Mechanical strain and bone cell function:​ a review

Ehrlich, P. J.; Lanyon, L. E.

Year	Entry
1975	Lanyon LE, Hampson WGJ, Goodship AE, Shah JS. Bone deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human tibial shaft. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975;46(2):256-268.
1996	Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Suzuki Y, Kawase T, Saito S. Distinct responses of different populations of bone cells to mechanical stress. Endocrinology. May 1996;137(5):2028-2035.
1999	Rawlinson SCF. Early Loading-Related Responses of Bone Cells [PhD thesis]. Royal Veterinary College; 1999.
1995	Rawlinson SCF, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Pitsillides AA, Lanyon LE. Calvarial and limb bone cells in organ and monolayer culture do not show the same early responses to dynamic mechanical strain. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(8):1225-1232.
1996	Rawlinson SCF, Pitsillides AA, Lanyon LE. Involvement of different ion channels in osteoblasts' and osteocytes' early responses to mechanical strain. Bone. December 1996;19(6):609-614.
1991	Rawlinson SCF, El‐Haj AJ, Minter SL, Tavares IA, Bennett A, Lanyon LE. Loading‐related increases in prostaglandin production in cores of adult canine cancellous bone in vitro: a role for prostacyclin in adaptive bone remodeling? J Bone Miner Res. December 1991;6(12):1345-1351.
1993	Rawlinson SCF, Mohan S, Baylink DJ, Lanyon LE. Exogenous prostacyclin, but not prostaglandin E₂, produces similar responses in both G6PD activity and RNA production as mechanical loading, and increases IGF-II release, in adult cancellous bone in culture. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1993;53(5):324-329.
1995	Pitsillides AA, Rawlinson SCF, Suswillo RFL, Bourrin S, Zaman G, Lanyon LE. Mechanical strain‐induced NO production by bone cells: a possible role in adaptive bone (re)modeling? FASEB J. December 1995;9(15):1614-1622.
2001	Rubin C, Turner AS, Bain S, Mallinckrodt C, McLeod K. Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones. Nature. August 9, 2001;412(6847):603-604.
2002	Rubin C, Turner AS, Müller R, Mittra E, McLeod K, Lin W, Qin Y. Quantity and quality of trabecular bone in the femur are enhanced by a strongly anabolic, noninvasive mechanical intervention. J Bone Miner Res. February 2002;17(2):349-357.
1997	Tomkinson A, Reeve J, Shaw RW, Noble BS. The death of osteocytes via apoptosis accompanies estrogen withdrawal in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. September 1997;82(9):3128-3135.
1998	Tomkinson A, Gevers EF, Wit JM, Reeve J, Noble BS. The role of estrogen in the control of rat osteocyte apoptosis. J Bone Miner Res. August 1998;13(8):1243-1250.
1995	Duncan RL, Turner CH. Mechanotransduction and the functional response of bone to mechanical strain. Calcif Tiss Int. December 1995;57(5):344-358.
1984	Lanyon LE. Functional strain as a determinant for bone remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1984;36(suppl 1):S56-S61.
1999	McAllister TN, Frangos JA. Steady and transient fluid shear stress stimulate NO release in osteoblasts through distinct biochemical pathways. J Bone Miner Res. June 1999;14(6):930-936.
1998	Pavalko FM, Chen NX, Turner CH, Burr DB, Atkinson S, Hsieh Y-F, Qiu J, Duncan RL. Fluid shear-induced mechanical signaling in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts requires cytoskeleton-integrin interactions. Am J Physiol. December 1998;275(6):C1591-C1601.
1994	Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Y. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech. March 1994;27(3):339-360.
1987	Carter DR. Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1095-1109.
1977	Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes WC, Tichenor CC, Nagel DA. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1977;59A(2):204-208.
1994	Forwood MR, Turner CH. The response of rat tibiae to incremental bouts of mechanical loading: a quantum concept for bone formation. Bone. November–December 1994;15(6):603.
1999	Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J. Mechanotransduction in bone: role of the lacunocanalicular network. FASEB J. May 1999;12(9001):S101-S112.
1996	Forwood MR. Inducible cyclo‐oxygenase (COX‐2) mediates the induction of bone formation by mechanical loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. November 1996;11(11):1688-1693.
2000	You J, Yellowley CE, Donahue HJ, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Jacobs CR. Substrate deformation levels associated with routine physical activity are less stimulatory to bone cells relative to loading-induced oscillatory fluid flow. J Biomech Eng. August 2000;122(4):387-393.
