The mechanical properties of bone

Currey, J. D.

Year	Entry
1994	Linde F. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone by a compression testing approach. Dan Med Bull. April 1994;41(2):119-138.
1992	Jaworski ZFG. Haversian systems and Haversian bone. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone. Volume 4: Bone Metabolism and Mineralization. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1992:21-45.
1976	Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM. Mechanical Design in Organisms. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1976.
1975	Dickenson RP, Wall JW, Hutton WC. The impact properties of bone. In: Proceedings of the 1975 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1975; Birmingham, UK.249-256.
2000	Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Konosu A, Ishikawa H. Development and validation of the finite element model for the human lower limb of pedestrians. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:335-355. SAE 2000-01-SC22.
2006	Mercer C, He MY, Wang R, Evans AG. Mechanisms governing the inelastic deformation of cortical bone and application to trabecular bone. Acta Biomater. January 2006;2(1):59-68.
2011	Novitskaya E, Chen P-Y, Lee S, Castro-Ceseña A, Hirata G, Lubarda VA, McKittrick J. Anisotropy in the compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone and the mineral and protein constituents. Acta Biomater. August 2011;7(8):3170-3177.
1976	Dalén N, Hellström L-G, Jacobson B. Bone mineral content and mechanical strength of the femoral neck. Acta Orthop Scand. 1976;47(5):503-508.
1976	Evans FG. Mechanical properties and histology of cortical bone from younger and older men. Anat Rec. 1976;185(1):1-12.
1974	Crowninshield RD, Pope MH. The response of compact bone in tension at various strain rates. Ann Biomed Eng. 1974;2(2):217-225.
1980	Rohlmann A, Zilch H, Bergmann G, Kölbel R. Material properties of femoral cancellous bone in axial loading, I: time independent properties. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. September 1980;97(2):95-102.
2004	Yeni YN, Dong XN, Fyhrie DP, Les CM. The dependence between the strength and stiffness of cancellous and cortical bone tissue for tension and compression: extension of a unifying principle. Bio-med Mater Eng. 2004;14(3):303-310.
2002	Burr DB. The contribution of the organic matrix to bone's material properties. Bone. July 2002;31(1):8-11.
2003	Burr DB, Miller L, Grynpas M, Li J, Boyde A, Mashiba T, Hirano T, Johnston CC. Tissue mineralization is increased following 1-year treatment with high doses of bisphosphonates in dogs. Bone. December 2003;33(6):960-969.
2004	Nalla RK, Kruzic JJ, Ritchie RO. On the origin of the toughness of mineralized tissue: microcracking or crack bridging? Bone. May 2004;34(5):790-798.
2005	Hernandez CJ, Tang SY, Baumbach BM, Hwu PB, Sakkee AN, van der Ham F, DeGroot J, Bank RA, Keaveny TM. Trabecular microfracture and the influence of pyridinium and non-enzymatic glycation-mediated collagen cross-links. Bone. December 2005;37(6):825-832.
2007	Yan J, Mecholsky JJ Jr, Clifton KB. How tough is bone? application of elastic–plastic fracture mechanics to bone. Bone. February 2007;40(2):479-484.
1978	Carter DR, Spengler DM. Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1978;135:192-217.
2009	Currey J. Measurement of the mechanical properties of bone: a recent history. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2009;467(8):1948-1954.
1985	Hvid I, Jensen NC, Bünger C, Sølund K, Djurhuus JC. Bone mineral assay: its relation to the mechanical strength of cancellous bone. Eng Med. 1985;14(2):79-83.
1985	Linde F, Hvid I, Jensen NC. Material properties of cancellous bone in repetitive axial loading. Eng Med. October 1985;14(4):173-177.
1992	Evans GP, Behiri JC, Vaughan LC, Bonfield W. The response of equine cortical bone to loading at strain rates experienced in vivo by the galloping horse. Equine Vet J. March 1992;24(2):125-128.
1974	Saha S, Hayes WC. Instrumented tensile-impact tests of bone. Exp Mech. December 1974;14(12):473-478.
1972	Burstein AH, Currey JD, Frankel VH, Reilly DT. The ultimate properties of bone tissue: the effects of yielding. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):35-44.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of trabecular bone: dependence on structure. J Biomech. 1973;6(5):475-485.
1973	Pugh JW, Rose RM, Radin EL. A structural model for the mechanical behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1973;6(6):657-670.
1974	Bargren JH, Bassett CAL, Gjelsvik A. Mechanical properties of hydrated cortical bone. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):239-245.
1975	Currey JD. The effects of strain rate, reconstruction and mineral content on some mechanical properties of bovine bone. J Biomech. 1975;8(1):81-86.
1976	Saha S, Hayes WC. Tensile impact properties of human compact bone. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):243-251.
1977	Ducheyne P, Heymans L, Martens M, Aernoudt E, Meester Pd, Mulier JC. The mechanical behaviour of intracondylar cancellous bone of the femur at different loading rates. J Biomech. 1977;10(11-12):747-762.
1978	Hayes WC, Swenson LW Jr, Schurman DJ. Axisymmetric finite element analysis of the lateral tibial plateau. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):21-33.
