EEVC Working Group 17 Report: Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars

Year	Entry
1996	Janssen EG; EEVC WG10. EEVC test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passengers cars. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1212-1225.
1995	Ramet M, Bouquet R, Bermond F, Caire Y, Bouallegue M. Shearing and bending human knee joint tests in quasi-static lateral load. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.93-105.
1998	Konosu A, Ishikawa H, Sasaki A. A study on pedestrian impact test procedure by computer simulation: the upper legform to bonnet leading edge test. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2349-2356.
1985	European Experimental Vehicle Committee. Pedestrian injury protection by car design. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.965-976. SAE 856112.
1985	Gustafsson H, Nygren A, Tingvall C. Rating system for serious consequences (RSC) due to traffic accidents: risk of death or permanent disability. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.556-560. SAE 856075.
1989	Lawrence GJL. The influence of car shape on pedestrian impact energies and its application to sub-system tests. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.1253-1265.
1982	European Experimental Vehicle Committee. Pedestrian injury accidents. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.638-671.
1997	Schreiber P, Crandall J, Micek T, Hurwitz S, Nusholtz GS. Static and dynamic bending strength of the leg. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.99-113.
1998	Lawrence GJL, Hardy BJ. Pedestrian safety testing using the EEVC pedestrian impactors. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2131-2144.
1983	Bunketorp O, Romanus B, Hansson T, Aldman B, Thorngren L, Eppinger RH. Experimental study of a compliant bumper system. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:287-297. SAE 831623.
1984	Hoekstra PW. Bicycle and light-powered two-wheeler accidents: report of EEVC-WG8. In: Proceedings of the 1984 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 4-6, 1984; Delft, The Netherlands.23-36.
1998	Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Sasaki A. Validation of pedestrian upper legform impact test: reconstruction of pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2152-2167.
1997	Kajzer J, Schroeder G, Ishikawa H, Matsui Y, Bosch U. Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:151-165. SAE 973326.
1983	Leung YC, Hue B, Fayon A, Tarrière C, Hamon H, Got C, Patel A, Hureau J. Study of "knee-thigh-hip" protection criterion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:351-364. SAE 831629.

Year	Entry
2012	Nursherida JM, Nuraini AA, Sahari BB, Ali A, Faieza AA, Tuan Ismail TH, Azim A, Salwani MS, Nabilah MS, Aini SS, Shahril M, Norhidayah MH. Determination of leg injury criteria subjected to frontal impacts. Appl Mech Mater. 2012;165:265-269.
2008	Zhang G, Cao L, Hu J, Yang KH. A field data analysis of risk factors affecting the injury risks in vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.199-213.
2011	Martin J-L, Lardy A, Laumon B. Pedestrian injury patterns according to car and casualty characteristics in France. In: 55th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-5, 2011; Paris, France.137-146.
2001	Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Yang J. Evaluation of a new pedestrian head injury protection system with a sensor in the bumper and lifting of the bonnet’s rear part. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. SAE 2001-06-0089.
