Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders:​ redefining “whiplash” and its management

Spitzer, Walter, O.; Skovron, Mary Louise; Salmi, L. Rachid; Cassidy, J. David; Duranceau, Jacques; Suissa, Samy; Zeiss, Ellen

Year	Entry
2010	Schmitt K-U, Niederer PF, Muser MH, Walz F. Trauma Biomechanics: Accidental Injury in Traffic and Sports. 2nd ed. Deidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2010.
1998	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Cusick JF, Kleinberger M. Head-neck biomechanics in simulated rear impact. In: 42nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 5-7, 1998; Charlottesville, VA.209-231.
2000	Boyd RJ, Massey R, Duane L, Yates DW. Whiplash associated disorders in children attending the emergency department. In: 44th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 2-4, 2000; Chicago, IL.
2008	Bartsch AJ, Gilbertson LG, Prakash V, Morr DR, Wiechel JF. Minor crashes and “whiplash” in the United States. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.117-128.
2011	Lopez-Valdes FJ, Lau S, Riley P, Lamp J, Kent R. The biomechanics of the pediatric and adult human thoracic spine. In: 55th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-5, 2011; Paris, France.193-206.
1996	Morris AP, Thomas P. A study of soft tissue neck injuries in the UK. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1412-1425.
1998	Bigi D, Heilig A, Steffan H, Eichberger A. A comparison study of active head restraints for neck protection in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1103-1110.
1998	Minton R, Murray PA, Pitcher M, Galasko CSB. Lower back and neck strain injuries: the relative roles of seat adjustment vehicle and seat design. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1377-1390.
1998	Lundell B, Jakobsson L, Alfredsson B, Lindström M, Simonsson L. The WHIPS seat: a car seat for improved protection against neck injuries in rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1586-1596.
2003	Tencer AF, Mirza S, Huber P. A comparison of injury criteria used in evaluating seats for whiplash protection. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Hasegawa J, Shiomi A. A study of whiplash injury occurrence mechanisms using human finite element model. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Hynd D, van Ratingen M. Challenges in the development of a regulatory test procedure for neck protection in rear impacts: status of the EEVC WG20 and WG12 joint activity. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Malm S, Ydenius A. Influence of crash severity on various whiplash injury symptoms: a study based on real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2009	Surcel M-D, Buzatu M-P, Vadean A. Numerical simulation for evaluating child occupant behaviour in the case of a rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Rieser A, Nußbaumer C, Eichberger A, Steffan H. A development process for creating finite-element models of crash test dummies based on investigations of the hardware. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
1996	Boström O, Svensson MY, Aldman B, Hansson HA, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Seeman T, Suneson A, Säljö A, Örtengren T. A new neck injury criterion candidate based on injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental neck extension trauma. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.123-136.
1997	Minton R, Murray P, Pitcher M, Galasko CSB. Causative factors in whiplash injury: implications for current seat and head restraint design. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.207-222.
1998	Hell W, Langwieder K, Walz F. Reported soft tissue neck injuries after rear-end car collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.261-274.
1998	Temming J, Zobel R. Frequency and risk of cervical spine distortion injuries in passenger car accidents: significance of human factors data. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.219-233.
1999	Hell W, Langwieder K, Walz F, Muser M, Kramer M, Hartwig E. Consequences for seat design due to rear end accident analysis, sled tests and possible test criteria for reducing cervical spine injuries after rear-end collision. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.243-259.
1999	Jakobsson L, Norin H. Suggestions for evaluation criteria of neck injury protection in rear end car impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.271-282.
2000	Jakobsson L, Norin H, Isaksson-Hellman I. Parameters influencing the risk of AIS1 neck injuries in frontal and side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.235-245.
2002	Jakobsson L, Norin H, Bunketorp O. In-depth study of whiplash associated disorders in frontal impacts: influencing factors and consequences. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2002	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Lie A, Tingvall C. The risk of whiplash injury in the rear seat compared to the front seat in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2002	Schmitt K-U, Muser M, Vetter D, Walz F. Biomechanical assessment of soft tissue neck injuries in cases with long sick leave times. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2003	Hell W, Höpfl F, Langwieder K, Lang D. Cervical spine distortion injuries in various car collision directions and injury incidence of different car types in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.193-206.
