The load on lumbar disks in different positions of the body

Nachemson, A.

Year	Entry
1970	Hirsch C. Biomechanics in orthopedic surgery: an account of aims and methods. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:125-140.
1988	Mazess RB, Wahner HW. Nuclear medicine and densitometry. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:251-295.
1967	Galante JO. Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;(suppl 100):1-91.
1968	Tkaczuk H. Tensile properties of human lumbar longitudinal ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand. 1968;39(suppl 115):1-69.
1992	Crisco JJ, Panjabi MM, Yamamoto I, Oxland TR. Euler stability of the human ligamentous lumbar spine, II: experiment. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). February 1992;7(1):27-32.
1997	Zimmermann CL, Cook TM. Effects of vibration frequency and postural changes on human responses to seated whole-body vibration exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. March 1997;69(3):165-179.
1968	Nachemson AL, Evans JH. Some mechanical properties of the third human lumbar interlaminar ligament (ligamentum flavum). J Biomech. August 1968;1(3):211-220.
1971	Orne D, Liu YK. A mathematical model of spinal response to impact. J Biomech. 1971;4(1):49-71.
1976	Panjabi MM, Brand RA Jr, White AA III. Three-dimensional flexibility and stiffness properties of the human thoracic spine. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):185-192.
1978	Lin HS, Lui YK, Ray G, Nikravesh P. Systems identification for material properties of the intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):1-14.
1989	Yoganandan N, Ray G, Pintar FA, Myklebust JB, Sances A Jr. Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):135-142.
2015	Bruno AG, Bouxsein ML, Anderson DE. Development and validation of a musculoskeletal model of the fully articulated thoracolumbar spine and rib cage. J Biomech Eng. August 2015;137(8):081003.
1992	Mizrahi J, Silva MJ, Hayes WC. Finite element stress analysis of simulated metastatic lesions in the lumbar vertebral body. J Biomed Eng. November 1992;14(6):467-475.
1978	Lin HS, Liu YK, Adams KH. Mechanical response of the lumbar intervertebral joint under physiological (complex) loading. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1978;60A(1):41-55.
1985	McBroom RJ, Hayes WC, Edwards WT, Goldberg RP, White AA III. Prediction of vertebral body compressive fracture using quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67A(8):1206-1214.
1980	Adams MA, Hutton WC. The effect of posture on the role of the apophysial joints in resisting intervertebral compressive forces. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1980;62B(3):358-362.
1987	Stokes IAF. Surface strain on human intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(3):348-355.
1980	Panjabi MM, White AA III. Basic biomechanics of the spine. Neurosurgery. July 1980;7(1):76-93.
1981	Horst M, Brinckmann P. Measurement of the distribution of axial stress on the end-plate of the vertebral body. Spine. May–June 1981;6(3):217-232.
1981	Adams MA, Hutton WC. The relevance of torsion to the mechanical derangement of the lumbar spine. Spine. May–June 1981;6(3):241-248.
1982	Hutton WC, Adams MA. Can the lumbar spine be crushed in heavy lifting? Spine. November 1982;7(6):586-590.
1984	Brickley-Parsons D, Glimcher MJ. Is the chemistry of collagen in intervertebral discs an expression of Wolff's Law? a study of the human lumbar spine. Spine. March 1984;9(2):148-163.
1991	Crisco JJ III, Panjabi MM. The intersegmental and multisegmental muscles of the lumbar spine: a biomechanical model comparing lateral stabilizing potential. Spine. July 1991;16(7):793-799.
1993	Mizrahi J, Silva MJ, Keaveny TM, Edwards WT, Hayes WC. Finite-element stress analysis of the normal and osteoporotic lumbar vertebral body. Spine. October 15, 1993;18(14):2088-2096.
1997	Silva MJ, Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. Load sharing between the shell and centrum in the lumbar vertebral body. Spine. January 1997;22(2):140-150.
1999	Wilke H-J, Neef P, Caimi M, Hoogland T, Claes LE. New in vivo measurements of pressures in the intervertebral disc in daily life. Spine. April 15, 1999;24(8):755-762.
1999	Sato K, Kikuchi S, Yonezawa T. In vivo intradiscal pressure measurement in healthy individuals and in patients with ongoing back problems. Spine. December 1, 1999;24(23):2468-2474.
2001	Cao KD, Grimm MJ, Yang K-H. Load sharing within a human lumbar vertebral body using the finite element method. Spine. June 5, 2001;26(12):E253-E260.
2003	Liebschner MAK, Kopperdahl DL, Rosenberg WS, Keaveny TM. Finite element modeling of the human thoracolumbar spine. Spine. March 15, 2003;28(6):559-565.
2015	Oxland TR. A history of spine biomechanics: focus on 20th century progress. Unfallchirurg. December 2015;118(suppl 1):80-92.
2006	Warden KE. Localized Trabecular Damage Adjacent to Interbody Fusion Devices [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 2006.
2012	Isaacs JL. Micromechanics of the Annulus Fibrosus: Role of Biomolecules in Mechanical Function [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; May 2012.
2002	Cheung T-mJ. A Finite Element Study of the Effects of Mechanical Loading on the Fluid Flow and Biomechanical Response of the Intervertebral Disc [Master's thesis]. Hong Kong Polytechnic University; September 2002.
2006	Li L. The Effect of Whole Body Vibration on Position Sense and Dynamic Low Back Stability [Master's thesis]. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas; 2006.
1985	Yoganandan N. Mechanical Factors and the Threshold of Trauma of the Intervertebral Joint: A Finite Element Analysis With Experimental Validation [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1985.
1986	Pintar FA. The Biomechanics of Spinal Elements [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1986.
2010	Jackson AR. Transport and Metabolism of Glucose in Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; December 2010.
1996	Silva MJ. Predicting the Failure Behavior of the Human Vertebral Body [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; February 1996.
2015	Bruno AG. Investigation of Spine Loading to Understand Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2015.
2018	Long RG. Repair of Herniated Intervertebral Discs: Designing and Translating Annulus Fibrosus Sealants [PhD thesis]. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; 2018.
2003	Alderink GJ. Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of the Thorax in Standing and Sitting [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2003.
2016	Amabile AH. Correlation of Selected Trunk and Hip Muscle Cross-Sectional Areas With Incidence and Severity of Low Back Pain in Adult Males and Females [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2016.
2000	Doehring TC. Delineation of in-Vitro Lumbar Spine Structural Properties Using a Robotic/UFS Testing System With Hybrid Control: Experiments and Analytical Simulation [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2000.
2011	Wagnac É. Expérimentation et modélisation détaillée de la colonne vertébrale pour étudier le rôle de facteurs anatomiques et biomécaniques sur les traumatismes rachidiens [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2011.
2008	Graham RB. Effectiveness of an on-Body Lifting Aid At Reducing Low-Back Physical Demands During an Automotive Assembly Task: Assessment of EMG Response and User Acceptability [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; July 2008.
2019	Liu T. On Load-Sharing in the Lumbosacral Spine During Neutral Standing and Forward Flexion Postures: A Combined Finite Element and Musculoskeletal Study [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2019.
2011	Melnyk AD. Load Transfer Characteristics Between Posterior Fusion Devices and the Lumbar Spine Under Shear Loading: An in Vitro Investigation [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; February 2011.
2015	Soicher J. Evaluating the Feasibility of Quantifying Spinal Cord Swelling as a Function of Pressure Using Fiber Optic Pressure Sensors [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2015.
2019	McGivern K. Ex Vivo Evaluation of Intervertebral Disc Mechanics Using Diffusion Weighted Imaging on the 7 T MR: Effect of Degeneration [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2019.
1987	Schlaepfer JF. Development of a Technique to Estimate the in Vivo Spinal Load [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 1987.
2019	McWhae R. Intercellular Gap Junction Communication in the Bovine Annulus Fibrosus [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2019.
2010	Rodriguez AG. Human Endplate Permeability and Microstructure and Their Relationship to Disc Degeneration [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2010.
2011	Moody DA. A Quantification of Deep Core Trunk Muscles Impact on Lumbar Lordosis and Spine Stability [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2011.
1988	Kim YE. An Analytical Investigation of Ligamentous Lumbar Spine Mechanics University of Iowa; May 1988.
2010	Kang HS. Hierarchical Design and Simulation of Tissue Engineering Scaffold Mechanical, Mass Transport, and Degradation Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2010.
1999	Callaghan JP. Low-Magnitude Loading of the Spine: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 1999.
2008	Drake JDM. Axial Twist Loading of the Spine: Modulators of Injury Mechanisms and the Potential for Pain Generation [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2008.
2010	Dunk NM. Time-Varying Changes in the Lumbar Spine from Exposure to Sedentary Tasks and Their Potential Effects on Injury Mechanics and Pain Generation [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2010.
2010	Moreside JM. The Effect of Limited Hip Mobility on the Lumbar Spine in a Young Adult Population [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2010.
2013	Noguchi M. Examining Changes in Intradiscal Pressure During Intervertebral Disc Herniation [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2013.
2005	Cao KD. Development of a 4-Vertebrae, Detailed Finite Element Model of Thoracolumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2005.
1997	Rapoff AJ. Tensile Fatigue of Intervertebral Disc Annulus and a Probabilistic Rule of Mixtures for Elastic Moduli [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; August 1997.