2001	Detwiler DT, Miller RA. Development of a sport utility front bumper system for pedestrian safety and 5 mph impact peformance. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Neilson ID. Pedestrian and cyclist protection on road vehicles with high or flat fronts. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Wittek A, Konosu A, Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Sasaki A, Shams T, McDonald J. A new legform impactor for evaluation of car aggressiveness in car-pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Mark S. Pedestrian safety upper legform bumper impact simulation. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Yang J, Liu X, Lövsund P, Tingvall C, Lie A, Larsson P, Lekander T. Speed limit in city area and improvement of vehicle front design for pedestrian impact protection: a computer simulation study. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Konosu A, Ishikawa H, Tanahashi M. Reconsideration of injury criteria for pedestrian subsystem legform test: problems of rigid legform impactor. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Mizuno K, Yonezawa H, Kajzer J. Pedestrian headform impact tests for various vehicle locations. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Kalliske I, Friesen F. Improvements to pedestrian protection as exemplified on a standard-sized car. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Bosma F, Gaalman HAE, Souren WHM. Closure and trim design for pedestrian impact. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Stammen JA, Saul RA, Ko B. Pedestrian head impact testing and PCDS reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Lawrence GJL. Study of improved safety for minibuses by better seat and occupant retention. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y. Biofidelity of test devices and validity of injury criteria for evaluating knee injuries to pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Lachmayer R, Friesen F. New headlamp concepts as key to optimisation of vehicle front ends in consideration of pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Heim R, Naughton P, Koelman H. Design engineering with foams and plastics to enhance vehicle safety. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2003	McLundie WM. Simulation of 2-wheeled rider to car accident scenarios, using an adapted LS-DYNA pedestrian humanoid. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Iwai N. Computational simulation for head impact on vehicle hoods using the precise finite element model. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Ishikawa T, Kore H, Furumoto A, Kuroda S. Evaluation of pedestrian protection structures using impactors and full-scale dummy tests. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Kuehn M, Froeming R, Schindler V. An advanced testing procedure for the pedestrian-car-collision. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Yang J. Effects of vehicle front design parameters on pedestrian head-brain injury protection. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Boggess BM, Wong J, Mark S. Development of plastic components for pedestrian head injury risk reduction. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Neal MO, Kim H-S, Wang JT, Fujimura T, Nagai K. Development of LS-DYNA FE models for simulating EEVC pedestrian impact. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Konosu A, Tanahashi M. Development of a biofidelic pedestrian legform impactor: introduction of JAMA-JARI legform impactor ver. 2002. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Bhalla K, Bose D, Madeley NJ, Kerrigan J, Crandall J, Longhitano D, Takahashi Y. Evaluation of the response of mechanical pedestrian knee joint impactors in bending and shear loading. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Matsui Y, Sasaki A, Wittek A, Takabayashi M, Jimbo H, Tanahashi M, Niimura K, Ozawa Y. Development of JAMA-JARI pedestrian child and adult head-form impactors. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	van Rooij L, Bhalla K, Meissner M, Ivarsson J, Crandall J, Longhitano D, Takahashi Y, Dokko Y, Kikuchi Y. Pedestrian crash reconstruction using multi-body modeling with geometrically detailed, validated vehicle models and advanced pedestrian injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Matsui Y, Tanahashi M. Durability over time of skin used for JAMA–JARI pedestrian headform impactor measured by biofidelity certification testing. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Snedeker JG, Walz FH, Muser MH, Lanz C, Schroeder G. Assessing femur and pelvis injury risk in car‐pedestrian collisions: comparison of full body PMTO impacts, and a human body finite element model. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Lee J-W, Yoon K-H, Kang Y-S, Park G-J. Vehicle hood and bumper structure design to mitigate casualties of pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Vezin P, Verriest JP. Development of a set of numerical human models for safety. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Notsu M, Nishimoto T, Konosu A, Ishikawa H. J-MLIT research onto a pedestrian lower extremeity protection: evaluation tests for pedestrian legform impactors. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Okamoto M, Akiyama A, Ivarsson J, Bose D, Subit D, Shin J, Crandall J. Biofidelity evaluation for the knee and leg of the polar pedestrian dummy. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Kikuchi Y, Takahashi Y, Mori F. Development of a finite element model for Flex-PLI. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Crandall J, Wiley K, Longhitano D, Akiyama A. Development of performance specifications for a pedestrian research dummy. