Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine

Year	Entry
2004	Haug E, Choi H-Y, Robin S, Beaugonin M. Human models for crash and impact simulation. In: Ayache N, ed. Computational Models for the Human Body. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V; 2004:231-452. Ciarlet PG, ed. Handbook of Numerical Analysis; vol 12.
1988	Melton LJ III, Chao EYS, Lane J. Biomechanical aspects of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:111-131.
1990	Gracovetsky S. Musculoskeletal function of the spine. In: Winters JM, Woo SL-Y, eds. Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:410-437.
1990	Crisco JJ III, Panjabi MM. Postural biomechanical stability and gross muscular architecture in the spine. In: Winters JM, Woo SL-Y, eds. Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:438-450.
1990	Winters JM, Peles JD. Neck muscle activity and 3-D head kinematics during quasi-static and dynamic tracking movements. In: Winters JM, Woo SL-Y, eds. Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:461-480.
1980	Hight PV, Parcells J. Bioengineering evaluation of racing safety. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.498-511.
1989	Costanzo A. Human factor capabilities for avoiding traffic accidents. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.876-880.
1991	Costanzo A. Technical and medical aspects influencing a motorist’s driving ability. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.256-261.
1984	Viano DC, Anderson TE. Kinematic and spinal column injuries in active and passive passenger protection: results of simulated frontal collisions In discussion of: Part KINEMATIC AND SPINAL COLUMN INJURIES IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PASSENGER PROTECTION. In: Proceedings of the 1984 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 4-6, 1984; Delft, The Netherlands.297-299.
1987	Osvalder A-L, Neuman P, Aldman B, Lövsund P, Nordwall A. Methods for studying effects on the spine under different loads. In: Proceedings of the 1987 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1987; Birmingham, UK.239-.
1992	Svensson MY, Lövsund P. A dummy for rear-end collisions: development and validation of a new dummy-neck. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.299-310.
1997	Yang JK, Lövsund P. Development and validation of a human-body mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.113-149.
1998	Davidsson J, Svensson MY, Flogård A, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Linder A, Lövsund P, Wiklund K. BioRID I: a new biofidelic rear impact dummy. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.377-390.
1998	Krafft M. A comparison of short- and long-term consequences of AIS 1 neck injuries, in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.235-248.
1998	Linder A, Jernström C, Svensson MY, Lövsund P. A mathematical model of an improved neck for a rear-end impact dummy. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.553-556.
2012	Foster JB, Kerrigan JR, Nightingale RW, Funk JR, Cormier JM, Bose D, Sochor MR, Ridella SA, Ash JH, Crandall J. Analysis of cervical spine injuries and mechanisms for CIREN rollover crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.61-76.
2012	Desai C, Sharma G, Shah P, Ageorges h, Mayer C, Fressmann D. A generic positioning tool for human body FE models. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.610-621.
1985	Carlsson G, Nilsson S, Nilsson-Ehle A, Norin H, Ysander L, Örtengren R. Neck injuries in rear end car collisions: biomechanical considerations to improve head restraints. In: Proceedings of the 1985 International IRCOBI/AAAM Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1985; Göteborg, Sweden.277-289.
2013	Develet J-A, Carlsson A, Svensson M, Fredriksson R, Bråse D, Holcombe S. Evaluation of the biofidelity of the BioRID-II and THOR-NT anthropomorphic test devices under seatbelt pre-pretensioner loading in stationary conditions. In: Proceedings of the 9th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 19-21, 2013; Columbus, OH.
1993	McConnell WE, Howard RP, Guzman HM, Bomar JB, Raddin JH, Benedict JV, Smith HL, Hatsell CP. Analysis of human test subject kinematic responses to low velocity rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-5, 1993; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:21-30. SAE 930889.
1983	Myklebust J, Sances A, Maiman D, Pintar F, Chilbert M, Rauschning W, Larson S, Cusick J, Ewing C, Thomas D, Saltzberg B. Experimental spinal trauma studies in the human and monkey cadaver. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:149-161. SAE 831614.
1991	Nightingale RW, Doherty BJ, Myers BS, McElhaney JH, Richardson WJ. The influence of end condition on human cervical spine injury mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:391-399. SAE 912915.
