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Frost, H. M.
1
The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents
Bone Miner
. April 1987;2(2):73-85
©1987 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division)
Affiliations
1
Southern Colorado Clinic, 2002 Lake Pueblo, CO 81004, USA
Links
PubMed:
3333019
WoS:
A1987H661500001
History
Received: 1986-10-01
Accepted: 1986-12-18
Cited Works (2)
Year
Entry
1985
Frost HM. The pathomechanics of osteoporoses.
Clin Orthop Relat Res
. November 1985;200:198-225.
1986
Frost HM.
Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton
. Vols. 1-2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
Cited By (92)
Year
Entry
2013
Hum JM.
Signaling Mechanisms That Suppress the Anabolic Response of Osteoblasts and Osteocytes to Fluid Shear Stress
[PhD thesis]. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University; September 2013.
1991
Kahn AJ, Partridge NC. Bone resorption in vivo. In: Hall BK, ed.
Bone. Volume 2: The Osteoclast
. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1991:119-140.
1992
Jaworski ZFG. Haversian systems and Haversian bone. In: Hall BK, ed.
Bone. Volume 4: Bone Metabolism and Mineralization
. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1992:21-45.
2001
Jee WSS. Integrated bone tissue physiology: anatomy and physiology. In: Cowin SC, ed.
Bone Mechanics Handbook
. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:1-1–1-68.
2025
Cole ME, Crowder C, Stout SD. Bone remodeling and its histomorphological products. In: Stout SD, Crowder C, eds.
Bone Histology: A Biological Anthropological Perspective
. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2025:1-46.
2025
Cole ME. Visualization and interpretation of cortical porosity. In: Stout SD, Crowder C, eds.
Bone Histology: A Biological Anthropological Perspective
. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2025:442-470.
1990
Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), I: redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem.
Anat Rec
. 1990;226(4):403-413.
2003
Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update.
Anat Rec
. 2003;275A(2):1081-1101.
1994
Frost HM. Wolff's law and bone's structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians.
Angle Orthod
. June 1994;64(3):175-188.
1989
Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Yang KH, Lukoschek M, Sivaneri N, Blaha JD, Radin EL. Skeletal change in response to altered strain environments: is woven bone a response to elevated strain?
Bone
. 1989;10(3):223-233.
1989
Wronski TJ, Dann LM, Horner SL. Time course of vertebral osteopenia in ovariectomized rats.
Bone
. 1989;10(4):295-301.
1990
Jensen KS, Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. A model of vertebral trabecular bone architecture and its mechanical properties.
Bone
. 1990;11(6):417-423.
1998
Mullender M, van Rietbergen B, Rüegsegger P, Huiskes R. Effect of mechanical set point of bone cells on mechanical control of trabecular bone architecture.
Bone
. February 1998;22(2):125-131.
2008
Miller PD, Bolognese MA, Lewiecki EM, McClung MR, Ding B, Austin M, Liu Y, San Martin J; AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group. Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial.
Bone
. August 2008;43(2):222-229.
2012
Tu X, Rhee Y, Condon KW, Bivi N, Allen MR, Dwyer D, Stolina M, Turner CH, Robling AG, Plotkin LI, Bellido T.
Sost
downregulation and local Wnt signaling are required for the osteogenic response to mechanical loading.
Bone
. January 2012;50(1):209-217.
2016
Meyer LA, Johnson MG, Cullen DM, Vivanco JF, Blank RD, Ploeg H-L, Smith EL. Combined exposure to big endothelin-1 and mechanical loading in bovine sternal cores promotes osteogenesis.
Bone
. April 2016;85:115-122.
2017
Delgado-Calle J, Sato AY, Bellido T. Role and mechanism of action of sclerostin in bone.
Bone
. March 2017;96:29-37.
2020
Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. Regional changes in indices of bone strength of upper and lower limbs in response to high-intensity impact loading or high-intensity resistance training.
Bone
. March 2020;132:115192.
2020
Galea GL, Delisser PJ, Meakin L, Price JS, Windahl SH. Bone gain following loading is site-specifically enhanced by prior and concurrent disuse in aged male mice.