1979	Kenner GH, Taylor LC, Park JB. Compressive strength of canine femur. J Biomech. January 1, 1979;12(7):519-526.
1985	Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):317-328.
1986	Fischer RA, Arms SW, Pope MH, Seligson D. Analysis of the effect of using two different strain rates on the acoustic emission in bone. J Biomech. 1986;19(2):119-127.
1987	Linde F, Hvid I. Stiffness behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech. 1987;20(1):83-89.
1990	Jaslow CR. Mechanical properties of cranial sutures. J Biomech. 1990;23(4):313-321.
1998	Keyak JH, Rossi SA, Jones KA, Skinner HB. Prediction of femoral fracture load using automated finite element modeling. J Biomech. February 1998;31(2):125-133.
1985	Beaupre GS, Hayes WC. Finite element analysis of a three-dimensional open-celled model for trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. August 1985;107(3):249-256.
1973	Panjabi MM, White AA III, Southwick WO. Mechanical properties of bone as a function of rate of deformation. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1973;55A(2):322-330.
1974	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56A(5):1001-1022.
1981	Dickenson RP, Hutton WC, Stott JRR. The mechanical properties of bone in osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1981;63B(2):233-238.
1982	Biewener AA. Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? J Exp Biol. June 1982;82:289-301.
1986	Biewener AA, Taylor CR. Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed? J Exp Biol. July 1986;123(1):383-400.
1990	Keller TS, Mao Z, Spengler DM. Young's modulus, bending strength, and tissue physical properties of human compact bone. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(4):592-603.
1988	Bertram JEA, Biewener AA. Bone curvature: sacrificing strength for load predictability? J Theo Biol. March 7, 1988;131(1):75-92.
1983	Biewener AA, Thomason J, Lanyon LE. Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the forelimb of the horse (Equus): in vivo stress developed in the radius and metacarpus. J Zool. 1983;201(1):67-82.
2001	Keyak JH, Rossi SA, Jones K, Les CM, Skinner HB. Prediction of fracture location in the proximal femur using finite element models. Med Eng Phys. November 2001;23(9):657-664.
2004	Pithioux M, Subit D, Chabrand P. Comparison of compact bone failure under two different loading rates: experimental and modelling approaches. Med Eng Phys. 2004;26(8):647-653.
2010	Li Z, Kindig MW, Subit D, Kent RW. Influence of mesh density, cortical thickness and material properties on human rib fracture prediction. Med Eng Phys. November 2010;32(9):998-1008.
1981	Horst M, Brinckmann P. Measurement of the distribution of axial stress on the end-plate of the vertebral body. Spine. May–June 1981;6(3):217-232.
1982	Allen BL Jr, Ferguson RL, Lehmann TR, O'Brien RP. A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine. 1982;7(1):1-27.
1995	Spitzer O Walter, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine. 1995;20(suppl 8):2S-73S.
2001	Birnbaum K, Sindelar R, Gärtner JR, Wirtz DC. Material properties of trabecular bone structures. Surg Radiol Anat. 2001;23(6):399-407.
2019	Iraeus J, Lundin L, Storm S, Agnew A, Kang Y-S, Kemper A, Albert D, Holcombe S, Pipkorn B. Detailed subject-specific FE rib modeling for fracture prediction. Traffic Inj Prev. 2019;20(suppl 2):S88-S95.
1996	Hillam RA. Response of Bone to Mechanical Load and Alterations in Circulating Hormones [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; October 1996.
2017	Yumol JL. Determining If Lowering the Level of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D in AIN-93G Diet Supports Normal Bone Development and Intestinal Integrity in Female CD-1 Mice [Master's thesis]. Brock University; November 2017.
2011	Genc KO. The Effects of Altered Gravity Environments on the Mechanobiology of Bone: From Bedrest to Spaceflight [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; August 2011.
1994	Zysset P. A Constitutive Law for Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1994.
2013	Li S. Cutting of Cortical Bone Tissue: Analysis of Deformation and Fracture Process [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; June 2013.
1998	Robling AG. Histomorphometric Assessment of Mechanical Loading History from Human Skeletal Remains: The Relation Between Micromorphology and Macromorphology At the Femoral Midshaft [PhD thesis]. University of Missouri; December 1998.
1972	Pugh JW. Structure and Dynamic Properties of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1972.
2017	Fung A. Experimental Validation of Finite Element Predicted Bone Strain in the Human Metatarsal [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2017.
1996	Keyak JH. Prediction of Femoral Strength Using Automated Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1996.
2011	Barth HD. A Hierarchical Approach to Characterizing the Fracture Behavior of Bone Utilizing Synchrotron Radiation [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; F 2011.
2000	Gibson VA. Fatigue Behavior of Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2012	Evdokimenko E. Investigation Into Mechanical Properties of Bone and Its Main Constituents [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2012.
2005	Yan J. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2005.
1995	Tseng K-F. Investigating the Structure-Function Relationships of Long Bone: An Approach Using Growth Hormone Mouse Models [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1995.