1999	Winkelstein BA, Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. Cervical facet joint mechanics: its application to whiplash injury. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:243-252. SAE 99SC15.
1989	Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine: a study in mechanical engineering. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(suppl 230):1-54.
1990	Torg JS, Vegso JJ, O'Neill MJ, Sennett B. The epidemiologic, pathologic, biomechanical, and cinematographic analysis of football-induced cervical spine trauma. Am J Sports Med. January–February 1990;18(1):50-57.
2004	Homminga J, Van-Rietbergen B, Lochmüller EM, Weinans H, Eckstein F, Huiskes R. The osteoporotic vertebral structure is well adapted to the loads of daily life, but not to infrequent “error” loads. Bone. March 2004;34(3):510-516.
1988	Brinckmann P, Biggemann M, Hilweg D. Fatigue fracture of human lumbar vertebrae. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1988;3(suppl 1):S1-S23.
1988	Penning L. Differences in anatomy, motion, development and aging of the upper and lower cervical disk segments. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). February 1988;3(1):37-47.
2004	Heck JF, Clarke KS, Peterson TR, Torg JS, Weis MP. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: head-down contact and spearing in tackle football. J Athl Train. March 2004;39(1):101-111.
1984	Merrill T, Goldsmith W, Deng YC. Three-dimensional response of a lumped parameter head-neck model due to impact and impulsive loading. J Biomech. 1984;17(2):81-95.
1986	Shirazi-Adl A, Ahmed AM, Shrivastava S. A finite element study of a lumbar motion segment subjected to pure sagittal plane moments. J Biomech. 1986;19(4):331-350.
1987	McGill SM, Norman RW. Effects of an anatomically detailed erector spinae model on L4/L5 disc compression and shear. J Biomech. 1987;20(6):591-600.
1988	Moroney SP, Schultz AB, Miller JAA, Andersson GBJ. Load-displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):769-779.
1991	Shea M, Edwards WT, White AA, Hayes WC. Variations of stiffness and strength along the human cervical-spine. J Biomech. 1991;24(2):95-107.
1991	Myers BS, McElhaney JH, Doherty BJ. The viscoelastic responses of the human cervical spine in torsion: experimental limitations of quasi-linear theory, and a method for reducing these effects. J Biomech. 1991;24(9):811-817.
1992	McGill SM. A myoelectrically based dynamic three-dimensional model to predict loads on lumbar spine tissues during lateral bending. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):395-414.
2002	Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.
1989	Liu YK, Dai QG. The second stiffest axis of a beam-column: implications for cervical spine trauma. J Biomech Eng. May 1989;111(2):122-127.
1998	Parenteau CS, Viano DC, Petit PY. Biomechanical properties of human cadaveric ankle-subtalar joints in quasi-static loading. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):105-111.
1996	Nightingale RW, McElhaney JH, Richardson WJ, Best TM, Myers BS. Experimental impact injury to the cervical spine: relating motion of the head and the mechanism of injury. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1996;78A(3):412-421.
2002	Torg JS, Guille JT, Jaffe S. Injuries to the cervical spine in American football players. J Bone Joint Surg. January 2002;84A(1):112-122.
1996	Örtengren T, Hansson H-A, Lövsund P, Svensson MY, Suneson A, Säljö A. Membrane leakage in spinal ganglion nerve cells induced by experimental whiplash extension motion: a study in pigs. J Neurotrauma. March 1996;13(3):171-180.
1985	Panjabi MM, Krag M, Summers D, Videman T. Biomechanical time-tolerance of fresh cadaveric human spine specimens. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(3):292-300.
1987	Keller TS, Spengler DM, Hansson TH. Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine, I: creep analysis during static compressive loading. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(4):467-478.
1987	Hansson TH, Keller TS, Spengler DM. Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine, II: fatigue strength during dynamic compressive loading. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(4):479-487.
1988	Dvorak J, Schneider E, Saldinger P, Rahn B. Biomechanics of the craniocervical region: the alar and transverse ligaments. J Orthop Res. May 1988;6(3):452-461.
