The BPAQ: a bone-specific physical activity assessment instrument

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Weeks, B. K.¹; Beck, B. R.¹

The BPAQ: a bone-specific physical activity assessment instrument

Osteoporos Int. November 2008;19(11):1567-1577

©2008 International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation

Affiliations

¹School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Australia
Abstract and keywords

Summary: A newly developed bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) was compared with other common measures of physical activity for its ability to predict parameters of bone strength in healthy, young adults. The BPAQ predicted indices of bone strength at clinically relevant sites in both men and women, while other measures did not.

Introduction: Only certain types of physical activity (PA) are notably osteogenic. Most methods to quantify levels of PA fail to account for bone relevant loading. Our aim was to examine the ability of several methods of PA assessment and a new bone-specific measure to predict parameters of bone strength in healthy adults.

Methods: We recruited 40 men and women (mean age 24.5). Subjects completed the modifiable activity questionnaire, Bouchard 3-day activity record, a recently published bone loading history questionnaire (BLHQ), and wore a pedometer for 14 days. We also administered our bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ). Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) (QUS-2, Quidel) and densitometric measures (XR-36, Norland) were examined. Multiple regression and correlation analyses were performed on the data.

Results: The current activity component of BPAQ was a significant predictor of variance in femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine BMD, and whole body BMD (R² = 0.36–0.68, p < 0.01) for men, while the past activity component of BPAQ predicted calcaneal BUA (R² = 0.48, p = 0.001) for women.

Conclusions: The BPAQ predicted indices of bone strength at skeletal sites at risk of osteoporotic fracture while other PA measurement tools did not.

Keywords: Bone mass; Exercise; Ground reaction force; Pedometer
Links

DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0606-2

PubMed: 18414964

WoS: 000259820200008
History

Received: 2007-11-06

Accepted: 2008-02-14

Online: 2008-04-15

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2020	Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. Regional changes in indices of bone strength of upper and lower limbs in response to high-intensity impact loading or high-intensity resistance training. Bone. March 2020;132:115192.
2020	Harding AT, Weeks BK, Lambert C, Watson SL, Weis LJ, Beck BR. Effects of supervised high-intensity resistance and impact training or machine-based isometric training on regional bone geometry and strength in middle-aged and older men with low bone mass: the LIFTMOR-M semi-randomised controlled trial. Bone. July 2020;136:115362.
2021	Kistler-Fischbacher M, Weeks BK, Beck BR. The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 1): a systematic review. Bone. February 2021;143:115696.
2021	Kistler-Fischbacher M, Weeks BK, Beck BR. The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 2): a meta-analysis. Bone. February 2021;143:115697.
2018	Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, Harding AT, Horan SA, Beck BR. High-intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: the LIFTMOR randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. February 2018;33(2):211-220.
2020	Hartley C, Folland JP, Kerslake R, Brooke‐Wavell K. High‐impact exercise increased femoral neck bone density with no adverse effects on imaging markers of knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. January 2020;35(1):53-63.
2020	Troy KL, Mancuso ME, Johnson JE, Wu Z, Schnitzer TJ, Butler TA. Bone adaptation in adult women is related to loading dose: a 12‐month randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. July 2020;35(7):1300-1312.
2020	Harding AT, Weeks BK, Lambert C, Watson SL, Weis LJ, Beck BR. A comparison of bone‐targeted exercise strategies to reduce fracture risk in middle‐aged and older men with osteopenia and osteoporosis: LIFTMOR‐M semi‐randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. August 2020;35(8):1404-1414.
2021	Ng C, Scott D, Seibel MJ, Cumming RG, Naganathan V, Blyth FM, Le Couteur DG, Waite LM, Handelsman DJ, Hirani V. Higher‐impact physical activity is associated with maintenance of bone mineral density but not reduced incident falls or fractures in older men: the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. J Bone Miner Res. April 2021;36(4):662-672.
2022	Johannesdottir F, Putman MS, Burnett-Bowie S-AM, Finkelstein JS, Yu EW, Bouxsein ML. Age-related changes in bone density, microarchitecture, and strength in postmenopausal black and white women: the SWAN longitudinal HR-pQCT study. J Bone Miner Res. January 2022;37(1):41-51.
2023	Nissen FI, Esser VFC, Bui M, Li S, Hopper JL, Bjørnerem Å, Hansen AK. Is there a causal relationship between physical activity and bone microarchitecture? a study of adult female twin pairs. J Bone Miner Res. July 2023;38(7):951-957.
2023	Ng C-A, Gandham A, Mesinovic J, Owen PJ, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Effects of moderate- to high-impact exercise training on bone structure across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Bone Miner Res. November 2023;38(11):1612-1634.
2023	Coheley LM, Yu M, Chen X, O'Connor PJ, Kealey KS, Laing EM, Oshri A, Marand AK, Lance JM, Kindler JM, Lewis RD. The impact of whole egg consumption on bone accrual in healthy children: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. December 2023;38(12):1809-1821.
2020	Ng C-A, McMillan LB, Beck B, Humbert L, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Associations between physical activity and bone structure in older adults: does the use of self-reported versus objective assessments of physical activity influence the relationship? Osteoporos Int. March 2020;31(3):493-503.
2021	Harding AT, Weeks BK, Lambert C, Watson SL, Weis LJ, Beck BR. Exploring thoracic kyphosis and incident fracture from vertebral morphology with high-intensity exercise in middle-aged and older men with osteopenia and osteoporosis: a secondary analysis of the LIFTMOR-M trial. Osteoporos Int. March 2021;32(3):451-465.
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2015	Nogueira RC. Exercising Opportunities to Prevent Chronic Disease: The CAPO Kids Trial [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2015.
2019	Harding A. LIFTMOR-M: Lifting Intervention for Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation for Men [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; December 2019.
2019	Lambert C. A Comparison of the Bone Response to Impact Loading and Resistance Training in Young Adult Women: The OPTIMA-Ex Trial [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2019	Myers KB. Are Improvements in Bone and Physical Performance from an 8-Month High-Intensity Exercise Program Maintained in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass? 3-Year Follow-P of the LIFTMOR Trial [Master's thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2019.
2019	Watson S. LIFTMOR: Lifting Intervention for Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; January 2019.
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2016	Pangka AVS. Biomechanical Measures of the Muscle-Bone Unit in Postmenopausal Females: A Pilot Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2016.
2013	Bhatia V. Loading Induced Bone Adaptation in the Distal Radius of Women: Influence of Mechanical Environment [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Chicago; 2013.
2021	Rodrigues IB. Bridging the Gap Between Physical Activity Evidence and Practice for Older Adults With Osteoporosis and Frailty [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2021.
2020	Mancuso ME. Defining the Multiscale Relationship Between Subject-Specific Bone Strain and Structural Adaptation in the Distal Radius of Women [PhD thesis]. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute; July 2020.
2021	Mattson NE. Effects of Exoskeleton Walking Therapy in the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury [Master's thesis]. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute; May 2021.