Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Damage Processes in Human Trabecular Bone

Structurally intact trabecular bone allografts are an attractive tissue choice due to their osteoconductive structure and ability to provide some mechanical stability to the graft site. To prevent disease transmission, allograft bone is subjected to gamma sterilization. Irradiation has been shown to reduce the mechanical properties of cortical bone and change micro-damage accumulation in dense bovine trabecular bone. This study seeks to assess the effect of gamma sterilization on the yield properties of human trabecular bone across a range of bone volume fractions. Cylindrical human trabecular specimens (distal and proximal) irradiated to 29.45kGy were compared with non-irradiated controls. Specimens were compressed to past yield and analyzed using histological sections. Mechanical and histological analysis showed no differences between irradiated and control specimens. This suggests that structurally intact trabecular bone allograft, across a range of volume fractions, does not experience significant degradation in strength, stiffness or damage accumulation following gamma irradiation.

Year	Entry
1992	Anderson MJ, Keyak JH, Skinner HB. Compressive mechanical properties of human cancellous bone after gamma irradiation. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1992;74A(5):747-752.
2005	Akkus O, Belaney RM. Sterilization by gamma radiation impairs the tensile fatigue life of cortical bone by two orders of magnitude. J Orthop Res. September 2005;23(5):1054-1058.
1999	Ding M, Odgaard A, Hvid I. Accuracy of cancellous bone volume fraction measured by micro-CT scanning. J Biomech. 1999;32(3):323-326.
1997	Keaveny TM, Pinilla TP, Crawford RP, Kopperdahl DL, Lou A. Systematic and random errors in compression testing of trabecular bone [published correction appears in J Orthop Res. 1995;17(1):151]. J Orthop Res. 1997;15(1):101-110.
1994	Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.
1999	Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Kopperdahl DL. Mechanical behavior of human trabecular bone after overloading. J Orthop Res. May 1999;17(3):346-353.
2001	Morgan EF, Yeh OC, Chang WC, Keaveny TM. Nonlinear behavior of trabecular bone at small strains. J Biomech Eng. February 2001;123(1):1-9.
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
2001	Akkus O, Rimnac CM. Fracture resistance of gamma radiation sterilized cortical bone allografts. J Orthop Res. September 2001;19(5):927-934.
2002	Kopperdahl DL, Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):801-805.
2005	Akkus O, Belaney RM, Das P. Free radical scavenging alleviates the biomechanical impairment of gamma radiation sterilized bone tissue. J Orthop Res. July 2005;23(4):838-845.
2005	Nagaraja S, Couse TL, Guldberg RE. Trabecular bone microdamage and microstructural stresses under uniaxial compression. J Biomech. 2005;38(4):707-716.
2001	Wang X, Bank RA, Tekoppele JM, Agrawal CM. The role of collagen in determining bone mechanical properties. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(6):1021-1026.
2000	Vashishth D, Koontz J, Qiu SJ, Lundin-Cannon D, Yeni YN, Schaffler MB, Fyhrie DP. In vivo diffuse damage in human vertebral trabecular bone. Bone. February 2000;26(2):147-152.
1994	Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.
2001	Guo XE. Mechanical properties of cortical and cancellous bone tissue. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:10-1–10-23.
2004	Bayraktar HH, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, Morris GE, Wong EK, Keaveny TM. Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue. J Biomech. January 2004;37(1):27-35.
2006	Bevill G, Eswaran SK, Gupta A, Papadopoulos P, Keaveny TM. Influence of bone volume fraction and architecture on computed large-deformation failure mechanisms in human trabecular bone. Bone. December 2006;39(6):1218-1225.
2003	O’Brien FJ, Taylor D, Lee TC. Microcrack accumulation at different intervals during fatigue testing of compact bone. J Biomech. July 2003;36(7):973-980.
2002	O’Brien FJ, Taylor D, Lee TC. An improved labelling technique for monitoring microcrack growth in compact bone. J Biomech. April 2002;35(4):523-526.
1994	Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Guo XE, Hayes WC. Mechanical behavior of damaged trabecular bone. J Biomech. November 1994;27(11):1309-1318.
1990	Burr DB, Stafford T. Validity of the bulk-staining technique to separate artifactual from in vivo bone microdamage. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1990;260:305-308.
1997	Lewis G. Properties of acrylic bone cement: state of the art review. J Biomed Mater Res. Summer 1997;38(2):155-182.
2002	Arthur Moore TL, Gibson LJ. Microdamage accumulation in bovine trabecular bone in uniaxial compression. J Biomech Eng. February 2002;124(1):63-71.
2009	Bevill G, Eswaran SK, Farahmand F, Keaveny TM. The influence of boundary conditions and loading mode on high-resolution finite element-computed trabecular tissue properties. Bone. April 2009;44(4):573-578.
1999	Hamer AJ, Stockley I, Elson RA. Changes in allograft bone irradiated atdifferent temperatures. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1999;81B(2):342-344.
1997	Wachtel EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of trabecular damage on mechanical strain. J Orthop Res. September 1997;15(5):781-787.
1996	Hamer AJ, Strachan JR, Black MM, Ibbotson CJ, Stockley I, Elson RA. Biomechanical properties of cortical allograft bone using a new method of bone strength measurement: a comparison of fresh, fresh-frozen and irradiated bone. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1996;78B(3):363-368.
1998	Fazzalari NL, Forwood MR, Smith K, Manthey BA, Herreen P. Assessment of cancellous bone quality in severe osteoarthrosis: bone mineral density, mechanics, and microdamage. Bone. 1998;22(4):381-388.
2005	Wang X, Guyette J, Liu X, Roeder RK, Niebur GL. Axial-shear interaction effects on microdamage in bovine tibial trabecular bone. Euro J Morphol. February–April 2005;42(1-2):61-70.
1996	Oxlund H, Mosekilde L, Ørtoft G. Reduced concentration of collagen reducible cross links in human trabecular bone with respect to age and osteoporosis. Bone. November 1996;19(5):479-484.
2005	Morgan EF, Yeh OC, Keaveny TM. Damage in trabecular bone at small strains. Euro J Morphol. February–April 2005;42(1-2):13-21.
2001	Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech. 2001;34(5):569-577.
2004	Haddock SM, Yeh OC, Mummaneni PV, Rosenberg WS, Keaveny TM. Similarity in the fatigue behavior of trabecular bone across site and species. J Biomech. February 2004;37(2):181-187.
1994	Fyhrie DP, Schaffler MB. Failure mechanisms in human vertebral cancellous bone. Bone. 1994;15(1):105-109.
1997	Burr DB, Forwood MR, Fyhrie DP, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Turner CH. Bone microdamage and skeletal fragility in osteoporotic and stress fractures. J Bone Miner Res. January 1997;12(1):6-15.
1997	McCalden RW, McGeough JA, Court-Brown CM. Age-related changes in the compressive strength of cancellous bone: the relative importance of changes in density and trabecular architecture. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1997;79A(3):421-427.
1975	Burstein AH, Zika JM, Heiple KG, Klein L. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1975;57A(7):956-961.
1997	Currey JD, Foreman J, Laketić I, Mitchell J, Pegg DE, Reilly GC. Effects of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of human bone. J Orthop Res. January 1997;15(1):111-117.
2006	Rapillard L, Charlebois M, Zysset PK. Compressive fatigue behavior of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Biomech. 2006;39(11):2133-2139.