2004	Bunketorp O, Jakobsson L, Norin H. Comparison of frontal and rear-end impacts for car occupants with whiplash-associated disorders: symptoms and clinical findings. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.245-256.
2004	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA. Effects of reflexive cervical muscle contraction on whiplash kinematics and injury. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.269-282.
2005	Schick S, Hell W. Cervical spine distorsion (CSD) injuries after rear end car to car collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.415-418.
2006	Hughes MC, Moss RT, Happer AJ. Occupant injury symptom duration resulting from low speed collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.345-348.
2007	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Gennarelli TA, Pintar FA. Toward a lower neck rear impact injury criterion: correlation of lower neck loads with spinal kinematics. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.249-260.
2008	Bartsch A, Gilbertson L, Prakash V, Morr D, Wiechel J. Minor rear aligned crashes in the United States: a pilot study of 98 crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.367-379.
2009	Himmetoglu S, Acar M, Bouazza-Marouf K, Taylor AJ. Reactive seat design for optimum whiplash mitigation at different crash severities. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.399-413.
2009	Ono K, Ejima S, Yamazaki K, Sato F, Pramudita JA, Kaneoka K, Ujihashi S. Evaluation criteria for the reduction of minor neck injuries during rear-end impacts based on human volunteer experiments and accident reconstruction using human fe model simulations. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.381-398.
2010	Kullgren A, Krafft M. Gender analysis on whiplash seat effectiveness: results rrom real-world crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.17-28.
2010	Sato F, Antona J, Ejima S, Ono K. Influence on cervical vertebral motion of the interaction between occiput and head restraint/seat based on the reconstruction of rear-end collision using finite element human model. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.41-58.
2011	Jonsson B, Krafft M, Kullgren A. Development of Whiplash Associated Disorders for adult and child occupants in cars launched since the 1980s in different impact directions. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2011; Krakow, Poland.62-72.
2013	Kullgren A, Stigson H, Krafft M. Development of whiplash associated disorders for male and female car occupants in cars launched since the 80s in different impact directions. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.51-61.
2016	Broos J, Meijer R. Simulation method for whiplash injury prediction using an active human model. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2016; Malaga, Spain.390-408.
1998	Lundell B, Jakobsson L, Alfredsson B, Jernström C, Isaksson-Hellman I. Guidelines for and the design of a car seat concept for improved protection against neck injuries in rear end car impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 23-26, 1998; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 980301.
2009	White NA, Begeman PC, Hardy WN, Yang KH, Ono K, Sato F, Kamiji K, Yasuki T, Bey MJ. Investigation of upper body and cervical spine kinematics of post mortem human subjects (PMHS) during low-speed, rear-end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 20-23, 2009; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2009-01-0387.
1999	Winkelstein BA, Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. Cervical facet joint mechanics: its application to whiplash injury. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:243-252. SAE 99SC15.
1999	Zuby DS, Vann DT, Lund AK, Morris CR. Crash test evaluation of whiplash injury risk. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:267-278. SAE 99SC17.
2004	Sundararajan S, Prasad P, Demetropoulos CK, Tashman S, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI. Effect of head-neck position on cervical facet stretch of post mortem human subjects during low speed rear end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:331-372. SAE 2004-22-0015.
2005	Lu Y, Chen C, Kallakuri S, Patwardhan A, Cavanaugh JM. Neural response of cervical facet joint capsule to stretch: a study of whiplash pain mechanism. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:49-65. SAE 2005-22-0003.
1999	Farmer CM, Wells JK, Werner JV. Relationship of head restraint positioning to driver neck injury in rear-end crashes. Accid Anal Prev. November 1999;31(6):719-728.
2000	Svensson MY, Boström O, Davidsson J, Hansson H-A, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Suneson A, Säljö A. Neck injuries in car collisions: a review covering a possible injury mechanism and the development of a new rear-impact dummy. Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):167-175.
2000	Jakobsson L, Lundell B, Norin H, Isaksson-Hellman I. WHIPS: Volvo’s whiplash protection study. Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):307-319.
2000	Boström O, Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Krafft M, Lövsund P, Muser MH, Svensson MY. Comparison of car seats in low speed rear-end impacts using the BioRID dummy and the new neck injury criterion (NIC). Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):321-328.