1991	Dvorak J, Panjabi MM, Novotny JE, Antinnes JA. In vivo flexion/extension of the normal cervical spine. J Orthop Res. November 1991;9(6):828-834.
1997	Winkelstein BA, Myers BS. The biomechanics of cervical spine injury and implications for injury prevention. Med Sci Sports Exer. July 1997;29(suppl 7):S246-S255.
1980	Panjabi MM, White AA III. Basic biomechanics of the spine. Neurosurgery. July 1980;7(1):76-93.
1983	Maiman DJ, Sances A Jr, Myklebust JB, Larson SJ, Houterman C, Chilbert M, El-Ghatit AZ. Compression injuries of the cervical spine: a biomechanical analysis. Neurosurgery. September 1983;13(3):254-260.
1994	Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Whiplash injury. Pain. September 1994;58(3):283-307.
1982	Allen BL Jr, Ferguson RL, Lehmann TR, O'Brien RP. A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine. 1982;7(1):1-27.
1982	Panjabi MM, Goel VK, Takata K. Physiologic strains in the lumbar spinal ligaments: an in vitro biomechanical study. Spine. May 1982;7(3):192-203.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1984	Brickley-Parsons D, Glimcher MJ. Is the chemistry of collagen in intervertebral discs an expression of Wolff's Law? a study of the human lumbar spine. Spine. March 1984;9(2):148-163.
1984	Willén J, Lindahl S, Irstam L, Aldman B, Nordwall A. The thoracolumbar crush fracture an experimental study on instant axial dynamic loading: the resulting fracture type and its stability. Spine. September 1984;9(6):624-631.
1986	McGill SM, Norman RW. Partitioning of the L4-L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting. Spine. September 1986;11(7):666-678.
1986	Kurowski P, Kubo A. The relationship of degeneration of the intervertebral disc to mechanical loading conditions on lumbar vertebrae. Spine. 1986;11(7):726-731.
1987	Hansson TH, Keller TS, Panjabi MM. A study of the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of tissue characteristics. Spine. January–February 1987;12(1):56-62.
1987	Dvorak J, Panjabi M, Gerber M, Wichmann W. CT-functional diagnostics of the rotatory instability of upper cervical spine, I: an experimental study on cadavers. Spine. April 1987;12(3):197-205.
1987	Penning L, Wilmink JT. Rotation of the cervical spine: a CT study in normal subjects. Spine. October 1987;12(8):732-738.
1988	Myklebust JB, Pintar F, Yoganandan N, Cusick JF, Maiman D, Myers TJ, Sances A Jr. Tensile strength of spinal ligaments. Spine. May 1988;13(5):528-531.
1988	Dvorak J, Froehlich D, Penning L, Baumgartner H, Panjabi MM. Functional radiographic diagnosis of the cervical spine: flexion/extension. Spine. July 1988;13(7):748-755.
1988	Cusick JF, Yoganandan N, Pintar F, Myklebust J, Hussain H. Biomechanics of cervical spine facetectomy and fixation techniques. Spine. October 1988;13(7):808-812.
1989	Keller TS, Hansson TH, Abram AC, Spengler DM, Panjabi MM. Regional variations in the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of disc degeneration. Spine. September 1989;14(9):1012-1019.
1989	Yoganandan N, Pintar F, Butler J, Reinartz J, Sances A Jr, Larson SJ. Dynamic response of human cervical spine ligaments. Spine. October 1989;14(10):1102-1110.
1990	Goel VK, Winterbottom JM, Schulte KR, Chang H, Gilbertson LG, Pudgil AG, Gwon JK. Ligamentous laxity across c0–c1–c2 complex: axial torque-rotation characteristics until failure. Spine. October 1990;15(10):990-996.
1990	Yoganandan N, Sances A Jr, Pintar F, Maiman DJ, Reinartz J, Cusick JF, Larson SJ. Injury biomechanics of the human cervical column. Spine. October 1990;15(10):1031-1039.
1991	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A Jr, Reinartz J, Larson SJ. Strength and kinematic response of dynamic cervical spine injuries. Spine. 1991;16(suppl 10):S511-S517.