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Longhitano D, Burke C, Bean J, Watts D, Fakhry S, Meissner M, Ivarsson J, Sherwood C, Crandall J, Takahashi Y, Kadotani Y, Hitchcock R, Kinoshita Y. Application of the CIREN methodology to the study of pedestrian crash injuries. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2007	Pipkorn B, Fredriksson R, Olsson J. Bumper bag for SUV to passenger vehicle compatibility and pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Konosu A, Issiki T, Tanahashi M, Suzuki H. Development of a biofidelic flexible pedestrian legform impactor type GT (Flex-GT). In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Issiki T, Konosu A, Tanahashi M. Development of an FE biofidelic flexible pedestrian leg-form impactor (Flex-GT-prototype) model. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Zhou Q, Quade M, Du H. Concept design of a 4-DOF pedestrian legform. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Zander O, Lorenz B, Gehring D-U, Leßmann P. Prediction of lower extremity injury risks during an impact on modern car fronts with a flexible pedestrian legform impactor and the pedestrian legform impactor according to EEVC WG 17. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Martinez L, Guerra LJ, Ferichola G, Garcia A, Yang J. Stiffness corridors of the European fleet for pedestrian simulations. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Anderson RWG, Streeter LD, Ponte G, McLean AJ. Pedestrian reconstruction using multibody MADYMO simulation and the Polar-II dummy: a comparison of head kinematics. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Pinecki C, Zeitouni R. Technical solutions for enhancing the pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Untaroiu C, Shin J, Ivarsson J, Crandall J, Takahashi Y, Akiyama A, Kikuchi Y. Pedestrian kinematics investigation with finite element dummy models based on anthropometry scaling method. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Fredriksson R, Flink E, Boström O, Backman K. Injury mitigation in SUV-to-pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Chalandon S, Serre T, Masson C, Minne F, Arnoux P-J, Perrin C, Borde P, Cotte C, Brunet C, Cesari D. A comparative study between subsystem and global approaches for the pedestrian impact. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2009	Davies H, Holford K, Assoune A, Trioulier B, Courtney B. Pedestrian protection using a shock absorbing liquid (SALi) based bumper system. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Konosu A, Issiki T, Takahashi Y, Suzuki H, Been B, Burleigh M, Hirasawa T, Kanoshima H. Development of a biofidelic flexible pedestrian legform impactor type GTR prototype, I: development and technical evaluations. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Been B, Burleigh M, Konosu A, Issiki T, Takahashi Y, Suzuki H. Development of a biofidelic flexible pedestrian legform impactor type GTR prototype, II: technical details. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Bovenkerk J, Sahr C, Zander O, Kalliske I. New modular assessment methods for pedestrian protection in the event of head impacts in the windscreen area. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Matsui Y, Takagi S, Tanaka Y, Hosokawa N, Itoh F, Nakasato H, Watanabe N, Yonezawa H. Characteristics of the TRL pedestrian legform and the flexible pedestrian legform impactors in car-front impact tests. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Zander O, Gehring D-U, Leßmann P, Bovenkerk J. Evaluation of a flexible pedestrian legform impactor (Flex-PLI) for the implementation within legislation on pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Avalle M, Kayvantash K, Gaviglio I. Development of the virtual testing benchmarks (VTB). In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Liu Q, Xia Y, Zhou Q, Wang J-T. Design analysis of a sandwich hood structure for pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Nie B, Xia Y, Huang J, Zhou Q. A simplified model of pedestrian upper legform impact for estimate of energy-absorption space underneath bonnet lead. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Lubbe N, Hikichi H, Takahashi H, Davidsson J. Review of the Euro NCAP upper leg test. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Strandroth J, Rizzi M, Sternlund S, Lie A, Tingvall C. The correlation between pedestrian injury severity in real-life crashes and euro NCAP pedestrian test results. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Shah C, Harn W-R, Zhou H, Kleessen C, Zhu F, Kant R. A new advancement in pedestrian safety: finite element (FE) modeling of the FLEX-PLI GTR. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Kinsky T, Friesen F, Buenger B. The flexible pedestrian legform impactor and its impact on vehicle design. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Beillas P, Mero M, Belon S, Maupas A, Desfontaines H, Deloffre P, Lapauw P-Y, Huet L, Charnaux S. Accidents between pedestrians and industrial vehicles: from injury patterns to dummy and truck prototypes. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2015	Xu L, Bilkhu S, Farooq I, Hickman J, Jensen J, McCabe K, Nusholtz G. Performance comparison and repeatability evaluation of the Flex PLI and the TRL pedestrian legform impactors. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2017	Thomas A. Comparison of computer humanoid simulation and practical forensic pedestrian dummy testing. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2004	Kerrigan JR, Kam CY, Drinkwater DC, Murphy DB, Arregui C, Millington S, Teresinski G, Bolton JR, Crandall JR, Deng B, Wang JT, Kerkeling C, Hahn W. Full scale pedestrian impact testing with PMHS: a pilot study. In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2004.147-175.