2004	Quinlan KP, Annest JL, Myers B, Ryan G, Hill H. Neck strains and sprains among motor vehicle occupants: United States, 2000. Accid Anal Prev. January 2004;36(1):21-27.
2003	Berglund A, Alfredsson L, Jensen I, Bodin L, Nygren Å. Occupant- and crash-related factors associated with the risk of whiplash injury. Am J Epidemiol. January 2003;13(1):66-72.
1998	Brault JR, Wheeler JB, Siegmund GP, Brault EJ. Clinical response of human subjects to rear-end automobile collisions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. January 1998;79(1):72-80.
2009	Salzar RS, Bolton JR, Crandall JR, Paskoff GR, Shender BS. Ejection injury to the spine in small aviators: sled tests of manikins vs. post mortem specimens. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009;80(7):621-628.
1998	Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Grauer JN, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Mechanism of whiplash injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). June–July 1998;13(4-5):239-249.
2000	Brault JR, Siegmund GP, Wheeler JB. Cervical muscle response during whiplash: evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). July 2000;15(6):426-435.
2000	Luan F, Yang KH, Deng B, Begeman PC, Tashman S, King AI. Qualitative analysis of neck kinematics during low-speed rear-end impact. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). November 2000;15(9):649-657.
1998	Panjabi MM, Nibu K, Cholewicki J. Whiplash injuries and the potential for mechanical instability. Eur Spine J. 1998;7(6):484-492.
1999	Magnusson ML, Pope MH, Hasselquist L, Bolte KM, Ross M, Goel VK, Lee JS, Spratt K, Clark CR, Wilder DG. Cervical electromyographic activity during low-speed rear impact. Eur Spine J. April 1999;8(2):118-125.
2004	Ivancic PC, Pearson AM, Panjabi MM, Ito S. Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation. Eur Spine J. 2004;13(1):61-68.
2003	Blouin J-S, Descarreaux M, Bélanger-Gravel A, Simoneau M, Teasdale N. Attenuation of human neck muscle activity following repeated imposed trunk-forward linear acceleration. Exp Brain Res. June 2003;150(4):458-464.
2001	Winkelstein BA, McLendon RE, Barbir A, Myers BS. An anatomical investigation of the human cervical facet capsule, quantifying muscle insertion area. J Anat. April 2001;198(4):455-461.
2003	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Gender dependent cervical spine segmental kinematics during whiplash. J Biomech. September 2003;36(9):1281-1289.
1998	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Klienberger M. Cervical spine vertebral and facet joint kinematics under whiplash. J Biomech Eng. April 1998;120(2):305-307.
1996	Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. NEJM. December 5, 1996;335(23):1721-1726.
2000	Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Côté P, Lemstra M, Berglund A, Nygren Å. Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury. NEJM. April 20, 2000;342(16):1179-1186.
1996	Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N. Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash: a placebo-controlled prevalence study. Spine. August 1996;21(15):1737-1744.
1997	Grauer JN, Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Dvorak J. Whiplash produces an S-shaped curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels. Spine. November 1997;22(21):2489-2494.
1998	Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Simulation of whiplash trauma using whole cervical spine specimens. Spine. January 1998;23(1):17-24.
1999	Freeman MD, Croft AC, Rossignol AM, Weaver DS, Reiser M. A review and methodologic critique of the literature refuting whiplash syndrome. Spine. January 1, 1999;24(1):86-96.
1999	Jordan A, Mehlsen J, Bülow PM, Østergaard K, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Maximal isometric strength of the cervical musculature in 100 healthy volunteers. Spine. July 1, 1999;24(13):1343-1348.
2001	Yoganandan N, Cusick JF, Pintar FA, Rao RD. Whiplash injury determination with conventional spine imaging and cryomicrotomy. Spine. November 15, 2001;26(22):2443-2448.
2002	Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. An electromyographic study of low-velocity rear-end impacts. Spine. May 15, 2002;27(10):1044-1055.
2004	Pearson AM, Ivancic PC, Ito S, Panjabi MM. Facet joint kinematics and injury mechanisms during simulated whiplash. Spine. February 15, 2004;29(4):390-397.
2004	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Gender- and region-dependent local facet joint kinematics in rear impact: implications in whiplash injury. Spine. October 15, 2004;29(16):1764-1771.
