December 2001.
2005	Song R. A Robotic System Using Myoelectrical Control At the Elbow Joint for the Rehabilitation of Persons After Stroke [PhD thesis]. Hong Kong Polytechnic University; December 2005.
2004	van Lopik D. A Computational Model of the Human Head and Cervical Spine for Dynamic Impact Simulation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2004.
2006	Esat V. Biomechanical Modelling of the Whole Human Spine for Dynamic Analysis [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; June 2006.
2005	Lichtwark G. The Role of Muscle Tendon Unit Elasticity in Real Life Activities [PhD thesis]. London, UK: University of London; 2005.
1999	Van Donkelaar CC. Skeletal Muscle Mechanics: A Numerical and Experimental Approach to Spatial Phenomena [PhD thesis]. Maastricht University; 1999.
2011	Holmes MWR. A Biomechanical Evaluation of Ligament and Muscular Stiffness in the Distal Upper Extremity [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; June 2011.
2014	Adams MJ. Multi-Scale Modeling and Analysis Via Surrogate Modeling Techniques for in Vivo Knee Loading Predictions [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014.
2014	Yoder A. Low Back Biomechanics During Walking of Individuals With a Lower-Limb Amputation [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014.
2015	Hegarty AK. The Effects of Physical Therapy on Individual Muscle Force Production and Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2015.
2016	Pickle NT. Dynamic Balance and Muscle Function in Individuals With and Without Unilateral Transtibial Amputation During Sloped Walking [PhD thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2016.
2017	Actis J. Modeling Low Back Biomechanics in People With a Transtibial Amputation [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2017.
2017	Honegger JD. Development of a Multiscale Model of the Lumbar Spin: Application for Persons With a Lower-Limb Amputation [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2017.
2018	Hegarty AK. Biomechanical Modeling of Gait in Children With Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2018.
2019	Sturdy J. Development of a Musculoskeletal Model for Load Carriage [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2019.
2011	Morrow DA. Development of a Continuum Mechanics Model of Passive Skeletal Muscle [PhD thesis]. Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University; 2011.
2018	Doering JA. Understanding Musculoskeletal Changes With Aging: Stiffness in Muscle-Tendon Units and Cellular Crosstalk [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2018.
2018	McFarland DC. Spatial Dependency of Muscular and Joint Loading During Dynamic Submaximal Pushing and Pulling [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2018.
2019	Dixit NN. Morphological Changes to the Glenohumeral Musculoskeletal System Following Brachial Plexus Birth Injury (BPBI) [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2019.
2021	Shah CS. EMG-Driven Musculoskeletal Model for Volitional Control of a Robotic Ankle Prosthesis [Master's thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2021.
2017	Draghici AE. Rescuing Osteoporotic Bone in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury [PhD thesis]. Northeastern University; April 2017.
1997	Murray WM. The Functional Capacity of the Elbow Muscles: Anatomical Measurements, Computer Modeling, and Anthropometric Scaling [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; June 1997.
1998	Patton JL. Global Modeling of Adaptive, Dynamic Balance Control [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; December 1998.
1998	Piazza SJ. Simulation-Based Design of Total Knee Replacements [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; December 1998.
1999	Vasavada A. Biomechanics and Neural Control of Human Neck Muscles [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; December 1999.
2012	Hu X. Task-Dependent Regulation of Arm Mechanics Through Feedforward and Feedback Mechanisms [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; December 2012.
2014	Buffi J. Using Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation to Calculate Potential Muscle Contributions to the Elbow Varus Moment During Baseball Pitching [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; June 2014.
2015	Nelson CM. An Investigation of Musculoskeletal Adaptation At the Paretic Elbow After Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke Using Imaging, Biomechanical and Simulation Approaches [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; December 2015.
2015	Wohlman SJ. Understanding the Dynamics of Thumb-Tip Force Generation Through Integration of Simulation and Experimental Methods [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; August 2015.
2018	Binder-Markey BI. An Investigation of the Musculoskeletal Changes in the Hand After Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke and Their Impact on Hand Opening: Using Integrated Experimental and Computer Simulation Methods [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; March 2018.
2021	Adkins AN. Multiscale in Vivo Muscle Architecture in the Upper Limb: A Validation and Implementation of Novel Imaging Techniques for Quantification of Muscle Function and Plasticity [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; September 2021.
2022	Jakubowski KL. Determining How the Tunable Mechanics of Muscle and Tendon Change With Age and Task [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; August 2022.
2014	Creps JM. An Investigation of Simulated Core Muscle Activation During Running and Its Effect on Knee Loading and Lower Extremity Muscle Activation Using OpenSim [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2014.
2015	Cullen MK. Muscle-Driven Simulations of Sit to Stand Transfer in Persons With Severe Osteoarthritis [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2015.