Bone
. April 2020;133:115255.
1990
Mosekilde L. Consequences of the remodelling process for vertebral trabecular bone structure: a scanning electron microscopy study (uncoupling of unloaded structures).
Bone Miner
. July 1990;10(1):13-35.
1992
Frost HM. Perspectives: bone's mechanical usage windows.
Bone Miner
. December 1992;19(3):257-271.
1993
Forwood MR, Burr DB. Physical activity and bone mass: exercises in futility?
Bone Miner
. May 1993;21(2):89-112.
1988
Frost HM. Vital biomechanics: proposed general concepts for skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage.
Calcif Tiss Int
. May 1988;42(3):145-156.
1988
Wronski TJ, Cintrón M, Dann LM. Temporal relationship between bone loss and increased bone turnover in ovariectomized rats.
Calcif Tiss Int
. September 1988;43(3):179-183.
2008
Webster DJ, Morley PL, van Lenthe GH, Müller R. A novel in vivo mouse model for mechanically stimulated bone adaptation: a combined experimental and computational validation study.
Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng
. October 2008;11(5):435-441.
1997
Adams DJ, Spirt AA, Brown TD, Fritton SP, Rubin CT, Brand RA. Testing the daily stress stimulus theory of bone adaptation with natural and experimentally controlled strain histories.
J Biomech
. July 1997;30(7):671-678.
2012
Al Nazer R, Lanovaz J, Kawalilak C, Johnston JD, Kontulainen S. Direct in vivo strain measurements in human bone: a systematic literature review.
J Biomech
. January 3, 2012;45(1):27-40.
1992
Snow-Harter C, Bouxsein ML, Lewis BT, Carter DR, Marcus R. Effects of resistance and endurance exercise on bone mineral status of young women: a randomized exercise intervention trial.
J Bone Miner Res
. July 1992;7(7):761-769.
1997
Morris FL, Naughton GA, Gibbs JL, Carlson JS, Wark JD. Prospective ten-month exercise intervention in premenarcheal girls: positive effects on bone and lean mass.
J Bone Miner Res
. September 1997;12(9):1453-1462.
1997
Burr DB. Muscle strength, bone mass, and age‐related bone loss.
J Bone Miner Res
. 1997;12(10):1547-1551.
1997
Frost HM. On our age‐related bone loss: insights from a new paradigm.
J Bone Miner Res
. October 1997;12(10):1539-1546.
2001
Beck TJ, Oreskovic TL, Stone KL, Ruff CB, Ensrud K, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR. Structural adaptation to changing skeletal load in the progression toward hip fragility: the study of osteoporotic fractures.
J Bone Miner Res
. June 2001;16(6):1108-1119.
2002
Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, Turner CH, Robling AG, Seeman E, Stuckey S. The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players.
J Bone Miner Res
. December 2002;17(12):2274-2280.
2011
Mantila Roosa SM, Liu Y, Turner CH. Gene expression patterns in bone following mechanical loading.
J Bone Miner Res
. January 2011;26(1):100-112.
2019
Kelly A, Shults J, Mostoufi‐Moab S, McCormack SE, Stallings VA, Schall JI, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd JA, Winer KK, Leonard MB, Zemel BS. Pediatric bone mineral accrual Z‐score calculation equations and their application in childhood disease.
J Bone Miner Res
. January 2019;34(1):195-203.
2020
Higgins S, Sokolowski CM, Vishwanathan M, Schmidt MD, Evans EM, Lewis RD. Sex‐specific muscular mediation of the relationship between physical activity and cortical bone in young adults.
J Bone Miner Res
. January 2020;35(1):81-91.
2017
Sandino C, McErlain DD, Schipilow J, Boyd SK. Mechanical stimuli of trabecular bone in osteoporosis: a numerical simulation by finite element analysis of microarchitecture.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater
. February 2017;66:19-27.
2001
Jee WSS, Yao W. Overview: animal models of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
J Musculoskel Neuron Interact
. March 2001;1(3):193-207.
2013
Schulte FA, Ruffoni D, Lambers FM, Christen D, Webster DJ, Kuhn G, Müller R. Local mechanical stimuli regulate bone formation and resorption in mice at the tissue level.
