A study of the mechanics of spinal injuries

Roaf, Robert<sup>1</sup>

Year	Entry
1978	Culver RH, Bender M, Melvin JW. Mechanisms, Tolerances, and Responses Obtained Under Dynamic Superior-Inferior Head Impact: A Pilot Study. May 1978. Report No. UM-HSRI-78-21.
2004	Haug E, Choi H-Y, Robin S, Beaugonin M. Human models for crash and impact simulation. In: Ayache N, ed. Computational Models for the Human Body. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V; 2004:231-452. Ciarlet PG, ed. Handbook of Numerical Analysis; vol 12.
1979	McElhaney J, Snyder RG, States JD, Gabrielsen MA. Biomechanical analysis of swimming pool neck injuries. In: Proceedings of the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition. 1979; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 790137.
1970	White RJ, Albin MS. Spine and spinal cord injury. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:63-83.
2015	King AI. Introduction to and applications of injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:1-31.
2015	Nightingale RW, Myers BS, Yoganandan N. Neck injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:259-308.
2015	Arun MWJ, Maiman DJ, Yoganandan N. Thoracic spine injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:435-450.
1971	Portnoy HD, McElhaney JH, Melvin JW, Croissant PD. Mechanism of cervical spine injury in auto accidents. In: 15th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 20-23, 1971; Colorado Springs, CO.55-83.
1975	Nagel DA, Perkash I, Piziali RL, Hayes WC. Mechanics of dorsal-lumbar spine injury: a preliminary report. In: 19th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 20, 1975; San Diego, CA.124-136.
1978	Moffatt EA, Siegel AW, Huelke DF, Nahum AM. The biomechanics of automotive cervical fractures. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.151-168.
1998	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Cusick JF, Kleinberger M. Head-neck biomechanics in simulated rear impact. In: 42nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 5-7, 1998; Charlottesville, VA.209-231.
1982	Lenox JB, Stalnaker RL, White CD, Moore GT, Anderson OM, Schleicher RR, Peel HH, Martin SS, Driscoll GD, Huntington HW, Carey KD, Haffner MP, Ommaya AK. Development of neck injury tolerance criteria in human surrogates, I: static tensile loading in the baboon neck: preliminary observations. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.279-286.
1989	Pintar F, Sances A Jr, Yoganandan N, Reinartz JM, Larson SJ, Kurakami C, Rauschning W. Injury biomechanics of the head-neck complex. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.634-644.
1997	Myers BS, Nightingale R. The dynamics of head and neck impact and its role in injury prevention and the complex clinical presentation of cervical spine injury. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.15-33.
2012	Foster JB, Kerrigan JR, Nightingale RW, Funk JR, Cormier JM, Bose D, Sochor MR, Ridella SA, Ash JH, Crandall J. Analysis of cervical spine injuries and mechanisms for CIREN rollover crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.61-76.
2017	Quarrington R, Costi J, Freeman B, Jones C. Quantitative evaluation of facet deflection, strain and failure load during simulated cervical spine trauma. In: Proceedings of the 13th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 21-23, 2017; Columbus, OH.
1980	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Mechanisms of cervical spine injury during impact to the protected head. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:17-42. SAE 801300.
1983	McElhaney JH, Paver JG, McCrackin HJ, Maxwell GM. Cervical spine compression responses. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:163-177. SAE 831615.
1983	Myklebust J, Sances A, Maiman D, Pintar F, Chilbert M, Rauschning W, Larson S, Cusick J, Ewing C, Thomas D, Saltzberg B. Experimental spinal trauma studies in the human and monkey cadaver. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:149-161. SAE 831614.
1984	Alem NM, Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW. Head and neck response to axial impacts. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:275-288. SAE 841667.
1991	Nightingale RW, Doherty BJ, Myers BS, McElhaney JH, Richardson WJ. The influence of end condition on human cervical spine injury mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:391-399. SAE 912915.
1968	Tkaczuk H. Tensile properties of human lumbar longitudinal ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand. 1968;39(suppl 115):1-69.
1990	Torg JS, Vegso JJ, O'Neill MJ, Sennett B. The epidemiologic, pathologic, biomechanical, and cinematographic analysis of football-induced cervical spine trauma. Am J Sports Med. January–February 1990;18(1):50-57.
1995	Myers BS, Winkelstein BA. Epidemiology, classification, mechanism, and tolerance of human cervical spine injuries. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1995;23(5-6):307-409.
1981	Kazarian L. Injuries to the human spinal column: biomechanics and injury classification. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1981;9(1):297-352.