2002	Erdemir A. Load Transfer Mechanisms of the Foot [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 2002.
2009	Lee SSM. Musculoskeletal Architecture and Plantarflexor Muscle Function in the Human Ankle Joint [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 2009.
2012	Baxter JR. Linking Foot and Ankle Musculoskeletal Structure to Locomotor Function [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 2012.
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2015	Brandon SCE. Brace Yourself: Reducing Medial Knee Loading for Treatment of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; January 2015.
2019	Saliba CM. Two Muscles Are Better Than One: Co-Contraction Engages Antagonistic Muscles in Response to Perturbation [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; July 2019.
2021	Wheatley MGA. Why Do We Have Patellae? An Investigation of Patellofemoral Function and Dysfunction [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; November 2021.
2019	Boggess G. A Comparison of Computational Muscle Models Using Intramuscular Pressure: A Surrogate for Muscle Force [Master's thesis]. Houston, TX: Rice University; 2019.
2021	Vega M. Development and Applications of Neuromusculoskeletal Modeling Software for Personalized Treatment Design [PhD thesis]. Houston, TX: Rice University; 2021.
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1992	Tashman S. Experimental Analysis and Computer Modeling of Paraplegic Ambulation in a Reciprocating Gait Orthosis: Implications for the Design of Hybrid FNS/orthotic Systems [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 1992.
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2004	Blemker SS. 3D Modeling of Complex Muscle Architecture and Geometry [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2004.
2005	Holzbaur KRS. Upper Limb Biomechanics: Musculoskeletal Modeling, Surgical Simulation, and Scaling of Muscle Size and Strength [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2005.
2007	Santos VJ. A Bayesian Approach to Biomechanical Modeling: A Treatise on the Human Thumb [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2007.
2008	Liu MQ-M. Muscle Contributions to Support and Progression Over a Range of Walking Speeds [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; October 2008.
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2012	Arnold EM. Computer Modeling of Human Lower Limb Muscles to Study How Muscle Fiber Lengths and Velocities Affect Muscle Force Generation During Walking and Running [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2012.
2012	Hamner SR. Muscle Contributions to Propulsion and Support Over a Range of Running Speeds [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 2012.
2012	John CT. Stabilization of Human Walking by Muscles Revealed Using Three-Dimensional Muscle-Driven Simulations [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; March 2012.
2012	Steele KM. The Dynamics of Crouch Gait in Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2012.
2019	Rajagopal A. Simulation and Statistical Tools for Clinical Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 2019.
2020	Uhlrich SD. Gait Modifications for Knee Osteoarthritis: Design, Evaluation, and Clinical Translation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 2020.
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2018	Synek A. Predicting Habitual Activities from Bone Architecture Using a Biomechanical Approach [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; 2018.
2022	Eriksen Daehlin T. The Role of the Ankle Plantar Flexors, Extrinsic Foot Muscles, and Intrinsic Foot Muscles in Performing Propulsive Tasks [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2022.
2021	Malakoutian M. Biomechanical Properties of Paraspinal Muscles and Their Influence on Spinal Loading: An Experimental and Computational Investigation [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2021.
2000	Carvalho WI. Structural Changes of Unipennate Skeletal Muscle During Isometric Contractions [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2000.
2004	Kaya M. Coordination of Cat Hindlimb Muscles During Voluntary Movements [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2004.
2004	Lemos RR. Modeling the Deformation of Skeletal Muscle Contraction [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2004.
2004	Scovil CY. The Viability of a 3D Forward Dynamic Model of Walking as a Research Tool to Enhance Clinical Understanding of Gait Abnormalities [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2004.
2005	Butterfield TA. Sarcomere Number Following Strain Inujury in Skeletal Muscle [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; July 2005.
2018	Mohr M. Lower Extremity Muscle Activation Following a Previous Knee Injury: Implications for Post-Traumatic Knee Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2018.
2006	Camilleri MJ. Increasing Accuracy and Establishing Statistical Confidence of Forward Dynamic Simulations of Human Movement [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2006.
2008	Hakansson NA. The Effect of Muscle Electrical Stimulation Patterns Computed Using a Forward Dynamic Simulation on Endurance and Metabolic Response in Spinal Cord Injury Subjects During Recumbent Pedaling [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2008.
2009	Raison M. On the Quantification of Joint and Muscle Efforts in the Human Body During Motion [PhD thesis]. Université catholique de Louvain; June 23, 2009.
2006	Gardinier JD. Evaluation of an EMG-Driven Model and Its Ability to Estimate Joint Moments At the Knee [Master's thesis]. University of Delaware; F 2006.
2007	Crabtree CA. Modeling Effects of Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFOs) in Computer Simulations of Gait [Master's thesis]. University of Delaware; 2007.
2009	Xiao M. Computer Simulation of Human Walking: Model Sensitivity and Application to Stroke Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; 2009.
