Development and validation of a human-body mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian collisions

wbldb

Yang, J. K.¹; Lövsund, P.¹

Development and validation of a human-body mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian collisions

Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact

Affiliations

¹Dept. of Injury Prevention, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop a 3D mathematical model of the human body to simulate responses of- pedestrians in car impacts with emphasis on the lower extremities and the head. The model, implemented by using MADYMO-GEBOD program, consists of fifteen body segments connected by fourteen joints, including two human-like knee joints and two breakable leg segments which allow to simulate the knee responses associated with leg fracture.

The model was verified by using published sled impact tests with cadavers in terms of kinematics of the pedestrian substitutes, accelerations of the body segments, and failure description from anatomical investigations of the pedestrian substitutes. The sensitivity of the model to input variables was studied at impact speeds of 15 and 40 km/h with the following parameters: bumper height, bumper stiffness, bumper lead distance, height of hood-edge, hood-edge stiffness, and impact speed. The validated model demonstrated its capability in simulations of car-pedestrian impacts to predict risk of pedestrian injuries and to develop safety countermeasures for pedestrian protection.

Cited Works (36)

Year	Entry
1986	Gibson TJ, Hinrichs RW, McLean AJ. Pedestrian head impacts: development and validation of a mathematical model. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.165-176.
1993	Kress TA, Snider JN, Porta DJ, Fuller PM, Wasserman JF, Tucker GV. Human femur response to impact loading. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.93-104.
1990	Begeman PC, Prasad P. Human ankle impact response in dorsiflexion. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:39-53. SAE 902308.
1983	Wismans J, Spenny CH. Performance requirements for mechanical necks in lateral flexion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:137-148. SAE 831613.
1982	Cesari D, Ramet M. Pelvic tolerance and protection criteria in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 20-21, 1982; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:145-154. SAE 821159.
1981	Cesari D, Ramet M, Bloch J. Influence of arm position on thoracic injuries in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:271-297. SAE 811007.
1984	Bowman BM, Schneider LW, Lustick LS, Anderson WR, Thomas DJ. Simulation analysis of head and neck dynamic response. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:173-205. SAE 841668.
1978	Pritz HB. Comparison of the dynamic responses of anthropomorphic test devices and human anatomic specimens in experimental pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:343-357. SAE 780894.
1978	White AA III, Panjabi MM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company; 1978.
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
1993	Yang JK, Rzymkowski C, Kajzer J. Development and validation of a mathematical breakable leg model. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.175-186.
1983	Cavallero C, Cesari D, Ramet M, Billault P, Farisse J, Seriat-Gautier B, Bonnoit J. Improvement of pedestrian safety: influence of shape of passenger car-front structures upon pedestrian kinematics and injuries: evaluation based on 50 cadaver tests. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 28–March 4, 1983; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 830624.
1975	Nyquist GW, Murton CJ. Static bending response of the human lower torso. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:513-541. SAE 751158.
1982	Cesari D, Ramet M, Zac R. Behaviour of side impact dummies used as pedestrians in accident reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.230-240.
1991	Allsop DL, Perl TR, Warner CY. Force/deflection and fracture characteristics of the temporo-parietal region of the human head. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:269-278. SAE 912907.
1880	Messerer O. Über Elasticität und Festigkeit der menschlichen Knochen. Stuttgart, Germany: Cotta; 1880.
1994	EEVC Working Group 10 Report: Proposals for Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection for Passenger Cars. European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC); November 1994.
1986	Butler DL, Kay MD, Stouffer DC. Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments. J Biomech. 1986;19(6):425-432.
1985	Nyquist GW, Cheng R, El-Bohy AAR, King AI. Tibia bending: strength and response. In: Proceedings of the 29th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 9-11, 1985; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:99-112. SAE 851728.
1978	Appel H, Kuehnel A, Stuertz G, Gloeckner H. Pedestrian safety vehicle: design elements results of in-depth accident analyses and simulation. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.132-153.
1993	Ishikawa H, Kajzer J, Schroeder G. Computer simulation of impact response of the human body in car-pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:235-248. SAE 933129.
1977	Stalnaker RL, Melvin JW, Nusholtz GS, Alem NM, Benson JB. Head impact response. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:305-335. SAE 770921.
1986	Wismans J, van Oorschot H, Woltring HJ. Omni-directional human head-neck response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:313-331. SAE 861893.
1973	Kramer M, Burow K, Heger A. Fracture mechanism of lower legs under impact load. In: Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1973; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:81-100. SAE 730966.
1982	Wismans J, van Wijk J. Mathematical models for the assessment of pedestrian protection provided by a car contour. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.205-213.
1988	McElhaney JH, Doherty BJ, Paver JG, Myers BS, Gray L. Combined bending and axial loading responses of the human cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1988; Atlanta, GA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:21-28. SAE 881709.
1995	Yang J, Kajzer J, Cavallero C, Bonnoit J. Computer simulation of shearing and bending response of the knee joint to a lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1995; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:251-264. SAE 952727.
1978	Ashton SJ. Pedestrian Injuries and the Car Exterior [PhD thesis]. Birmingham, England: University of Birmingham; February 1978.
1985	Janssen EG, Wismans JSHM. Experimental and mathematical simulation of pedestrian-vehicle and cyclist-vehicle accidents. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.977-988. SAE 856113.
1985	European Experimental Vehicle Committee. Pedestrian injury protection by car design. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.965-976. SAE 856112.
1985	Aldman B, Kajzer J, Bunketorp O, Eppinger R. An experimental study of a modified compliant bumper. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.1035-1040. SAE 856118.
1970	Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Evans FG, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1970.
1989	Viano DC, Lau IV, Asbury C, King AI, Begeman P. Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact. In: 33rd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 2-4, 1989; Baltimore, MD.367-382.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1995	Mohan D, Kajzer J, Bawa-Bhalla KS, Chawla A, Singh S. Impact modeling studies for a three-wheeled scooter taxi. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.325-336.
1973	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Breaking Strength of the Human Skull Vs Impact Surface Curvature. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; November 1973. NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS-801 002.