1996	Beck BR. The Relationship of Streaming Potential Magnitude to Strain and Periosteal Modeling [PhD thesis]. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon; December 1996.
1981	Ruff CB. Structural Changes in the Lower Limb Bones With Aging At Pecos Pueblo [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1981.
2010	Beckstrom AB. Histologic and Geometric Data Challenge the Assumption of Habitual Superior-Inferior (tension-Compression) Bending Across the Chimpanzee Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2010.
2011	Isaacson BM. Exploring the Effects of Electrical Stimulation for Use With Osseointegrated Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; May 2011.
2000	Funk JR. The Effect of Active Muscle Tension on the Axial Impact Tolerance of the Human Foot/ankle Complex [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2000.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1985.

Year	Entry
1966	Weaver JK, Chalmers J. Cancellous bone: its strength and changes with aging and an evaluation of some methods for measuring its mineral content, I: age changes in cancellous bone. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1966;48A(2):289-298.
1970	Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Evans FG, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1970.
1969	Lang SB. Elastic coefficients of animal bone. Science. July 18, 1969;165(3890):287-288.
1964	McElhaney J, Fogle J, Byars E, Weaver G. Effect of embalming on the mechanical properties of beef bone. J Appl Physiol. November 1964;19(6):1234-1236.
1967	Hodgson VR. Tolerance of the facial bones to impact. Am J Anat. 1967;120(1):113-122.
1959	Currey JD. Differences in the tensile strength of bone of different histological types. J Anat. January 1959;93(1):87-95.
1970	Abendschein W, Hyatt GW. Ultrasonics and selected physical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–April 1970;69:294-301.
1967	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The tensile properties of single osteons. Acta Anat. 1967;158(4):375-386.
1961	Evans FG, King AI. Regional differences in some physical properties of human spongy bone. In: Evans FG, ed. Biomechanical Studies of the Musculo-Skeletal System. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1961:49-67.
1965	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E, Bocciarelli DS. An electron microscope study of osteon calcification. J Ultrastruct Res. April 1965;12(3-4):287-303.
1969	Currey JD. The relationship between the stiffness and the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):477-480.
1952	Dempster WT, Liddicoat RT. Compact bone as a non-isotropic material. Am J Anat. 1952;91(3):331-362.
1968	Ascenzi A, Bonucci E. The compressive properties of single osteons. Anat Rec. July 1968;161(3):377-392.
1966	Sedlin‌ ED, Hirsch C. Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(1):29-48.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1952	Evans FG, Lebow M. The strength of human compact bone as revealed by engineering technics. Am J Surg. March 1952;83(3):326-331.
1951	Evans FG, Lebow M. Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur. J Appl Physiol. 1951;3(9):563-572.
1957	Evans FG, Lebow M. Strength of human compact bone under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. January 1957;10(1):127-130.
1957	Evans FG. Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1957.
1958	Amprino R. Investigations on some physical properties of bone tissue. Acta Anat. 1958;34(3):161-186.
1959	Smith JW, Walmsley R. Factors affecting the elasticity of bone. J Anat. 1959;93(pt 4):503-523.
1969	Currey JD. The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):1-11.
1962	Currey JD. Stress concentrations in bone. Q J Microsc Sci. March 1962;103(1):111-133.
1965	Currey JD. Anelasticity in bone and echinoderm skeletons. J Exp Biol. October 1965;43(2):279-292.
1968	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. The viscoelastic properties of some biological materials. Annals NY Acad Sci. January 1968;146:158-165.
1966	McElhaney JH. Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(4):1231-1236.
1968	Currey JD. The effect of protection on the impact strength of rabbits’ bones. Acta Anat. 1968;71(1):87-93.
1965	Heřt J, Kučera P, Vávra M, Voleník V. Comparison of the mechanical properties of both the primary and Haversian bone tissue. Acta Anat. 1965;61(3):412-423.
1966	Bartley MH Jr, Arnold JS, Haslam RK, Jee SS Webster. The relationship of bone strength and bone quantity in health, disease and aging. J Gerontol. 1966;21(4):517-521.
1961	Dempster WT, Coleman RF. Tensile strength of bone along and across the grain. J Appl Physiol. March 1961;16(2):355-360.
1959	Vose GP, Kubala AL Jr. Bone strength: its relationship to x-ray determined ash content. Hum Biol. September 1959;31:261-270.
1969	Rockoff SD, Sweet E, Bleustein J. The relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to the strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Calcif Tiss Res. December 1969;3(1):163-175.
1967	Bell GH, Dunbar O, Beck JS, Gibb A. Variations in strength of vertebrae with age and their relation to osteoporosis. Calcif Tiss Res. 1967;1(1):75-86.
1967	Evans FG, Bang S. Differences and relationships between the physical properties and the microscopic structure of human femoral, tibial and fibular cortical bone. Am J Anat. January 1967;120(1):79-88.
1966	Weaver JK. The microscopic hardness of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1966;48A(2):273-288.
1965	Hirsch C, Evans FG. Studies on some physical properties of infant compact bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;35(4):300-313.
1969	Evans FG, Vincentelli R. Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Biomech. 1969;2(1):63-73.