Adaptation of Bone to Mechanical and Nonmechanical Stimuli: An Integrated Experimental and Computational Study

Year	Entry
1976	Cowin SC, Hegedus DH. Bone remodeling, I: theory of adaptive elasticity. J Elast. 1976;6(3):313-326.
2001	Ryder KD, Duncan RL. Parathyroid hormone enhances fluid shear-induced [Ca²⁺]_i signaling in osteoblastic cells through activation of mechanosensitive and voltage-sensitive Ca²⁺ channels. J Bone Miner Res. February 2001;16(2):240-248.
1993	Lanyon LE. Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S102-S107.
1977	Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes WC, Tichenor CC, Nagel DA. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1977;59A(2):204-208.
1978	Uhthoff HK, Jaworski ZF. Bone loss in response to long-term immobilisation. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1978;60B(3):420-429.
1995	Rubin CT, Gross TS, McLeod KJ, Bain SD. Morphologie stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus. J Bone Miner Res. March 1995;10(3):488-495.
1987	Frost HM. The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents. Bone Miner. April 1987;2(2):73-85.
1970	Donaldson CL, Hulley SB, Vogel JM, Hattner RS, Bayers JH, McMillan DE. Effect of prolonged bed rest on bone mineral. Metabolism. December 1970;19(12):1071-1084.
1979	Goodship AE, Lanyon LE, McFie H. Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress: an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1979;61A(4):539-546.
1984	Hart RT, Davy DT, Heiple KG. A computational method for stress analysis of adaptive elastic materials with a view toward applications in strain-induced bone remodeling. J Biomech Eng. November 1984;106(4):342-350.
1994	Rust AM. Bone Remodeling of an Angulated Femur [Master's thesis]. Tulane University; 1994.
1991	Turner CH. Homeostatic control of bone structure: an application of feedback theory. Bone. 1991;12(3):203-217.
1994	Rubin CT, McLeod KJ. Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency-specific, low-amplitude mechanical strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1994;298:165-174.
2002	Burr DB, Robling AG, Turner CH. Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals. Bone. May 2002;30(5):781-786.
1995	Dobnig H, Turner RT. Evidence that intermittent treatment with parathyroid hormone increases bone formation in adult rats by activation of bone lining cells. Endocrinology. August 1995;136(8):3632-3638.
1992	Akhter MP, Raab DM, Turner CH, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Characterization of in vivo strain in the rat tibia during external application of a four-point bending load. J Biomech. October 1992;25(10):1241-1246.
1990	Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), II: redefining Wolff's Law: the remodeling problem. Anat Rec. April 1990;226(4):414-422.
1993	Van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R, Weinans H, Sumner DR, Turner TM, Galante JO. The mechanism of bone remodeling and resorption around press-fitted THA stems. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):369-382.
1999	Cowin SC. Bone poroelasticity. J Biomech. March 1999;32(3):217-238.
1998	Morey-Holton ER, Globus RK. Hindlimb unloading of growing rats: a model for predicting skeletal changes during space flight. Bone. May 1998;22(5)(suppl):83S-88S.
1993	Ejersted C, Andreassen TT, Oxlund H, Jørgensen PH, Bak B, Häggblad J, Tørring O, Nilsson MHL. Human parathyroid hormone (1–34) and (1–84) increase the mechanical strength and thickness of cortical bone in rats. J Bone Miner Res. September 1993;8(9):1097-1101.
1987	Lanyon LE. Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1083-1093.
1995	Turner CH, Owan I, Takano Y. Mechanotransduction in bone: role of strain rate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. September 1995;269(3):E438-E442.
1997	Gross TS, Edwards JL, Mcleod KJ, Rubin CT. Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. June 1997;12(6):982-988.
1991	Cowin SC, Moss-Salentijn L, Moss ML. Candidates for the mechanosensory system in bone. J Biomech Eng. May 1991;113(2):191-197.