2011	Fellin RE. The Effect of Gait Retraining on External Loading and Associated Bony Loading in Runners [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; Summer 2011.
2012	Gopalakrishnan A. Formulating Optimization Based Musculoskeletal Simulation Approaches: Utility in Subject Assessment and Rehabilitation [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; 2012.
2014	Ramsay JW. Muscle Morphological Changes, Compensatory Strategies and the Use of Predictive Simulations to Direct the Rehabilitation of Individuals Post-Stroke [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; 2014.
2016	Meyer A. Prediction of Optimal Rehabilitation Outcomes Post-Stroke [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; May 2016.
2018	Sauder NR. Predicting Optimal Fast Functional Electrical Stimulation Patterns for Post-Stroke Gait Neurorehabilitation [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2018.
1998	Van Don BJ. Hamstring Injuries in Sprinting [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; July 1998.
1991	Luchies CW. Fall Arrest Biomechanics: Sway and Stepping Responses in Healthy Young and Old Adults [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1991.
1993	Lee S-G. Theoretical and Experimental Biomechanical Analyses of the Effects of Age and Peripheral Neuropathy on Unipedal Balance [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1993.
2002	Palmer ML. A Non-Linear Hierarchical Model of Stretch-Induced Injury to Skeletal Muscle Fibers [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2002.
2022	Nolasco LA. Biomechanical Adaptations to Lower Limb Amputation During Functional Mobility Tasks [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2022.
2020	McIntosh EI. Examining Age-Related Changes to Muscle Properties and Their Relationship With Coordinated Movement and Balance Control [PhD thesis]. University of Guelph; August 2020.
2015	Serrancolí Masferrer G. Optimization and Muscle Synergy Approaches for Studying Muscle Redundancy During Walking [PhD thesis]. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; February 2015.
1999	Ledoux WR II. A Biomechanical Model of the Human Foot With Emphasis on the Plantar Soft Tissue [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1999.
2005	Cheatwood AP. Changes in Medial Gastrocnemius Architecture With Spasticity and Contracture [Master's thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); December 2005.
2012	Inouye JM. Bio-Inspired Tendon-Driven Systems: Computational Analysis, Optimization, and Hardware Implementation [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); May 2012.
2012	Kurse MU. Inference of Computational Models of Tendon Networks Via Sparse Experimentation [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); August 2012.
2021	Marjaninejad A. Autonomous Learning for Robots in the Context of Brain-Body Interactions [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); August 2021.
1994	Ziegler JM. A Dynamic Computational Model of the Human Knee Joint With Implementation in Two Optimal Control Models [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 1994.
1997	Shelburne KB. Modeling the Mechanics of the Normal and Reconstructed Knee Joint [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 1997.
1999	Anderson FC III. A Dynamic Optimization Solution for a Complete Cycle of Normal Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; December 1999.
2004	Sasaki K. Analysis of Potential Muscular Determinants of the Preferred Walk-Run Transition Speed in Human Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2004.
2010	Hall AL. Understanding Changes in Post-Stroke Walking Ability Through Simulation and Experimental Analyses [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; December 2010.
2010	Peterson CL. Simulation and Experimental Analyses of Human Movement: Application to Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2010.
2010	Rankin JW. The Influence of Altering Wheelchair Propulsion Technique on Upper Extremity Demand [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2010.
2010	Silverman AK. Compensatory Mechanisms in Below-Knee Amputee Walking and Their Effects on Knee Joint Loading, Metabolic Cost and Angular Momentum [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2010.
2010	Ventura JD. Experimental Analysis and Computational Simulation of Unilateral Transtibial Amputee Walking to Evaluate Prosthetic Device Design Characteristics and Amputee Gait Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 2010.
2011	Fey NP. The Influence of Prosthetic Foot Design and Walking Speed on Below-Knee Amputee Gait Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; December 2011.
2012	Allen JL. Simulation and Experimental Analyses to Assess Walking Performance Post-Stroke Using Step Length Asymmetry and Module Composition [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2012.
2012	Slowik JS. A Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Wheelchair Seat Position on Upper Extremity Demand [Master's thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2012.
2014	Routson RL. An Analysis of Modular Patterns in Healthy and Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2014.
2015	Harper NG. Muscle Function and Coordination of Amputee and Non-Amputee Stair Ascent [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 2015.
2016	Ranz EC. Mobility in Individuals With Traumatic Lower-Limb Injuries: Implications for Device Design, Surgical Intervention and Rehabilitation Therapies [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 2016.
2019	Templin TN. The Influence of Load Carriage and Foot Stiffness on Knee Joint Loading and Metabolic Cost During Amputee Walking [Master's thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 2019.
2022	Walford SL. The Interactions Between Hand Pattern, Shoulder Pain and Upper Extremity Demand in Manual Wheelchair Users [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 2022.