PLoS One
. April 2013;8(4):e62172.
1989
Miller SC, de Saint-Georges L, Bowman BM, Jee WSS. Bone lining cells: structure and function.
Scanning Microsc
. 1989;3(3):953-961.
2020
Aggleton J.
First-Hand Experience: A Methodology for Exploring Bone Architecture
[PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; January 2020.
2012
Sharma D.
Effects of Estrogen Deficiency on the Osteocyte Lacunar-Canalicular Network
[PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2012.
2005
Day JS.
Bone Quality: The Mechanical Effects of Microarchitecture and Matrix Properties
[PhD thesis]. Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2005.
2008
Webster DJ.
A Combined Experimental and Computational Model for Genetic Control of Micro Structural Bone Adaptation
[PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2008.
2024
Griesbach JK.
Mechanobiology and Mineralization Dynamics in Bone Health and Disease: Insights from Computational Modeling, Organotypic Models, and in Vivo Studies
[PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2024.
2004
Duty AO.
Controlled in Vivo Mechanical Stimulation of Bone Repair Constructs
[PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; April 2004.
2006
Nagaraja S.
Microstructural Stresses and Strains Associated With Trabecular Bone Microdamage
[PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; December 2006.
2019
Bakr M.
Parathyroid Hormone Effect on Facilitating Stress Fracture Repair
[PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2019
Lambert C.
A Comparison of the Bone Response to Impact Loading and Resistance Training in Young Adult Women: The OPTIMA-Ex Trial
[PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2000
Ryder KD.
Parathyroid Hormone Modulates the Response of Osteoblast-Like Cells to Mechanical Stimulation
[PhD thesis]. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University; May 2000.
1995
Heinrich RE.
Functional Morphology and Body Size of Early Tertiary Miacoidea (mammalia, Carnivora)
[PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; 1995.
1999
Egi N.
Functional Morphology of the Limb Bones in Recent Carnivores and Its Application to North American Hyaenodontid Creodonta
[PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; 1999.
2005
Zumwalt AC.
The Effect of Endurance Exercise on the Morphology of Muscle Attachment Sites: An Experimental Study in Sheep (
Ovis Aries
)
[PhD thesis]. Johns Hopkins University; March 2005.
2002
Kontulainen S.
Training, Detraining and Bone: Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass and Structure With Special Reference to Maintenance of the Exercise-Induced Bone Gain
[PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 2002.
2002
Hudson JA.
The Ontogeny of Transverse Femoral Geometry and Bone Modeling in the Ward Skeletal Population
[PhD thesis]. Kent State University; August 2002.
2011
Abdel-Wahab AA-GM.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue
[PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
2011
Linares GR.
Novel Molecules That Regulate Bone Formation and Bone Resorption
[PhD thesis]. Loma Linda University; June 2011.
2015
Ireland AD.
Bone Mechanoadaptation and the Influence of Muscular Action on Bone Across the Lifespan
[PhD thesis]. Manchester Metropolitan University; 2015.
2013
Verbruggen SW.
Mechanobiological Origins of Osteoporosis
[PhD thesis]. National University of Ireland Galway; September 2013.
2003
Peterman MM.
A Strain Map of the Human Distal Tibia During the Stance Phase of Walking, from Dynamic Cadaver Experiments and Finite Element Analysis Simulations
[PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 2003.
2010
Roosa SM.
Gene Expression Patterns and Regulatory Mechanisms in Bone Following Mechanical Loading
[PhD thesis]. Purdue University; August 2010.
2016
Berman AG.
Influence of Mechanical Stimulation on the Quantity and Quality of Bone During Modeling
[Master's thesis]. Purdue University; August 2016.
2001
Kim DG.
Micromechanical Analysis of Bone At a Bone-Implant Interface
[PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2001.
2000
Kotha SP.
A Micromechanical Model to Explain the Mechanical Properties of Bovine Cortical Bone in Tension: In Vitro Fluoride Ion Effects
[PhD thesis]. Rutgers University; January 2000.
2018
Samvelyan H.