1994	Biewener AA, Bertram JE. Structural response of growing bone to exercise and disuse. J Appl Physiol. February 1994;76(2):946-955.
1995	Cowin SC, Weinbaum S, Zeng Y. A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of strain generated potentials. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1281-1297.
1997	Mosley JR, March BM, Lynch J, Lanyon LE. Strain magnitude related changes in whole bone architecture in growing rats. Bone. March 1997;20(3):191-198.
1964	Frost HM. The Laws of Bone Structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1964.
1983	Frost HM. The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review. Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1983;31(1):3-9.
1998	Turner CH, Owan I, Alvey T, Hulman J, Hock JM. Recruitment and proliferative responses of osteoblasts after mechanical loading in vivo determined using sustained-release bromodeoxyuridine. Bone. May 1998;22(5):463-469.
1994	Turner CH, Forwood MR, Otter MW. Mechanotransduction in bone: do bone cells act as sensors of fluid flow? FASEB J. August 1994;8(11):875-878.
1993	Huiskes R, Hollister SJ. From structure to process, from organ to cell: recent developments of FE-analysis in orthopaedic biomechanics. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4B):520-527.
1983	Frost HM. A determinant of bone architecture: the minimum effective strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 1983;175:286-292.
2001	Robling AG, Duijvelaar KM, Geevers JV, Ohashi N, Turner CH. Modulation of appositional and longitudinal bone growth in the rat ulna by applied static and dynamic force. Bone. August 2001;29(2):105-113.
1987	Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. September 1987;219(1):1-9.
1994	Prendergast P, Taylor D. Prediction of bone adaptation using damage accumulation. J Biomech. August 1994;27(8):1067-1076.
1990	Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Gray ML, Brand RA, Rubin CT. Toward an identification of mechanical parameters initiating periosteal remodeling: a combined experimental and analytic approach. J Biomech. 1990;23(9):893-905.
1980	Lanyon LE. The influence of function on the development of bone curvature: an experimental study on the rat tibia. J Zool. 1980;192(4):457-466.
1999	Turner CH. Toward a mathematical description of bone biology: the principle of cellular accommodation. Calcif Tiss Int. December 1999;65(6):466-471.
1982	Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):141-154.
1984	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17(12):897-905.
1996	Forwood MR, Owan I, Takano Y, Turner CH. Increased bone formation in rat tibiae after a single short period of dynamic loading in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. March 1996;270(3):E419-E423.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
1979	Churches AE, Howlett CR, Waldron KJ, Ward GW. The response of living bone to controlled time-varying loading: method and preliminary results. J Biomech. 1979;12(1):35-45.
1993	Weinans H, Huiskes R, Van Rietbergen B, Sumner DR, Turner TM, Galante JO. Adaptive bone remodeling around bonded noncemented total hip arthroplasty: a comparison between animal experiments and computer simulation. J Orthop Res. July 1993;11(4):500-513.
1979	Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC. Surface bone remodeling induced by a medullary pin. J Biomech. 1979;12(4):269-276.
1986	Jaworski ZFG, Uhthoff HK. Reversibility of nontraumatic disuse osteoporosis during its active phase. Bone. January 1986;7(6):431.
2000	Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. Partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading. J Bone Miner Res. August 2000;15(8):1596-1602.
1996	Bober MB. The Regulation of Gene Expression by Mechanical Stimulation and Parathyroid Hormone in Bone in Vivo [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1996.
1999	Maender CC. Remodeling Response of Cortical Bone to Three-Point Bending of the Rat Tibia in Vivo: An Experimental and Computational Study [Master's thesis]. Tulane University; 1999.
1985	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calcif Tiss Int. 1985;37(4):411-417.
1990	Li XJ, Jee WSS, Chow S-Y, Woodbury DM. Adaptation of cancellous bone to aging and immobilization in the rat: a single photon absorptiometry and histomorphometry study. Anat Rec. May 1990;227B(1):12-24.