Cited By (17)

Year	Entry
2004	Haug E, Choi H-Y, Robin S, Beaugonin M. Human models for crash and impact simulation. In: Ayache N, ed. Computational Models for the Human Body. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V; 2004:231-452. Ciarlet PG, ed. Handbook of Numerical Analysis; vol 12.
2001	Akiyama A, Okamoto M, Rangarajan N. Development and application of the new pedestrian dummy. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1998	Chawla A, Sharma V, Mohan D, Kajzer J. Safer truck front design for pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.407-424.
1999	Huang TJ, McDonald J, Artis M, Rangarajan N, Shams T, White RP Jr, Beach D, Campbell R Jr, Akiyama A, Yoshida S, Ishikawa H, Konosu A. Development of a biofidelic dummy for car-pedestrian accident studies. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.315-327.
2006	Yao J, Yang J, Otte D. Investigation of brain injuries by reconstructions of real world adult pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.241-252.
2008	Kerrigan J, Parent D, Untaroiu C, Crandall J, Deng B. A new detailed multi-body model of the pedestrian lower extremity: development and preliminary validation. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.227-242.
2012	Peng Y, Deck C, Yang J, Otte D, Willinger R. A study of kinematics of adult pedestrian and head impact conditions in case of passenger car collisions based on real world accident data. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.766-778.
2004	Meissner M, van Rooij L, Bhalla K, Crandall J, Longhitano D, Takahashi Y, Dokko Y, Kikuchi Y. A multi-body computational study of the kinematic and injury response of a pedestrian with variable stance upon impact with a vehicle. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 8-11, 2004; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2004-01-1607.
2003	Van Hoof J, De Lange R, Wismans JSHM. Improving pedestrian safety using numerical human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:401-436. SAE 2003-22-0018.
2003	Maki T, Kajzer J, Mizuno K, Sekine Y. Comparative analysis of vehicle–bicyclist and vehicle–pedestrian accidents in Japan. Accid Anal Prev. November 2003;35(6):927-940.
2000	Chawla A, Mohan D, Sharma V, Kajzer J. Safer truck front design for pedestrian impacts. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2000;2(1):33-43.
2000	Yang JK, Lövsund P, Cavallero C, Bonnoit J. A human-body 3D mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian impacts. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2000;2(2):131-149.
2002	Liu XJ, Yang JK. Development of child pedestrian mathematical models and evaluation with accident reconstruction. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(4):321-329.
2009	Kerrigan JR, Parent DP, Untaroiu C, Crandall JR, Deng B. A new approach to multibody model development: pedestrian lower extremity. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10(4):386-397.
2020	Shang S. Pedestrian Whole Body Ground Contact Mechanisms and Head Injury Assessment Following Vehicle Impact [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; April 2020.
2005	Untaroiu CD. Development and Validation of a Finite Element Model of Human Lower Limb: Including Detailed Geometry, Physical Material Properties, and Component Validations for Pedestrian Injuries [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2005.
2008	Kerrigan JR. A Computationally Efficient Mathematical Model of the Pedestrian Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2008.