The Effect of Timing of Feeding on Bone's Adaptive Response to Mechanical Loading
[PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; March 2018.
1992
Bouxsein ML.
Physical Activity and Bone Density
[PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 1992.
2008
Arnsdorf EJ.
Guiding Osteogenic Lineage Commitment: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biology and the Mechanical Microenvironment
[PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2008.
2008
Kwon RY.
Mechanical Behavior and Early Molecular Signaling During Mechanotransduction of Fluid Flow in Bone Cells
[PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 2008.
2006
Xie L.
Low Level Mechanical Vibrations Enhance Musculoskeletal Accretion in Growing Mice
[PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; December 2006.
2011
Patri N.
Low Intensity Vibrations Applied Locally Can be Transmitted to the Alveolar Bone Thereby Enhancing the Quality of the Bone in Adults Rats
[Master's thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2011.
2011
Vijayaraghavan S.
Duration of Reambulation Phases as a Modulator of the Detrimental Impact of Multiple Disuse Exposures on the Skeleton
[Master's thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2011.
2017
Morse AR.
The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Antagonists - Sclerostin and DKK1 - in Bone Homeostasis and Mechanotransduction
[PhD thesis]. University of Sydney; 2017.
2005
Ruimerman R.
Modeling and Remodeling in Bone Tissue
[PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 2005.
2013
Christen P.
Deciphering the Secret Message Within Bone Microstructure
[PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 2013.
2004
Roberts MD.
Adaptation of Bone to Mechanical and Nonmechanical Stimuli: An Integrated Experimental and Computational Study
[PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2004.
2022
Davis RA.
Investigating the Effects of Aging and Prolonged Opioid Use on Bone Histomorphometry, Quality, and Biomechanics
[PhD thesis]. University of Akron; August 2022.
2005
Butterfield TA.
Sarcomere Number Following Strain Inujury in Skeletal Muscle
[PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; July 2005.
2003
Nyman JS.
Simulations of Bone Adaptation to Total Knee Arthroplasty and Bisphosphonates Through Remodeling Stimulated by Microdamage and Disuse
[PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2003.
1996
Adams DJ.
Mechanical Factors Initiating Appositional Bone Formation
[PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 1996.
1995
Guldberg RE.
Mechanical Adaptation of Trabecular Bone Formation in Vivo
[PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1997
Richards M.
Strain Environment Effects on New Bone Formation and Precursor Tissue Differentiation During Distraction
[PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1997.
2000
McCreadie BR.
Structural and Material Changes in Osteoporosis: Their Impact on the Mechanical Environment of the Osteocyte
[PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2000.
2010
Joiner DM.
The Effect of Age on Bone and Its Response to Mechanical Stimulation
[PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2010.
2022
Gray MA.
Alterations in Cardiac Contractility and Heart Rate Mediated by Bone Loading
[Master's thesis]. University of Missouri–Kansas City; 2022.
2018
Ansari N.
Physiological Role of Osteocytic Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP)
[PhD thesis]. University of Melbourne; June 2018.
2011
Rieger R.
Modélisation mécano-biologique par éléments finis de l'os trabéculaire: Des activités cellulaires au remodelage osseux
[Mechano-Biological Modeling of Trabecular Bone by Finite Elements: From Cells’ Activities to Bone Remodeling] [PhD thesis]. University of Orleans; 2011.
2012
Barkaoui A.
Modélisation multiéchelle du comportement mécano-biologique de l’os humain: De l’ultrastructure au remodelage osseux
[PhD thesis]. University of Orleans; 2012.
2002
Wang M-Y.
Quantifying Musculoskeletal Load and Adaptation: Biomechanical Consideration
[PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); August 2002.
1998
Arslanoğlu R.
Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Aspects of Cellular Mechanotransduction
[PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; December 1998.
2011
Vivanco Morales JF.
Investigation of Fabrication and Environmental Effects on Bioceramic Bone Scaffolds
[PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.
2016
Collins CJ.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Methods to Determine Mechanical Properties of Long Bone
[PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.
2016
Meyer LA.
Testing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Trabecular Bone
[PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.