Year	Entry
1959	Evans FG, Lissner HR. Biomechanical studies on the lumbar spine and pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1959;41A(2):278-290.
1957	Brown T, Hansen RJ, Yorra AJ. Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1957;39A(5):1135-1164.
1954	Hirsch C, Nachemson A. New observations on the mechanical behavior of lumbar discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1954;23(4):254-283.
1949	Friberg S, Hirsch C. Anatomical and clinical studies on lumbar disc degeneration. Acta Orthop Scand. 1949;19(2):222-242.
1957	Evans FG. Stress and Strain in Bones: Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1957.
1960	Nachemson A. Lumbar intradiscal pressure: experimental studies on post-mortem material. Acta Orthop Scand. 1960;31(suppl 43):1-104.
1963	Nachemson A. The influence of spinal movements on the lumbar intradiscal pressure and on the tensile stresses in the annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1963;33(1-4):183-207.
1951	Virgin WJ. Experimental investigations into the physical properties of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1951;33B(4):607-611.
1964	Nachemson A, Morris JM. In vivo measurements of intradiscal pressure: discometry, a method for the determination of pressure in the lower lumbar discs. J Bone Joint Surg. July 1964;46A(5):1077-1092.
1957	Perey O. Fracture of the vertebral end-plate in the lumbar spine: an experimental biomechanical investigation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1957;28(suppl 25):1-101.
1957	Bartelink DL. The role of abdominal pressure in relieving the pressure on the lumbar intervertebral discs. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1957;39B(4):718-725.
1961	Morris JM, Lucas DB, Bresler B. Role of the trunk in stability of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1961;43A(3):327-351.