2001	You L, Cowin SC, Schaffler MB, Weinbaum S. A model for strain amplification in the actin cytoskeleton of osteocytes due to fluid drag on pericellular matrix. J Biomech. November 2001;34(11):1375-1386.
1992	Frost HM. Perspectives: bone's mechanical usage windows. Bone Miner. December 1992;19(3):257-271.
1995	Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J, Van Der Plas A, Nijweide PJ. Function of osteocytes in bone: their role in mechanotransduction. J Nutr. July 1995;125(7)(suppl):S2020-S2023.
1992	Lanyon LE. The success and failure of the adaptive response to functional load-bearing in averting bone fracture. Bone. 1992;13(2):S17-S21.
1993	Lanyon LE. Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S102-S107.
1996	Lanyon LE. Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone. Bone. January 1996;18(1)(suppl):37S-43S.
1998	Kawata A, Mikuni-Takagaki Y. Mechanotransduction in stretched osteocytes: temporal expression of immediate early and other genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. May 19, 1998;246(2):404-408.
1994	Chow JW, Chambers TJ. Indomethacin has distinct early and late actions on bone formation induced by mechanical stimulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. August 1994;267(2):E287-E292.
1991	Reich KM, Frangos JA. Effect of flow on prostaglandin E₂ and inositol trisphosphate levels in osteoblasts. Am J Physiol. September 1991;261(3):C428-C432.
1990	Reich KM, Gay CV, Frangos JA. Fluid shear stress as a mediator of osteoblast cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. J Cell Physiol. April 1990;143(1):100-103.
1998	Akhter MP, Cullen DM, Pedersen EA, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. Bone response to in vivo mechanical loading in two breeds of mice. Calcif Tiss Int. November 1998;63(5):442-449.
1997	Owan I, Burr DB, Turner CH, Qiu J, Tu Y, Onyia JE, Duncan RL. Mechanotransduction in bone: osteoblasts are more responsive to fluid forces than mechanical strain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. September 1997;273(3):C810-C815.
1995	Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I. Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for bone formation in rats. J Bone Miner Res. October 1995;10(10):1544-1549.
1995	Turner CH, Owan I, Takano Y. Mechanotransduction in bone: role of strain rate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. September 1995;269(3):E438-E442.
1998	Jacobs CR, Yellowley CE, Davis BR, Zhou Z, Cimbala JM, Donahue HJ. Differential effect of steady versus oscillating flow on bone cells. J Biomech. November 1998;31(11):969-976.
2001	Bakker AD, Soejima K, Klein-Nulend J, Burger EH. The production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ by primary bone cells is shear stress dependent. J Biomech. May 2001;34(5):671-677.
1982	Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(3):141-154.
1984	Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17(12):897-905.
2001	Rubin C, Xu G, Judex S. The anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized by brief exposure to extremely low‐magnitude mechanical stimuli. FASEB J. October 2001;15(12):2225-2229.
1986	Jaworski ZFG, Uhthoff HK. Reversibility of nontraumatic disuse osteoporosis during its active phase. Bone. January 1986;7(6):431.
1985	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calcif Tiss Int. 1985;37(4):411-417.
1984	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1984;66A(3):397-402.
1987	Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: function as a determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(2):300-310.
1990	El Haj AJ, Minter SL, Rawlinson SCF, Suswillo R, Lanyon LE. Cellular responses to mechanical loading in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. September 1990;5(9):923-932.
1997	Westerlind KC, Wronski TJ, Ritman EL, Luo Z-P, An K-N, Bell NH, Turner RT. Estrogen regulates the rate of bone turnover but bone balance in ovariectomized rats is modulated by prevailing mechanical strain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. April 15, 1997;94(8):4199-4204.
1995	Klein-Nulend J, van der Plas A, Semeins CM, Ajubi NE, Frangos JA, Nijweide PJ, Burger EH. Sensitivity of osteocytes to biomechanical stress in vitro. FASEB J. March 1995;9(5):441-445.
1997	Klein‐Nulend J, Burger EH, Semeins CM, Raisz LG, Pilbeam CC. Pulsating fluid flow stimulates prostaglandin release and inducible prostaglandin g/h synthase mrna expression in primary mouse bone cells. J Bone Miner Res. January 1997;12(1):45-51.
2001	Hsieh Y, Turner CH. Effects of loading frequency on mechanically induced bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. May 2001;16(5):918-924.
1987	Cowin SC. Bone remodeling of diaphyseal surfaces by torsional loads: theoretical predictions. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1111-1120.