1991	Myers BS, McElhaney JH, Doherty BJ, Paver JG, Gray L. The role of torsion in cervical spine trauma. Spine. August 1991;16(8):870-874.
1997	Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. The effects of padded surfaces on the risk for cervical spine injury. Spine. October 15, 1997;222(20):2380-2387.
2000	Winkelstein BA, Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. The cervical facet capsule and its role in whiplash injury: a biomechanical investigation. Spine. May 15, 2000;25(10):1238-1246.
2000	Banks R, Martini J, Smith H, Bowles A, McNish T, Howard R. Alignment of the lumbar vertebrae in a driving posture. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2000;2(2):123-130.
2000	Yang JK, Lövsund P, Cavallero C, Bonnoit J. A human-body 3D mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian impacts. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2000;2(2):131-149.
2002	Krafft M. When do AIS 1 neck injuries result in long-term consequences? vehicle and human factors. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):89-97.
2002	Linder A, Svensson MY, Davidsson J, Flogård A, Lövsund P, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Wiklund K. Design and validation of the neck for a rear impact dummy (biorid i). Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):167-174.
2015	Oxland TR. A history of spine biomechanics: focus on 20th century progress. Unfallchirurg. December 2015;118(suppl 1):80-92.
1996	Iatridis JC. Biomechanics of the Anulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and the Effects of Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1996.
2018	Mojica Santiago JA. Tissue Engineering of Cervical Intervertebral Discs: An in Vitro and in Vivo Pre-Clinical Canine Model of Total Disc Replacement [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2018.
2015	Mathews EA. Pediatric and Young Adult Biomechanical Response to Far-Side Oblique and Lateral Low-Speed Impacts [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: Drexel University; April 2015.
1993	Nightingale RW. The Dynamics of Head and Cervical Spine Impact [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1993.
1999	Winkelstein BA. A Mechanical Basis for Whiplash Injury: The Cervical Facet Joint, Spinal Motion Segment, and Combined Loading [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1999.
2000	Van Ee CA. Tensile Properties of the Human Muscular and Ligamentous Cervical Spine [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2000.
2012	Luck JF. The Biomechanics of the Perinatal, Neonatal and Pediatric Cervical Spine: Investigation of the Tensile, Bending and Viscoelastic Response [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2012.
2002	Budihardjo I. Studies of Compressive Forces on L5/S1 During Dynamic Manual Lifting [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 2002.
2006	Smets MPH. The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Exposure as Experienced During the Operation of Surface Haulage Trucks on Proprioception in the Lumbar Spine [Master's thesis]. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University; 2006.
1985	Yoganandan N. Mechanical Factors and the Threshold of Trauma of the Intervertebral Joint: A Finite Element Analysis With Experimental Validation [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1985.
1986	Pintar FA. The Biomechanics of Spinal Elements [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1986.
2011	Storvik SG. Development of an Experimental Model to Quantify Lumbar Spine Kinematics During Military Seat Ejection [Master's thesis]. Marquette University; August 2011.
2004	Yao H. Physical Signals and Solute Transport in Cartilaginous Tissues [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2004.
2009	Travascio F. Modeling Molecular Transport and Binding Interactions in Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; December 2009.
2010	Jackson AR. Transport and Metabolism of Glucose in Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; December 2010.
2011	Yuan T-Y. Innovative Methods to Determine Material Properties of Cartilaginous Tissues and Application for Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2011.
1989	Grambo JF. Motion of the Pelvis During Passive Leg Lifting on Normal Subjects [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1989.
1993	Cao C. Three-Dimensional Curvature and Kinematic Analysis of the Human Spine [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1993.
1997	Gedraitis MS. Experimental Determination of a Spinal Linkage Model for the Seated Human Torso [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1997.
2000	Gutowski PE. Influence of Automotive Seat Factors on Posture and Applicability to Design Models [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2000.
1981	Williams JL. A Three-Dimensional Head-Neck Model for Impact Acceleration Studies [PhD thesis]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University; August 1981.
2009	Navalgund AR. Evaluating the Effect of a 10-Week Stabilization Exercise Program on the Postural Stability and the Neuromuscular Control of the Spine in Subjects With Subacute Recurrent Low Back Pain [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2009.