Year

Entry

1992

Anderson MJ, Keyak JH, Skinner HB. Compressive mechanical properties of human cancellous bone after gamma irradiation. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1992;74A(5):747-752.

2005

Akkus O, Belaney RM. Sterilization by gamma radiation impairs the tensile fatigue life of cortical bone by two orders of magnitude. J Orthop Res. September 2005;23(5):1054-1058.

1999

Ding M, Odgaard A, Hvid I. Accuracy of cancellous bone volume fraction measured by micro-CT scanning. J Biomech. 1999;32(3):323-326.

1997

Keaveny TM, Pinilla TP, Crawford RP, Kopperdahl DL, Lou A. Systematic and random errors in compression testing of trabecular bone [published correction appears in J Orthop Res. 1995;17(1):151]. J Orthop Res. 1997;15(1):101-110.

1994

Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel EF, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech. 1994;27(9):1127-1136.

1999

Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Kopperdahl DL. Mechanical behavior of human trabecular bone after overloading. J Orthop Res. May 1999;17(3):346-353.

2001

Morgan EF, Yeh OC, Chang WC, Keaveny TM. Nonlinear behavior of trabecular bone at small strains. J Biomech Eng. February 2001;123(1):1-9.

1998

Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.

2001

Akkus O, Rimnac CM. Fracture resistance of gamma radiation sterilized cortical bone allografts. J Orthop Res. September 2001;19(5):927-934.

2002

Kopperdahl DL, Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):801-805.

2005

Akkus O, Belaney RM, Das P. Free radical scavenging alleviates the biomechanical impairment of gamma radiation sterilized bone tissue. J Orthop Res. July 2005;23(4):838-845.

2005

Nagaraja S, Couse TL, Guldberg RE. Trabecular bone microdamage and microstructural stresses under uniaxial compression. J Biomech. 2005;38(4):707-716.

2001

Wang X, Bank RA, Tekoppele JM, Agrawal CM. The role of collagen in determining bone mechanical properties. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(6):1021-1026.