2017	Thompson RL. Musculoskeletal Loads During Stationary Cycling and the Effects of Pedal Modifications for Knee Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; May 2017.
2020	Sundararajan A. Dynamic Neuromechanical Sets for Locomotion [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; December 2020.
2012	Vette A-H. Trunk Stability During Postural Control: Tool Development and Analysis [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2012.
2023	Fugger BJ. Estimating Rotator Cuff Injury Risk During Rear-End Vehicle Collisions Using OpenSim [Master's thesis]. University of Texas at Tyler; May 2023.
2008	Bose D. Numerical Estimation of Occupant State Parameters in a Dynamic Loading Environment [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2008.
2011	Sharafi B. Micromechanical Modeling of Skeletal Muscle: Insights Into Structure and Function At the Fiber and Fascicle Levels [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2011.
2012	Russo RSF. Biomechanical Modeling of Ray Pectoral Fins to Inform the Design of AUV Propulsion Systems [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2012.
2013	Fiorentino N. Insights Into Acute Muscle Strain Injury Obtained With in Vivo Imaging and Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2013.
2014	Handsfield GG. MRI and Computational Modeling of in Vivo Muscle-Tendon Architecture and Function [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2014.
2018	Terrell E. In Vivo Determination of the Physiological and Functional Properties of Muscle Using Multiscale Measurements of Muscle Architecture [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2018.
2018	Virgilio KM. Modeling Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy to Unravel the Complex Mechanisms of Disease Progression: From Biomechanics to Cell Physiology [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2018.
2019	Pelland CM. Insights Into Velopharyngeal Closure Biomechanics Revealed Using MRI and Computational Modeling [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2019.
2021	Knaus KR. Form and Function Relationships Governing Complex Muscle-Soft Tissue Interactions Revealed With 3D Modeling: Applications to Aging [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2021.
2021	Wallace CH. Novel Experimental-Modeling Coupled Framework to Elucidate the Impact of Collagen on Diaphragm Muscle Mechanics in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2021.
2022	Williams AFO. Ex Vivo- and in Vivo-Based Computational Methods to Model Muscle Structure and Study 2D Ultrasound Measurements of 3D Muscle Architecture [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2022.
1993	Cholewicki J. Mechanical Stability of the in Vivo Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 1993.
2020	Shen D. Investigation of Whiplash Associated Disorders Using Finite Element Neck Models With Active Musculature in Frontal, Rear and Lateral Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2020.
2011	Matrangola SL. An Experimental and Simulation Based Approach Toward Understanding the Effects of Obesity on Balance Recovery from a Postural Perturbation [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; September 8, 2011.
2021	Lyons PJ. Effects of Hip Osteoarthritis on Lower Extremity Joint Contact Forces [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; July 30, 2021.
2019	Shuman BR. Evaluation of Muscle Synergies in Individuals With Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2019.
2021	Rosenberg MC. Modeling and Predicting Response to Ankle Exoskeletons [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2021.
2014	Stephen AJ. Comprehensive Analysis of Abdominal Tendon Length: Muscle Length Ratios in Human and Rat Specimens [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2014.
2011	Daly M. Adaptations Following Upper Extremity Resistance Training in Older Adults [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; May 2011.
2014	Vidt ME. Muscle Structure and Function in Older Adults With a Rotator Cuff Tear [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; April 2014.
2015	Santago AC II. Implications of Aging and Degenerative Rotator Cuff Tears for Upper Limb Muscle Morphology, Strength, and Function [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; May 2015.
2009	Chumanov ES. Dynamic Simulation of Musculotendon Mechanics During High Speed Running [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2009.
2009	Hernández A. In Vivo Dynamic Function of Lower Extremity Human Biarticular Muscles as Measured by Novel Electrical Stimulation Protocols Juxtaposed to Computational Perturbation Studies [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2009.
2009	Silder A. Effects of Prior Hamstring Injury on Morphology, Function, and Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2009.
2012	Schmitz A. The Importance of Including Knee Joint Laxity in Dynamic Musculoskeletal Simulations of Movement [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2012.
2014	Slane LC. Achilles Tendon Elasticity and Deformation Patterns in Young and Middle-Aged Adults Evaluated Using Quantitative Ultrasound Approaches [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2014.
2019	Martin JA. Non-Invasive Measurement of Tendon Stress Based on Shear Wave Propagation Speed [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2019.
2018	Fang Y. Investigation of Bone Loading in FES-Assisted Rowing and Its Effect on Preventing Bone Loss in People With Spinal Cord Injury [PhD thesis]. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute; August 2018.
2011	Zheng L. Sex Differences in Human Neck Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Modeling [PhD thesis]. Pullman, WA: Washington State University; May 2011.
2012	Suderman BL. The Effect of Curvature on Neck Muscle Moment Arms [PhD thesis]. Pullman, WA: Washington State University; August 2012.

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