1991	Kasra M. Experimental and Finite Element Dynamic Response Analyses of a Human Lumbar Motion Segment [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; March 1991.
1995	Aubin C-E. Rôle biomécanique de la cage thoracique dans le traitement de la scoliose par orthèse [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; September 1995.
1996	Delorme S. Etude de la modélisation par krigeage géométrique tridimensionnel des vertèbres saines et scoliotiques [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; September 1996.
1998	Gignac D. Optimisation du traitement de la scoliose par corsets [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; December 1998.
2003	Lacroix M. Modélisation biomécanique de l'interaction entre le corset et le tronc dans le traitement de la scoliose [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; October 2003.
2004	Luce F. Contribution à l'amélioration du réalisme d'un modèle multi-corps flexibles de chirurgie pour le traitement de la scoliose [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; 2004.
2005	Vazquez-Poudonson R. Modélisation et étude biomécanique de l'influence de la cage thoracique sur une instrumentation chirurgicale du rachis scoliotique [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; August 2005.
2008	Mokhbi-Soukane D. Études numériques de la diffusion couplée d'oxygène, glucose et d'acide lactique dans le disque intervertébral [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; June 2008.
2015	Shahvarpour A. Biomechanical Response of Trunk Under Perturbations and in Challenged Seated Balance [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2015.
2002	Wang X. Simulation for Bone Adaptive Remodeling: A Stochastic Approach With Application on Spine Fusion [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; May 2002.
2018	Groenen KHJ. Spinal (in)stability in Metastatic Bone Disease: Experimental, Computational, and Clinical Perspectives [PhD thesis]. Radboud University; 2018.
2021	Romani S. The Development of an Upper Cervical Spine Model for Use in an Omnidirectional Surrogate Neck [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2021.
1987	Schlaepfer JF. Development of a Technique to Estimate the in Vivo Spinal Load [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 1987.
1985	Deng Y-C. Human Head Neck Upper-Torso Model Response to Dynamic Loading [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1985.
2011	Moody DA. A Quantification of Deep Core Trunk Muscles Impact on Lumbar Lordosis and Spine Stability [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2011.
2013	Laws CJ. Mechanisms of Disc Herniation in Astronauts Following Spaceflight [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2013.
1988	Kim YE. An Analytical Investigation of Ligamentous Lumbar Spine Mechanics University of Iowa; May 1988.
1993	Gilbertson LG. Mechanisms of Fracture and Biomechanics of Orthoses in Thoracolumbar Injuries [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; August 1993.
1992	Butler BP. Helmeted Head and Neck Dynamics Under Whole-Body Vibration [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1992.
2013	Foster J. Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The Development and Analysis of in Vitro Testing of Axial Compressive Cervical Spine Impacts [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2013.
1993	Cholewicki J. Mechanical Stability of the in Vivo Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 1993.
2002	Grenier SG. Stabilization Strategies of the Lumbar Spine in Vivo [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2002.
2007	Scannell JP. In Vitro and in Vivo Biomechanical Investigation of the Clinical Practice of Disc Prolapse Prevention and Rehabilitation [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2007.
2009	Austin H. Wear of PEEK All-Polymer Articulations for Cervical Spinal Disc Arthroplasty [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2009.
2018	Gruevski KM. The Aging Spine: The Effect of Cyclic Loading, Simulated Degeneration and Prolonged Sitting on Joint Stiffness Across Age [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2018.
2002	Carter JW. Compressive Cervical Spine Injury: The Effect of Injury Mechanism on Structural Injury Pattern and Neurologic Injury Potential [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2002.
2005	Yliniemi EM. Dynamic Tensile Neck Injury: A Post Mortem Human Study [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2005.
1999	Deng B. Kinematics of Human Cadaver Cervical Spine During Low-Speed Rear-End Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1999.
2013	Toomey DE. Cervical Spine Tolerance and Response in Compressive Loading Modes Including Combined Compression and Lateral Bending [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 2013.
1989	Crisco JJ III. The Biomechanical Stability of the Human Lumbar Spine: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 1989.
1992	Oxland TR. Burst Fractures of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation [PhD thesis]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; May 1992.