1996	Ajubi NE, Klein-Nulend J, Nijweide PJ, Vrijheid-Lammers T, Alblas MJ, Burger EH. Pulsating fluid flow increases prostaglandin production by cultured chicken osteocytes: a cytoskeleton-dependent process. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. August 5, 1996;225(1):62-68.
1997	Mosley JR, March BM, Lynch J, Lanyon LE. Strain magnitude related changes in whole bone architecture in growing rats. Bone. March 1997;20(3):191-198.
1998	Mosley JR, Lanyon LE. Strain rate as a controlling influence on adaptive modeling in response to dynamic loading of the ulna in growing male rats. Bone. October 1998;23(4):313-318.
1999	Ajubi NE, Klein-Nulend J, Alblas MJ, Burger EH, Nijweide PJ. Signal transduction pathways involved in fluid flow-induced PGE₂ production by cultured osteocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. January 1999;276(1):E171-E178.
1991	Jones DB, Nolte H, Scholübbers J-G, Turner E, Veltel D. Biochemical signal transduction of mechanical strain in osteoblast-like cells. Biomaterials. March 1991;12(2):101-110.
1971	Heřt J, Lišková M, Landa J. Reaction of bone to mechanical stimuli, I: continuous and intermittent loading of tibia in rabbit. Folia Morphol (Praha). August 1971;19(3):290-300.
1979	Goodship AE, Lanyon LE, McFie H. Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress: an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1979;61A(4):539-546.
1992	Rubin CT, Bain SD, McLeod KJ. Suppression of the osteogenic response in the aging skeleton. Calcif Tiss Int. April 1992;50(4):306-313.
1996	Rubin C, Gross T, Qin Y-X, Fritton S, Guilak F, McLeod K. Differentiation of the bone-tissue remodeling response to axial and torsional loading in the turkey ulna. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1996;78A(11):1665-1676.
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1994	Rubin CT, McLeod KJ. Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency-specific, low-amplitude mechanical strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 1994;298:165-174.
1995	Rubin CT, Gross TS, McLeod KJ, Bain SD. Morphologie stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus. J Bone Miner Res. March 1995;10(3):488-495.
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1992	Gross TS, McLeod KJ, Rubin CT. Characterizing bone strain distributions in vivo using three triple rosette strain gages. J Biomech. September 1992;25(9):1081-1087.
1997	Gross TS, Edwards JL, Mcleod KJ, Rubin CT. Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. June 1997;12(6):982-988.
1995	Hung T Clark, Pollack R Solomon, Reilly TM, Brighton T Carl. Real-time calcium response of cultured bone cells to fluid flow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. April 1995;313:256-269.
1988	Pead MJ, Suswillo R, Skerry TM, Vedi S, Lanyon LE. Increased ³H-uridine levels in osteocytes following a single short period of dynamic bone loadingin vivo. Calcif Tiss Int. August 1988;43(2):92-96.
1996	Johnson DL, McAllister TN, Frangos JA. Fluid flow stimulates rapid and continuous release of nitric oxide in osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. July 1996;271(1):E205-E208.
1987	Roesler H. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1025-1034.
1997	Salter DM, Robb JE, Wright MO. Electrophysiological responses of human bone cells to mechanical stimulation: evidence for specific integrin function in mechanotransduction. J Bone Miner Res. July 1997;12(7):1133-1141.
1989	Skerry TM, Bitensky L, Chayen J, Lanyon LE. Early strain‐related changes in enzyme activity in osteocytes following bone loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. October 1989;4(5):783-788.
1991	Turner CH, Akhter MP, Raab DM, Kimmel DB, Recker RR. A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling. Bone. 1991;12(2):73-79.
1996	Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I, Murrell GA. Nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME suppresses mechanically induced bone formation in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. April 1996;270(4):E634-E639.
1997	Smalt R, Mitchell FT, Howard RL, Chambers TJ. Induction of NO and prostaglandin E₂ in osteoblasts by wall-shear stress but not mechanical strain. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. October 1997;273(4):E751-E758.
1996	Hughes DE, Dai A, Tiffee JC, Li HH, Mundy GR, Boyce BF. Estrogen promotes apoptosis of murine osteoclasts mediated by TGF–Β. Nat Med. October 1996;2(10):1132-1136.
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1999	Zaman G, Pitsillides AA, Rawlinson SCF, Suswillo RFL, Mosley JR, Cheng MZ, Platts LAM, Hukkanen M, Polak JM, Lanyon LE. Mechanical strain stimulates nitric oxide production by rapid activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res. July 1999;14(7):1123-1131.
