Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to car-pedestrian impacts

Maeno, Tomoyuki<sup>1</sup>; Hasegawa, Junji<sup>2</sup>

Year	Entry
2004	Haug E, Choi H-Y, Robin S, Beaugonin M. Human models for crash and impact simulation. In: Ayache N, ed. Computational Models for the Human Body. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V; 2004:231-452. Ciarlet PG, ed. Handbook of Numerical Analysis; vol 12.
2015	Yang KH, Chou CC. Mathematical models, computer aided design, and occupant safety. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:143-182.
2003	van Rooij L, Bhalla K, Meissner M, Ivarsson J, Crandall J, Longhitano D, Takahashi Y, Dokko Y, Kikuchi Y. Pedestrian crash reconstruction using multi-body modeling with geometrically detailed, validated vehicle models and advanced pedestrian injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Yasuki T. A survey on the biofidelity of the knee bending angle of the TRL lower leg impactor. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2007	Soni A, Chawla A, Mukherjee S. Effect of muscle contraction on knee loading for a standing pedestrian in lateral impacts. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2009	Miyazaki H, Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T, Kuwahara M, Matsuoka F. Development of flexible pedestrian legform impactor FE model and comparative study with leg behavior of human FE model THUMS. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Soni A, Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Malhotra R. Effect of muscle contraction in low speed car-pedestrian impact: simulations for walking posture. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Yue N, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Blunt injury response of occupant lower extremity during automotive crashes: a finite element study. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2011.
2003	Kerrigan JR, Ivarsson BJ, Bose D, Madeley NJ, Millington SA, Bhalla KS, Crandall JR. Rate-sensitive constitutive and failure properties of human collateral knee ligaments. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.177-190.
2004	Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Mohan D, Parihar A. Validation of lower extremity model in THUMS. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.155-166.
2007	Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Soni A, Malhotra R. Effect of active muscle forces on knee injury risks for pedestrian standing posture at low speed impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.95-112.
2008	Martínez L, Compigne S, Guerra LJ. Influence of vehicle shape and stiffness on the pedestrian lower extremity injuries: review of current pedestrian lower leg test procedure. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.243-257.
2009	Jani D, Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Goyal R, Vusirikala N. Human body FE modeling repositioning: a step towards posture specific-human body models (PS-HBM). In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.327-340.
2009	Soni A, Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Malhotra R. Effect of muscle contraction in high speed car-pedestrian impact – simulations for walking posture. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.237-249.
2011	Marathe RS, Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Malhotra R. Predicting thoracic spinal postures in finite element model with Bezier technique. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2011; Krakow, Poland.224-227.
2014	Ito D, Yamada H, Oida K, Mizuno K. Finite element analysis of kinematic behavior of cyclist and performance of cyclist helmet for human head injury in vehicle‐to‐cyclist collision. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.119-131.
2015	Poulard D, Chen H, Crandall JR, Dziewoński T, Pędzisz M, Panzer MB. Component‐level biofidelity assessment of morphed pedestrian finite element models. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.577-593.
2017	Chhabra A, Paruchuri S, Mishra K, Kaushik D, Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Malhotra R. Contour‐based repositioning of lower limbs of the GHBMC human body FE model. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.535-536.
2020	Butz KD, Spurlock CM, Lister K. Validation of the CAVEMAN human body model lumbar spine response to vertical accelerative loading and the effect of spine curvature on skeletal fracture. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2020; Munich, Germany.113-122.
2004	Bose D, Bhalla K, Rooij L, Millington S, Studley A, Crandall J. Response of the knee joint to the pedestrian impact loading environment. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 8-11, 2004; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2004-01-1608.
2005	van Dommelen JAW, Ivarsson BJ, Jolandan MM, Millington SA, Raut M, Kerrigan JR, Crandall JR, Diduch DR. Characterization of the rate-dependent mechanical properties and failure of human knee ligaments. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0293.
2011	Yue N, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Development and validation of an occupant lower limb finite element model. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 12-14, 2011; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2011-11-1128.
2003	Snedeker JG, Muser MH, Walz FH. Assessment of pelvis and upper leg injury risk in car-pedestrian collisions: comparison of accident statistics, impactor tests and a human body finite element model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:437-457. SAE 2003-22-0019.
2003	Van Hoof J, De Lange R, Wismans JSHM. Improving pedestrian safety using numerical human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:401-436. SAE 2003-22-0018.
2005	Untaroiu C, Darvish K, Crandall J, Deng B, Wang J-T. A finite element model of the lower limb for simulating pedestrian impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:157-181. SAE 2005-22-0008.
2011	Matsui Y, Han Y, Mizuno K. Performance of collision damage mitigation braking systems and their effects on human injury in the event of car-to-pedestrian accidents. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:461-478.
2012	Watanabe R, Katsuhara T, Miyazaki H, Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. Research of the relationship of pedestrian injury to collision speed, car-type, impact location and pedestrian sizes using human FE model (THUMS Version 4). Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:269-321.
2017	Butz K, Spurlock C, Roy R, Bell C, Barrett P, Ward A, Xiao X, Shirley A, Welch C, Liste K. Development of the CAVEMAN human body model: validation of lower extremity sub-injurious response to vertical accelerative loading. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2017;61:175-209. SAE 2017-22-0006.
2013	Untaroiu CD, Yue N, Shin J. A finite element model of the lower limb for simulating automotive impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. March 2013;41(3):513-526.
2019	Ayagara AR, Langlet A, Hambli R. On dynamic behavior of bone: experimental and numerical study of porcine ribs subjected to impact loads in dynamic three-point bending tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2019;98:336-347.
2011	Fredriksson R, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Potential of pedestrian protection systems: a parameter study using finite element models of pedestrian dummy and generic passenger vehicles. Traffic Inj Prev. August 2011;12(4):398-411.
2012	Jani D, Chawla A, Mukherjee S, Goyal R, Vusirikala N, Jayaraman S. Repositioning the knee joint in human body FE models using a graphics-based technique. Traffic Inj Prev. 2012;13(6):640-649.
2020	Shang S. Pedestrian Whole Body Ground Contact Mechanisms and Head Injury Assessment Following Vehicle Impact [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; April 2020.
2005	Untaroiu CD. Development and Validation of a Finite Element Model of Human Lower Limb: Including Detailed Geometry, Physical Material Properties, and Component Validations for Pedestrian Injuries [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2005.
2008	Kerrigan JR. A Computationally Efficient Mathematical Model of the Pedestrian Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2008.
2017	Chen H. Evaluating Pedestrian Head Sub-System Test Procedure Against Full-Scale Vehicle-Pedestrian Impact Using Numerical Models [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2017.
2019	Yue N. A Numerical Investigation of Biomechanical Response and Injury of Occupant Lower Extremities in Automotive Frontal Impact Scenario [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2019.
2017	Shen M. Development of a Finite Element Pelvis and Lower Extremity Model With Growth Plates for Pediatric Pedestrian Protection [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2017.

Year	Entry
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1993	Ishikawa H, Kajzer J, Schroeder G. Computer simulation of impact response of the human body in car-pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:235-248. SAE 933129.
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1999	Kajzer J, Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Schroeder G, Bosch U. Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at low speed lateral loading. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-4, 1999; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 1999-01-0712.
1998	Manning P, Wallace A, Owen C, Roberts A, Oakley C, Lowne R. Dynamic response and injury mechanism in the human foot and ankle and an analysis of dummy biofidelity. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1960-1998.
1997	Kajzer J, Schroeder G, Ishikawa H, Matsui Y, Bosch U. Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:151-165. SAE 973326.