2004	Panjabi MM, Pearson AM, Ito S, Ivancic PC, Gimenez SE, Tominaga Y. Cervical spine ligament injury during simulated frontal impact. Spine. November 1, 2004;29(21):2395-2403.
2008	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Maiman DJ, Meyer MA, DeRosia J, Shender BS, Paskoff G. Anatomical gender differences in cervical vertebrae of size-matched volunteers. Spine. January 15, 2008;33(2):E44-E49.
2002	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA. Biomechanical mechanisms of whiplash injury. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):98-104.
2002	Hell W, Schick S, Langwieder K, Zellmer H. Biomechanics of cervical spine injuries in rear end car impacts: influence of car seats and possible evaluation criteria. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):127-140.
2002	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Ydenius A, Tingvall C. Influence of crash pulse characteristics on whiplash associated disorders in rear impacts: crash recording in real life crashes. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):141-149.
2002	Eriksson L, Boström O. Assessing the relevance of NIC and its correlation with crash-pulse parameters: using the mathematical BioRID I in rear-end impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):175-182.
2002	Jakobsson L, Norin H. Suggestions for evaluation criteria of neck injury protection in rear-end car impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(3):216-223.
2003	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Lie A, Tingvall C. The risk of whiplash injury in the rear seat compared to the front seat in rear impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. June 2003;4(2):136-40.
2004	Jakobsson L, Norin H, Svensson MY. Parameters influencing AIS 1 neck injury outcome in frontal impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2004;5(2):156-163.
1999	Winkelstein BA. A Mechanical Basis for Whiplash Injury: The Cervical Facet Joint, Spinal Motion Segment, and Combined Loading [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1999.
1998	Kullgren A. Validity and Reliability of Vehicle Collision Data: Crash Pulse Recorders for Impact Severity and Injury Risk Assessments in Real-Life Frontal Impacts [PhD thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institute; 1998.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
2004	Stemper BD. Whiplash Affects Cervical Spine Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; May 2004.
2009	DeRosia JJ. Role of Gender and Size in Biomechanics of Rear Impact Marquette University; May 2009.
2019	Berthelson PR. A Coupled Finite Element-Mathematical Surrogate Modeling Approach to Assess Occupant Head and Neck Injury Risk Due to Vehicular Impacts [Master's thesis]. Mississippi State University; August 2019.
2004	Mordaka JK. Finite Element Analysis of Whiplash Injury for Women [PhD thesis]. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham Trent University; September 2004.
1999	Cripton PA. Load-Sharing in the Human Cervical Spine [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; November 1999.
1996	de Jager MKJ. Mathematical Head-Neck Models for Acceleration Impacts [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology; 1996.
2002	van der Horst MJ. Human Head Neck Response in Frontal, Lateral and Rear End Impact Loading: Modelling and Validation [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlans: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; 2002.
2010	Mang D. Using Acoustic Stimuli to Inhibit the Startle Response Triggered by Whiplash Collisions: Implications for Injury Prevention [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2010.
2001	Hasselquist L. The Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of the Cervical Spine During Whiplash [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 2001.
2006	Gibson T. Development and Validation of a C5/C6 Motion Segment Model [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; January 4, 2006.
2008	Lee KE. An Engineering Approach to Understanding Painful Facet -Mediated Injury: Insights on Biomechanics and Neuropeptide Responses in a Rat Model [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2008.
2014	Crosby ND. Development of Spinal Neuronal Hyperexcitability and Structural Plasticity After Cervical Facet Injury: Implications for Modulating Persistent Pain [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2014.
2020	Shen D. Investigation of Whiplash Associated Disorders Using Finite Element Neck Models With Active Musculature in Frontal, Rear and Lateral Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2020.
2005	Sundararajan S. Effect of Head-Neck Position on Cervical Facet Stretch of Post Mortem Human Subjects During Low Speed Rear End Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2005.
2009	Azar NO. Muscular Response to Tensile Loading of the Cervical Facet Joint Capsule: A Potential Whiplash Pain Mechanism [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 2009.
2011	Zheng L. Sex Differences in Human Neck Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Modeling [PhD thesis]. Pullman, WA: Washington State University; May 2011.
2006	Ivancic PC. Cervical Spine Injury During Simulated Automobile Collisions [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 2006.

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