2000

Vashishth D, Koontz J, Qiu SJ, Lundin-Cannon D, Yeni YN, Schaffler MB, Fyhrie DP. In vivo diffuse damage in human vertebral trabecular bone. Bone. February 2000;26(2):147-152.

1994

Keller TS. Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech. September 1994;27(9):1159-1168.

2001

Guo XE. Mechanical properties of cortical and cancellous bone tissue. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:10-1–10-23.

2004

Bayraktar HH, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, Morris GE, Wong EK, Keaveny TM. Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue. J Biomech. January 2004;37(1):27-35.

2006

Bevill G, Eswaran SK, Gupta A, Papadopoulos P, Keaveny TM. Influence of bone volume fraction and architecture on computed large-deformation failure mechanisms in human trabecular bone. Bone. December 2006;39(6):1218-1225.

2003

O’Brien FJ, Taylor D, Lee TC. Microcrack accumulation at different intervals during fatigue testing of compact bone. J Biomech. July 2003;36(7):973-980.

2002

O’Brien FJ, Taylor D, Lee TC. An improved labelling technique for monitoring microcrack growth in compact bone. J Biomech. April 2002;35(4):523-526.

1994

Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Guo XE, Hayes WC. Mechanical behavior of damaged trabecular bone. J Biomech. November 1994;27(11):1309-1318.

1990

Burr DB, Stafford T. Validity of the bulk-staining technique to separate artifactual from in vivo bone microdamage. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1990;260:305-308.

1997

Lewis G. Properties of acrylic bone cement: state of the art review. J Biomed Mater Res. Summer 1997;38(2):155-182.

2002

Arthur Moore TL, Gibson LJ. Microdamage accumulation in bovine trabecular bone in uniaxial compression. J Biomech Eng. February 2002;124(1):63-71.

2009

Bevill G, Eswaran SK, Farahmand F, Keaveny TM. The influence of boundary conditions and loading mode on high-resolution finite element-computed trabecular tissue properties. Bone. April 2009;44(4):573-578.

1999

Hamer AJ, Stockley I, Elson RA. Changes in allograft bone irradiated atdifferent temperatures. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1999;81B(2):342-344.

1997

Wachtel EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of trabecular damage on mechanical strain. J Orthop Res. September 1997;15(5):781-787.

1996

Hamer AJ, Strachan JR, Black MM, Ibbotson CJ, Stockley I, Elson RA. Biomechanical properties of cortical allograft bone using a new method of bone strength measurement: a comparison of fresh, fresh-frozen and irradiated bone. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1996;78B(3):363-368.

1998

Fazzalari NL, Forwood MR, Smith K, Manthey BA, Herreen P. Assessment of cancellous bone quality in severe osteoarthrosis: bone mineral density, mechanics, and microdamage. Bone. 1998;22(4):381-388.

2005

Wang X, Guyette J, Liu X, Roeder RK, Niebur GL. Axial-shear interaction effects on microdamage in bovine tibial trabecular bone. Euro J Morphol. February–April 2005;42(1-2):61-70.

1996

Oxlund H, Mosekilde L, Ørtoft G. Reduced concentration of collagen reducible cross links in human trabecular bone with respect to age and osteoporosis. Bone. November 1996;19(5):479-484.

2005

Morgan EF, Yeh OC, Keaveny TM. Damage in trabecular bone at small strains. Euro J Morphol. February–April 2005;42(1-2):13-21.

2001

Morgan EF, Keaveny TM. Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech. 2001;34(5):569-577.

2004

Haddock SM, Yeh OC, Mummaneni PV, Rosenberg WS, Keaveny TM. Similarity in the fatigue behavior of trabecular bone across site and species. J Biomech. February 2004;37(2):181-187.

1994

Fyhrie DP, Schaffler MB. Failure mechanisms in human vertebral cancellous bone. Bone. 1994;15(1):105-109.

1997

Burr DB, Forwood MR, Fyhrie DP, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Turner CH. Bone microdamage and skeletal fragility in osteoporotic and stress fractures. J Bone Miner Res. January 1997;12(1):6-15.

1997

McCalden RW, McGeough JA, Court-Brown CM. Age-related changes in the compressive strength of cancellous bone: the relative importance of changes in density and trabecular architecture. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1997;79A(3):421-427.

1975

Burstein AH, Zika JM, Heiple KG, Klein L. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1975;57A(7):956-961.

1997

Currey JD, Foreman J, Laketić I, Mitchell J, Pegg DE, Reilly GC. Effects of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of human bone. J Orthop Res. January 1997;15(1):111-117.

2006

Rapillard L, Charlebois M, Zysset PK. Compressive fatigue behavior of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Biomech. 2006;39(11):2133-2139.

Year	Entry
2010	Banka M. Microdamage Induced Collagen Denaturation in Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2010.

Year

Entry

2010

Banka M. Microdamage Induced Collagen Denaturation in Bone [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2010.