1982	O'Connor JA, Lanyon LE, MacFie H. The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1982;15(10):767-781.
1995	Forwood MR, Turner CH. Skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage: results from tibial loading studies in rats. Bone. October 1995;17(4)(suppl):197S-205S.
2001	Lanyon L, Skerry T. Postmenopausal osteoporosis as a failure of bone's adaptation to functional loading: a hypothesis. J Bone Miner Res. November 2001;16(11):1937-1947.
1972	Chamay A, Tschantz P. Mechanical influences in bone remodeling: experimental research on Wolff's law. J Biomech. March 1972;5(2):173-180.
1994	Torrance AG, Mosley JR, Suswillo RFL, Lanyon LE. Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1994;54(3):241-247.
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1983	Pienkowski D, Pollack SR. The origin of stress-generated potentials in fluid-saturated bone. J Orthop Res. 1983;1(1):30-41.
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1987	Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. September 1987;219(1):1-9.
1988	Pead MJ, Skerry TM, Lanyon LE. Direct transformation from quiescence to bone formation in the adult periosteum following a single brief period of bone loading. J Bone Miner Res. December 1988;3(6):647-656.
1989	Pead MJ, Lanyon LE. Indomethacin modulation of load-related stimulation of new bone formation in vivo. Calcif Tiss Int. January 1989;45(1):34-40.
1993	Dallas SL, Zaman G, Pead MJ, Lanyon LE. Early strain-related changes in cultured embryonic chick tibiotarsi parallel those associated with adaptive modeling in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. March 1993;8(3):251-259.
1996	Forwood MR, Owan I, Takano Y, Turner CH. Increased bone formation in rat tibiae after a single short period of dynamic loading in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. March 1996;270(3):E419-E423.
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Year	Entry
2013	Hum JM. Signaling Mechanisms That Suppress the Anabolic Response of Osteoblasts and Osteocytes to Fluid Shear Stress [PhD thesis]. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University; September 2013.
2025	Skedros JG. Biomechanical foundations of histological analysis in limb bones: the crucial role of load-complexity categorization and collagen fiber orientation analysis when interpreting bone adaptation. In: Stout SD, Crowder C, eds. Bone Histology: A Biological Anthropological Perspective. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2025:150-224.
2011	Klika V, Maršík F. Feasible simulation of diseases related to bone remodelling and of their treatment. In: Klika V, ed. Theoretical Biomechanics. InTech; 2011:187-210.
2008	Bonewald LF, Johnson ML. Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling. Bone. April 2008;42(4):606-615.
2013	Willie BM, Birkhold AI, Razi H, Thiele T, Aido M, Kruck B, Schill A, Checa S, Main RP, Duda GN. Diminished response to in vivo mechanical loading in trabecular and not cortical bone in adulthood of female C57Bl/6 mice coincides with a reduction in deformation to load. Bone. August 2013;55(2):335-346.
2020	Willie BM, Zimmermann EA, Vitienes I, Main RP, Komarova SV. Bone adaptation: safety factors and load predictability in shaping skeletal form. Bone. February 2020;131:115114.
2021	Smith C, Tacey A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Lin X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Lewis JR, Duque G, Levinger I. The effects of acute exercise on bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review. Bone. February 2021;143:115766.
2023	Palanca M, Cavazzoni G, Dall'Ara E. The role of bone metastases on the mechanical competence of human vertebrae. Bone. August 2023;173:116814.
2005	Busa B, Miller LM, Rubin CT, Qin Y-X, Judex S. Rapid establishment of chemical and mechanical properties during lamellar bone formation. Calcif Tiss Int. December 2005;77(6):386-394.
2007	Tatsumi S, Ishii K, Amizuka N, Li M, Kobayashi T, Kohno K, Ito M, Takeshita S, Ikeda K. Targeted ablation of osteocytes induces osteoporosis with defective mechanotransduction. Cell Metab. June 2007;5(6):464-475.
2006	Nicolella DP, Moravits DE, Gale AM, Bonewald LF, Lankford J. Osteocyte lacunae tissue strain in cortical bone. J Biomech. 2006;39(9):1735-1743.
2012	Sugiyama T, Meakin LB, Browne WJ, Galea GL, Price JS, Lanyon LE. Bones' adaptive response to mechanical loading is essentially linear between the low strains associated with disuse and the high strains associated with the lamellar/woven bone transition. J Bone Miner Res. August 2012;27(8):1784-1793.
