Experimental investigations into the physical properties of the intervertebral disc

Virgin, W. J.<sup>1</sup>

Year	Entry
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1965	Evans FG, Lissner HR. Studies on the energy absorbing capacity of human lumbar intervertebral discs. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:386-402.
1966	Stapp JP. Review of air force research on biodynamics of collision injury. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:325-342. SAE 660805.
1983	McElhaney JH, Paver JG, McCrackin HJ, Maxwell GM. Cervical spine compression responses. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:163-177. SAE 831615.
1998	Demetropoulos CK, Yang KH, Grimm MJ, Khalil TB, King AI. Mechanical properties of the cadaveric and Hybrid III lumbar spines. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:237-. SAE 983160.
2017	Arun MWJ, Hadagali P, Driesslein K, Curry W, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Biomechanics of lumbar motion-segments in dynamic compression. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2017;61:1-25. SAE 2017-22-0001.
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1967	Galante JO. Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;(suppl 100):1-91.
1968	Tkaczuk H. Tensile properties of human lumbar longitudinal ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand. 1968;39(suppl 115):1-69.
1966	Nachemson A. The load on lumbar disks in different positions of the body. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–March 1966;45:107-122.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
1975	Panjabi MM, White AA III, Johnson RM. Cervical spine mechanics as a function of transection of components. J Biomech. September 1975;8(5):327-336.
1976	Panjabi MM, Brand RA Jr, White AA III. Three-dimensional flexibility and stiffness properties of the human thoracic spine. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):185-192.
1976	Kulak RF, Belytschko TB, Schultz AB, Galante JO. Nonlinear behavior of the human intervertebral disc under axial load. J Biomech. 1976;9(6):377-386.
1986	Koeller W, Muehlhaus S, Meier W, Hartmann F. Biomechanical properties of human intervertebral discs subjected to axial dynamic compression: influence of age and degeneration. J Biomech. 1986;19(10):807-816.
1988	Smeathers JE, Joanes DN. Dynamic compressive properties of human lumbar intervertebral joints: a comparison between fresh and thawed specimens. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):425-433.
1988	Moroney SP, Schultz AB, Miller JAA, Andersson GBJ. Load-displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):769-779.
1989	Yoganandan N, Ray G, Pintar FA, Myklebust JB, Sances A Jr. Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):135-142.
1981	Tencer AF, Ahmed AM. The role of secondary variables in the measurement of the mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint. J Biomech Eng. August 1981;103(3):129-137.
1982	Tencer AF, Ahmed AM, Burke DL. Some static mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint, intact and injured. J Biomech Eng. August 1982;104(3):193-201.
1959	Evans FG, Lissner HR. Biomechanical studies on the lumbar spine and pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1959;41A(2):278-290.
1970	Farfan HF, Cossette JW, Robertson GH, Wells RV, Kraus H. The effects of torsion on the lumbar intervertebral joints: the role of torsion in the production of disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1970;52A(3):468-497.
1972	Markolf KL. Deformation of the thoracolumbar intervertebral joints in response to external loads: a biomechanical study using autopsy material. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1972;54A(3):511-533.
1978	Lin HS, Liu YK, Adams KH. Mechanical response of the lumbar intervertebral joint under physiological (complex) loading. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1978;60A(1):41-55.
1960	Roaf R. A study of the mechanics of spinal injuries. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1960;42B(4):810-823.
1987	Keller TS, Spengler DM, Hansson TH. Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine, I: creep analysis during static compressive loading. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(4):467-478.
1980	Panjabi MM, White AA III. Basic biomechanics of the spine. Neurosurgery. July 1980;7(1):76-93.
1981	Nachemson AL. Disc pressure measurements. Spine. January–February 1981;6(1):93-97.
1981	Horst M, Brinckmann P. Measurement of the distribution of axial stress on the end-plate of the vertebral body. Spine. May–June 1981;6(3):217-232.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1988	Urban JPG, McMullin JF. Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs influence of age, spinal level, composition, and degeneration. Spine. February 1988;13(2):179-187.
1989	Keller TS, Hansson TH, Abram AC, Spengler DM, Panjabi MM. Regional variations in the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of disc degeneration. Spine. September 1989;14(9):1012-1019.
1991	Gordon SJ, Yang KH, Mayer PJ, Mace AH Jr, Kish VL, Radin EL. Mechanism of disc rupture: a preliminary report. Spine. April 1991;16(6):450-456.
