Biomechanical studies on the lumbar spine and pelvis

wbldb

Evans, F. Gaynor¹; Lissner, H. R.¹

Biomechanical studies on the lumbar spine and pelvis

J Bone Joint Surg. March 1959;41A(2):278-290

Affiliations

¹Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, and the Department of Engineering Mechanics, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit
Abstract
1. Eleven pelves and lumbar spines (eight embalmed and three unembalmed) were tested under static vertical loading; five specimens of the sacrum and the lumbar spines and five to eight thoracic vertebrae and discs (two embalmed, three unembalmed) were tested by static anterior bending; and four specimens of the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae and discs (all embalmed) were tested by static lateral bending.
2. Embalming increased the average maximum load and energy absorbed during vertical loading but decreased time magnitude of the average deflection.
3. Specimens tested by anterior bending had a greater bending moment, regardless of the condition of the specimen (embalmed or unembalmed) than those tested by lateral bending.
4. Embalmed specimens tested by lateral bending had a greater average deflection than similar specimens tested by anterior bending.
5. The greatest average amount of energy (inch pounds) was absorbed during vertical loading and the least during lateral bending. Embalming increases the energy-absorbing capacity of the pelvis and lumbar spine during vertical loading.
6. Unembalmed specimens tested by anterior bending showed the greatest average deflection.
7. Among the embalmed specimens the load increased more rapidly than the deflection in most of the specimens tested by vertical loading and in all of the specimens tested by anterior bending. In embalmed specimens tested by lateral bending the load increased more rapidly than deflection at first but later leveled off.
8. The slope of the load-deflection curve was generally steeper for specimens tested by vertical loading than for those tested by anterior or lateral bending. The slope of the curves for embalmed specimens was usually steeper than those for unembalmed ones.
9. No apparent relationship was found between the age of the individual whose spine was tested and the various biomechanical phenomena studied.
Links

DOI: 10.2106/00004623-195941020-00010

PubMed: 13630964

WoS: A1959WH14900010

Cited Works (4)

Year	Entry
1957	Brown T, Hansen RJ, Yorra AJ. Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1957;39A(5):1135-1164.
1954	Hirsch C, Nachemson A. New observations on the mechanical behavior of lumbar discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1954;23(4):254-283.
1957	Evans FG. Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1957.
1951	Virgin WJ. Experimental investigations into the physical properties of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1951;33B(4):607-611.

Cited By (25)

Year	Entry
1982	Liu YK, Krieger KW, Njus G, Ueno K, Connors M, Wakano K, Thies D. Cervical Spine Stiffness and Geometry of the Young Human Male. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; November 1982. Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-138.
1970	Stapp JP. Voluntary human tolerance levels. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:308-349.
1975	Nagel DA, Perkash I, Piziali RL, Hayes WC. Mechanics of dorsal-lumbar spine injury: a preliminary report. In: 19th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 20, 1975; San Diego, CA.124-136.
2007	Yalla SV, Burnett D, Campbell-Kyureghyan NH. Effect of orientation on measured failure strengths of thoracic and lumbar spine segments. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 21-22, 2007; Columbus, OH.
1966	Stapp JP. Review of air force research on biodynamics of collision injury. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:325-342. SAE 660805.
1970	Kazarian LE, Hahn JW, von Gierke HE. Biomechanics of the vertebral column and internal organ response to seated spinal impact in the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:121-143. SAE 700898.
1960	Nachemson A. Lumbar intradiscal pressure: experimental studies on post-mortem material. Acta Orthop Scand. 1960;31(suppl 43):1-104.
1965	Sedlin ED. A rheologic model for cortical bone: a study of physical properties of human femoral samples. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;(suppl 83):1-77.
1967	Galante JO. Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;(suppl 100):1-91.
1997	Yingling VR, Callaghan JP, McGill SM. Dynamic loading affects the mechanical properties and failure site of porcine spines. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). July 1997;12(5):301-305.
1966	Nachemson A. The load on lumbar disks in different positions of the body. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–March 1966;45:107-122.
1975	White AA III, Johnson RM, Panjabi MM, Southwick WO. Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1975;109:85-96.
1969	Chaffin DB. A computerized biomechanical model: development of and use in studying gross body actions. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):429-441.
1971	Orne D, Liu YK. A mathematical model of spinal response to impact. J Biomech. 1971;4(1):49-71.
1975	Panjabi MM, White AA III, Johnson RM. Cervical spine mechanics as a function of transection of components. J Biomech. September 1975;8(5):327-336.
1976	Panjabi MM, Brand RA Jr, White AA III. Three-dimensional flexibility and stiffness properties of the human thoracic spine. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):185-192.
1972	Markolf KL. Deformation of the thoracolumbar intervertebral joints in response to external loads: a biomechanical study using autopsy material. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1972;54A(3):511-533.
1980	Hansson T, Roos B, Nachemson A. The bone mineral content and ultimate compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae. Spine. January–February 1980;5(1):46-55.
1981	Horst M, Brinckmann P. Measurement of the distribution of axial stress on the end-plate of the vertebral body. Spine. May–June 1981;6(3):217-232.
2015	Oxland TR. A history of spine biomechanics: focus on 20th century progress. Unfallchirurg. December 2015;118(suppl 1):80-92.
2017	Webster CE. The Blast Pelvis [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; October 2017.
1981	Tencer A. The Mechanical Properties of the Human Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. McGill University; April 1981.
1969	Vulcan AP. Response of the Lower Vertebral Column to Caudocephalad Acceleration [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1969.
1976	Hakim NSA. An Experimental Study and Finite-Element Analysis of the Mechanical Response of a Vertebra [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1976.
1977	Begeman PC. The Effect of Energy Absorbing Devices on Spinal Loads Resulting from -G_X Acceleration [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1977.