2021	Ma B, Li C, Pan J, Zhang S, Dong H, Wu Y, Lv J. Causal associations of anthropometric measurements with fracture risk and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization study. J Bone Miner Res. July 2021;36(7):1281-1287.
2017	Sandino C, McErlain DD, Schipilow J, Boyd SK. Mechanical stimuli of trabecular bone in osteoporosis: a numerical simulation by finite element analysis of microarchitecture. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. February 2017;66:19-27.
2020	Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan2 J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact. September 2020;20(3):347-371.
2022	Ziran N, McCarty CP, Ho NC, Gilmartin NF, Ebramzadeh E, Park S-H, Sangiorgio SN. A novel intramedullary nail to control interfragmentary motion in diaphyseal tibial fractures. J Orthop Res. May 2022;40(5):1053-1064.
2007	Tai K, Dao M, Suresh S, Palazoglu A, Ortiz C. Nanoscale heterogeneity promotes energy dissipation in bone. Nat Mater. June 2007;6(6):454-462.
2003	Harada S-i, Rodan GA. Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature. May 15, 2003;423(6937):349-355.
2007	Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog Mater Sci. November 2007;52(8):1263-1334.
2004	Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. The aging of Wolff's “law”: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Yearb Phys Anthropol. 2004;47:63-99.
2006	Poole KES. The Effects of Stroke on the Skeleton [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; 2006.
2009	Chan M. Mechanobiology of 3D Co-Culture Trabecular Explant Model [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2009.
2016	Brown GN. The Sustainment and Consequences of Cytosolic Calcium Signals in Osteocytes [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2016.
2018	Spasic M. Targeting Primary Cilia-Mediated Mechanotransduction to Promote Whole Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2018.
2010	Lynch ME. Cancellous Bone Adaptation to Non-Invasive Mechanical Loading in the Murine Tibia [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2010.
2007	Devlin MJ. Interactions of Estrogen, Strain, and Bone Growth: Implications for Human Skeletal Robusticity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; September 2007.
2004	Giangregorio L. Musculoskeletal Changes After Spinal Cord Injury: Effects of Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; November 2004.
2018	Pravato L. Characteristics of the Stress-Generated Electrical Potentials in Bone Induced by Mechanical Loading [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; August 2018.
2007	Tai K. Nanomechanics and Ultrastructural Studies of Cortical Bone: Fundamental Insights Regarding Structure-Function, Mineral-Organic Force Mechanics Interactions, and Heterogeneity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2007.
2014	Ellman R. Skeletal Adaptation to Reduced Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2014.
2011	Agnew AM. Histomorphometry of the Elderly Rib: A Methodological Approach With Implications for Biomechanics, Function, and Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.
2018	Peña Fernández M. X-Ray Biomechanical Imaging and Digital Volume Correlation of Bone: From Regeneration to Structure [PhD thesis]. Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth; December 2018.
2013	Irish JM. Peri-Implant Bone Turnover in a Rat Model [Master's thesis]. Rush University; 2013.
2019	Rahimi A. Simulation of the Acoustic Pressure Field and Study of Cellular Responses of Osteoprogenitors Using Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment in an in Vitro Ultrasound Bioreactor [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Saint Louis University; 2019.
2011	Patri N. Low Intensity Vibrations Applied Locally Can be Transmitted to the Alveolar Bone Thereby Enhancing the Quality of the Bone in Adults Rats [Master's thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2011.
2012	Uzer G. Role of Fluid Shear Modulation on Bone Cell Metabolism During High-Frequency Oscillatory Vibrations [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; December 2012.
2008	Mulvihill BMC. Computational Investigation Into the Mechanoregulation of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; December 2008.
2012	Khayyeri H. Computational Investigations of Variability in Mechanobiological Simulations of Tissue Differentiation [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; 2012.
2013	Enns-Bray WS. Mapping Anisotropy of the Proximal Femur for Improved Image-Based Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2013.
2003	Ominsky MS. Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure, Biaxial Strain, and Fluid Shear on Osteoblastic Cells: Mechanotransduction Via NF-ΚB, MAP Kinase, and AP-1 Pathways [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2003.
2021	Harrison KD. A Novel in Vivo Synchrotron Radiation Micro-CT Imaging Platform for the Direct Tracking of Remodeling Events in Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; December 2021.
2009	Potter RS. Age Effects on the Material and Mechanical Properties of Bone At the Osteocyte Lacuna [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2009.