2004	Heck JF, Clarke KS, Peterson TR, Torg JS, Weis MP. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: head-down contact and spearing in tackle football. J Athl Train. March 2004;39(1):101-111.
1986	Shirazi-Adl A, Ahmed AM, Shrivastava S. A finite element study of a lumbar motion segment subjected to pure sagittal plane moments. J Biomech. 1986;19(4):331-350.
2022	Tushak SK, Donlon JP, Gepner BD, Chebbi A, Pipkorn B, Hallman JJ, Forman JL, Kerrigan JR. Failure tolerance of the human lumbar spine in dynamic combined compression and flexion loading. J Biomech. April 2022;135:111051.
1989	Liu YK, Dai QG. The second stiffest axis of a beam-column: implications for cervical spine trauma. J Biomech Eng. May 1989;111(2):122-127.
1969	Smith WS, Kaufer H. Patterns and mechanisms of lumbar injuries associated with lap seat belts. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1969;51A(2):239-254.
1996	Nightingale RW, McElhaney JH, Richardson WJ, Best TM, Myers BS. Experimental impact injury to the cervical spine: relating motion of the head and the mechanism of injury. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1996;78A(3):412-421.
2002	Torg JS, Guille JT, Jaffe S. Injuries to the cervical spine in American football players. J Bone Joint Surg. January 2002;84A(1):112-122.
1963	Holdsworth FW. Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg. 1963;45B(1):6-20.
1978	Bauze RJ, Ardran GM. Experimental production of forward dislocation in the human cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1978;60B(2):239-245.
1981	Huelke DF, O'Day J, Mendelsohn RA. Cervical injuries suffered in automobile crashes. J Neurosurg. March 1981;54(3):316-322.
1993	Crowell RR, Shea M, Edwards WT, Clothiaux PL, White AA III, Hayes WC. Cervical injuries under flexion and compression loading. J Spinal Disord. April 1993;6(2):175-181.
1994	Bozic KJ, Keyak JH, Skinner HB, Bueff UH, Bradford DS. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of a cervical vertebra an investigation of burst fracture mechanism. J Spinal Disord. April 1994;7(2):102-110.
1978	Huelke DF, Mendelsohn RA, States JD, Melvin JW. Cervical fractures and fracture-dislocations sustained without head impact. J Trauma. 1978;18(7):533-538.
1997	Winkelstein BA, Myers BS. The biomechanics of cervical spine injury and implications for injury prevention. Med Sci Sports Exer. July 1997;29(suppl 7):S246-S255.
1980	Panjabi MM, White AA III. Basic biomechanics of the spine. Neurosurgery. July 1980;7(1):76-93.
1983	Maiman DJ, Sances A Jr, Myklebust JB, Larson SJ, Houterman C, Chilbert M, El-Ghatit AZ. Compression injuries of the cervical spine: a biomechanical analysis. Neurosurgery. September 1983;13(3):254-260.
2012	Hoque MF, Hasan Z, Razzak ATMA, Helal SU. Cervical spinal cord injury due to fall while carrying heavy load on head: a problem in Bangladesh. Spinal Cord. April 2012;50(4):275-277.
1977	Kazarian L, Graves GA Jr. Compressive strength characteristics of the human vertebral centrum. Spine. March 1977;2(1):1-14.
1980	Hansson T, Roos B, Nachemson A. The bone mineral content and ultimate compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae. Spine. January–February 1980;5(1):46-55.
1980	Hickey DS, Hukins DWL. Relation between the structure of the annulus fibrosus and the function and failure of the intervertebral disc. Spine. March–April 1980;5(2):106-116.
1982	Allen BL Jr, Ferguson RL, Lehmann TR, O'Brien RP. A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine. 1982;7(1):1-27.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1986	Shirazi-Adl A, Ahmed AM, Shrivastava SC. Mechanical response of a lumbar motion segment in axial torque alone and combined with compression. Spine. November 1986;11(9):914-927.
1989	Roberts S, Menage J, Urban JPG. Biochemical and structural properties of the cartilage end-plate and its relation to the intervertebral disc. Spine. February 1989;14(2):166-174.
1991	Gordon SJ, Yang KH, Mayer PJ, Mace AH Jr, Kish VL, Radin EL. Mechanism of disc rupture: a preliminary report. Spine. April 1991;16(6):450-456.
1991	Myers BS, McElhaney JH, Doherty BJ, Paver JG, Gray L. The role of torsion in cervical spine trauma. Spine. August 1991;16(8):870-874.
1995	Spitzer O Walter, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining "whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20(suppl 8):2S-73S.