1980	Jaworski ZFG, Liskova-Kiar M, Uhthoff HK. Effect of long-term immobilisation on the pattern of bone loss in older dogs. J Bone Joint Surg. February 1980;62B(1):104-110.
1985	Cowin SC, Hart RT, Balser JR, Kohn DH. Functional adaptation in long bones: establishing in vivo values for surface remodeling rate coefficients. J Biomech. 1985;18(9):665-684.
2002	Turner CH, Robling AG, Duncan RL, Burr DB. Do bone cells behave like a neuronal network? Calcif Tiss Int. June 2002;70(6):435-442.
1994	Turner CH, Forwood MR, Rho J, Yoshikawa T. Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. January 1994;9(1):87-97.
1994	Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Y. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):339-360.
1984	Carter DR. Mechanical loading histories and cortical bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S19-S24.
1978	Morey ER, Baylink DJ. Inhibition of bone formation during space flight. Science. September 22, 1978;201(4361):1138-1141.
1984	Hart RT, Davy DT, Heiple KG. Mathematical modeling and numerical solutions for functionally dependent bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S104-S109.
1984	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):397-402.
1998	Turner CH. Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone. November 1998;23(5):399-407.
1994	Zeng Y, Cowin SC, Weinbaum S. A fiber matrix model for fluid flow and streaming potentials in the canaliculi of an osteon. Ann Biomed Eng. May–June 1994;22(3):280-292.
1981	Woo SL-Y, Kuei SC, Amiel D, Gomez MA, Hayes WC, White FC, Akeson WH. The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1981;63A(5):780-787.
1994	Mullender MG, Huiskes R, Weinans H. A physiological approach to the simulation of bone remodeling as a self-organizational control process. J Biomech. November 1994;27(11):1389-1394.
1987	Carter DR. Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1095-1109.
2001	Hart RT. Bone modeling and remodeling: theories and computation. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:31-1–31-42.
1990	Beaupré GS, Orr TE, Carter DR. An approach for time‐dependent bone modeling and remodeling—application: a preliminary remodeling simulation. J Orthop Res. September 1990;8(5):662-670.
1994	Forwood MR, Turner CH. The response of rat tibiae to incremental bouts of mechanical loading: a quantum concept for bone formation. Bone. November–December 1994;15(6):603.
1990	Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU), I: redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem. Anat Rec. 1990;226(4):403-413.
1996	Forwood MR. Inducible cyclo‐oxygenase (COX‐2) mediates the induction of bone formation by mechanical loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. November 1996;11(11):1688-1693.
1994	Torrance AG, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Lanyon LE. Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1994;54(3):241-247.
1982	O'Connor JA, Lanyon LE, MacFie H. The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(10):767-781.
2001	You L, Cowin SC, Schaffler MB, Weinbaum S. A model for strain amplification in the actin cytoskeleton of osteocytes due to fluid drag on pericellular matrix. J Biomech. November 2001;34(11):1375-1386.
1981	Cowin SC, Firoozbakhsh K. Bone remodeling of diaphysial surfaces under constant load: theoretical predictions. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):471-484.
1993	Forwood MR, Burr DB. Physical activity and bone mass: exercises in futility? Bone Miner. May 1993;21(2):89-112.
1998	Mosley JR, Lanyon LE. Strain rate as a controlling influence on adaptive modeling in response to dynamic loading of the ulna in growing male rats. Bone. October 1998;23(4):313-318.
2001	Robling AG, Burr DB, Turner CH. Recovery periods restore mechanosensitivity to dynamically loaded bone. J Exp Biol. 2001;204(19):3389-3399.
1993	Dempster DW, Cosman F, Parisien M, Shen V, Lindsay R. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. Endocr Rev. December 1993;14(6):690-709.
1987	Huiskes R, Weinans H, Grootenboer HJ, Dalstra M, Fudala B, Slooff TJ. Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1135-1150.
1983	Krølner B, Toft B. Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clin Sci (London). 1983;64(5):537-540.