1994	Best BA, Guilak F, Setton LA, Zhu W, Saed-Nejad F, Ratcliffe A, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC. Compressive mechanical properties of the human anulus fibrosus and their relationship to biochemical composition. Spine. January 15, 1994;19(2):212-221.
1995	Acaroglu ER, Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Foster RJ, Mow VC, Weidenbaum M. Degeneration and aging affect the tensile behavior of human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Spine. December 15, 1995;20(24):2690-2701.
1998	Lotz JC, Colliou OK, Chin JR, Duncan NA, Liebenberg E. Compression-induced degeneration of the intervertebral disc: an in vivo mouse model and finite-element study. Spine. December 1, 1998;23(23):2493-2506.
1999	Gu WY, Mao XG, Foster RJ, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC, Rawlins BA. The anisotropic hydraulic permeability of human lumbar anulus fibrosus: influence of age, degeneration, direction, and water content. Spine. December 1, 1999;24(23):2449-2455.
2000	Race A, Broom ND, Robertson P. Effect of loading rate and hydration on the mechanical properties of the disc. Spine. March 15, 2000;25(6):662-669.
2001	Cao KD, Grimm MJ, Yang K-H. Load sharing within a human lumbar vertebral body using the finite element method. Spine. June 5, 2001;26(12):E253-E260.
1986	Pooni JS, Hukins DWL, Harris PF, Hilton RC, Davies KE. Comparison of the structure of human intervertebral discs in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Surg Radiol Anat. September 1986;8(3):175-182.
2015	Oxland TR. A history of spine biomechanics: focus on 20th century progress. Unfallchirurg. December 2015;118(suppl 1):80-92.
1996	Iatridis JC. Biomechanics of the Anulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and the Effects of Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1996.
2004	Joshi AB. Mechanical Behavior of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc With Polymeric Hydrogel Nucleus Implant: An Experimental and Finite Element Study [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; February 2004.
1999	Elliott DM. The Fiber-Induced Anisotropic Material Behaviors of the Anulus Fibrosus of the Intervertebral Disc in Tension [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1999.
2017	Christou A. Modelling Spinal Injury Due to High-Rate Axial Loading [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2017.
1985	Yoganandan N. Mechanical Factors and the Threshold of Trauma of the Intervertebral Joint: A Finite Element Analysis With Experimental Validation [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1985.
1981	Tencer A. The Mechanical Properties of the Human Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. McGill University; April 1981.
2004	Yao H. Physical Signals and Solute Transport in Cartilaginous Tissues [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2004.
1991	Kasra M. Experimental and Finite Element Dynamic Response Analyses of a Human Lumbar Motion Segment [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; March 1991.
2011	Driscoll M. Design, Optimization, and Evaluation of a Fusionless Device to Induce Growth Modulation and Correct Spinal Curvatures in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; June 2011.
2011	Wagnac É. Expérimentation et modélisation détaillée de la colonne vertébrale pour étudier le rôle de facteurs anatomiques et biomécaniques sur les traumatismes rachidiens [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2011.
2019	McGivern K. Ex Vivo Evaluation of Intervertebral Disc Mechanics Using Diffusion Weighted Imaging on the 7 T MR: Effect of Degeneration [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2019.
1998	Colliou OK. Role of Mechanical Loading in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 1998.
1984	Moroney SP. Mechanical Properties and Muscle Force Analyses of the Lower Cervical Spine [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Chicago; 1984.
2012	Zelik KE. Passive Energy-Saving Mechanisms in Human Locomotion [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2012.
2006	Johannessen W. Nucleus Pulposus Degeneration and Its Role in Intervertebral Disc Mechanical Function [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2006.
2014	Jacobs NT. Validation and Application of an Intervertebral Disc Finite Element Model Utilizing Independently Constructed Tissue-Level Constitutive Formulations That Are Nonlinear, Anisotropic, and Time-Dependent [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2014.
2008	Moss IL. Modified-Hyaluronan and Elastin-Like Polypeptide Composite Material for Tissue Engineering of the Nucleus Pulposus [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2008.
2006	Panzer MB. Numerical Modelling of the Human Cervical Spine in Frontal Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2006.
2019	Honert EC. Ankle and Foot Biomechanics During Human Walking: Powerful Insights on Multiarticular Muscles, Soft Tissues, and Toe Joint Dynamics [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; May 10, 2019.
1996	Kim Y. A Finite-Element Study of Intervertebral Cages and Spinal Bone Remodeling [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 1996.
1992	Oxland TR. Burst Fractures of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation [PhD thesis]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; May 1992.