1995	Tran NT, Watson NA, Tencer AF, Ching RP, Anderson PA. Mechanism of the burst fracture in the thoracolumbar spine: the effect of loading rate. Spine. September 15, 1995;20(18):1984-1988.
1999	Gu WY, Mao XG, Foster RJ, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC, Rawlins BA. The anisotropic hydraulic permeability of human lumbar anulus fibrosus: influence of age, degeneration, direction, and water content. Spine. December 1, 1999;24(23):2449-2455.
1986	Pooni JS, Hukins DWL, Harris PF, Hilton RC, Davies KE. Comparison of the structure of human intervertebral discs in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Surg Radiol Anat. September 1986;8(3):175-182.
2015	Oxland TR. A history of spine biomechanics: focus on 20th century progress. Unfallchirurg. December 2015;118(suppl 1):80-92.
2018	Quarrington RD. Towards Understanding the Injury Mechanics and Clinical Outcomes of Traumatic Subaxial Cervical Facet Dislocation and Fracture-Dislocation [PhD thesis]. University of Adelaide; December 2018.
2004	Joshi AB. Mechanical Behavior of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc With Polymeric Hydrogel Nucleus Implant: An Experimental and Finite Element Study [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; February 2004.
1984	Paver JG. The Biomechanics of Head and Neck Injury and Protection [PhD thesis]. Durham, NC: Duke University; 1984.
1993	Nightingale RW. The Dynamics of Head and Cervical Spine Impact [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1993.
2016	Spurrier EJ. Spinal Injury in Underbody Blast [MD thesis]. Imperial College London; 2016.
1986	Pintar FA. The Biomechanics of Spinal Elements [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1986.
2011	Storvik SG. Development of an Experimental Model to Quantify Lumbar Spine Kinematics During Military Seat Ejection [Master's thesis]. Marquette University; August 2011.
2016	Gao X. Modeling the Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Intervertebral Discs [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2016.
2017	Honegger JD. Development of a Multiscale Model of the Lumbar Spin: Application for Persons With a Lower-Limb Amputation [Master's thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2017.
2020	Honegger JD. Multiscale Modeling of the Lumbar Spine to Investigate Tissue-Level Load Transfer During Activities of Daily Living [PhD thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2020.
1981	Williams JL. A Three-Dimensional Head-Neck Model for Impact Acceleration Studies [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; August 1981.
1991	Kasra M. Experimental and Finite Element Dynamic Response Analyses of a Human Lumbar Motion Segment [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; March 1991.
2008	Mokhbi-Soukane D. Études numériques de la diffusion couplée d'oxygène, glucose et d'acide lactique dans le disque intervertébral [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; June 2008.
2015	Shahvarpour A. Biomechanical Response of Trunk Under Perturbations and in Challenged Seated Balance [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2015.
2014	Newell R. Are Inversion, Posture, Motion and Muscle Effects Important to Spinal Alignment? [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2014.
2015	Thomson V. Furthering the Pro-Neck-Tor Helmet Technology Through Multibody Modeling and Design [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; August 2015.
2017	Mattucci SFE. A Biomechanical Investigation of a Dislocation Spinal Cord Injury in a Rat Model [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; December 2017.
1993	Gilbertson LG. Mechanisms of Fracture and Biomechanics of Orthoses in Thoracolumbar Injuries [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; August 1993.
2013	Maquer G. Image-Based Biomechanical Assessment of Vertebral Body and Intervertebral Disc in the Human Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. Universität Bern; March 2013.
2013	Foster J. Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The Development and Analysis of in Vitro Testing of Axial Compressive Cervical Spine Impacts [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2013.
2008	Parkinson RJ. Refining the Relationship Between the Mechanical Demands on the Spine and Injury Mechanisms Through Improved Estimates of Load Exposure and Tissue Tolerance [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2008.
2002	Carter JW. Compressive Cervical Spine Injury: The Effect of Injury Mechanism on Structural Injury Pattern and Neurologic Injury Potential [PhD thesis]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2002.
1969	Vulcan AP. Response of the Lower Vertebral Column to Caudocephalad Acceleration [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1969.
2013	McLachlin SD. An Investigation of Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma and Surgical Treatment Through Biomechanical Simulation and Kinematic Analysis [PhD thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2013.
1992	Oxland TR. Burst Fractures of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation [PhD thesis]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; May 1992.

Year	Entry
1957	Brown T, Hansen RJ, Yorra AJ. Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1957;39A(5):1135-1164.
1951	Virgin WJ. Experimental investigations into the physical properties of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1951;33B(4):607-611.