1999	Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Sasaki A, Kajzer J, Schroeder G. Impact response and biofidelity of pedestrian legform impactors. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.343-354.
2000	Howard M, Thomas A, Koch W, Watson J, Hardy R. Validation and application of a finite element pedestrian humanoid model for use in pedestrian accident simulations. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.101-119.
2000	Okamoto Y, Sugimoto T, Enomoto K, Kikuchi J. Pedestrian head impact conditions depending on the vehicle front shape and its construction: full model simulation. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.281-291.
2000	Wittek A, Ishikawa H, Matsui Y, Konosu A. Validation and parameter study of a multi-body model for simulation of knee joint responses in lateral impacts representing car-pedestrian accidents: influences of ligament properties and boundary conditions on model responses. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.85-99.
2001	Coley G, de Lange R, de Oliveira P, Neal-Sturgess CE, Happee R. Pedestrian human body validation using detailed real-world accidents. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2001	Otte D, Pohlemann T. Analysis and load assessment of secondary impact to adult pedestrians after car collisions on roads. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2002	Anderson R, McLean J, Streeter L, Ponte G, Sommariva M, Lindsay T, Wundersitz L. Severity and type of pedestrian injuries related to vehicle impact locations and results of sub-system impact reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2002	Kallina I. Pedestrian protection: looking for potentials. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.1-15.
2002	Kramlich T, Langwieder K, Lang D, Hell W. Accident characteristics in car-to-pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2002	Liu X, Yang J. Effects of vehicle impact velocity and front-end structure on the dynamic responses of child pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2003	Teresiński G, Mądro R. A comparison of mechanisms of ankle, knee, pelvis and neck injuries in pedestrians and in cyclists according to the direction of impact and type of vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.121-132.
2004	Fildes B, Gabler HC, Otte D, Linder A, Sparke L. Pedestrian impact priorities using real-world crash data and harm. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.167-177.
2004	Ivarsson J, Lessley D, Kerrigan J, Bhalla K, Bose D, Crandall J, Kent R. Dynamic response corridors and injury thresholds of the pedestrian lower extremities. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.179-191.
2005	Dunmore M, Brooks R, McNally DS, Madeley NJ. Development of an alternative frangible knee element for a pedestrian safety legform. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.455-458.
2005	Kerrigan J, Kam C, Drinkwater C, Murphy D, Bose D, Ivarsson J, Crandall J. Kinematic comparison of the Polar-II and PMHS in pedestrian impact tests with a sport-utility vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.159-174.
2005	Yao J, Yang J, Otte D, Fredriksson R. Reconstruction of head-to-bonnet top impact in child pedestrian-to-passenger car crash. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.29-39.
2005	Zander O, Lorenz B, Leßmann P, Gehring D-U. The pedestrian legform impactor according to EEVC WG 17 results of an actual research and possibilities for the implementation within regulations on pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.459-462.
2006	Okamoto Y, Kikuchi Y. A study of pedestrian head injury evaluation method. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.265-276.
2006	Zander O, Lorenz B. Assessment of the flexible pedestrian legform impactor (flex pli-g) as a test tool for legislation on pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.413-416.
2007	Mordaka J, Kleiven S, van Schijndel-de Nooij M, de Lange R, Guerra Casanova LJ, Carter EL, von Holst H. The importance of rotational kinematics in pedestrian head to windshield impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.83-94.
2008	Martínez L, Compigne S, Guerra LJ. Influence of vehicle shape and stiffness on the pedestrian lower extremity injuries: review of current pedestrian lower leg test procedure. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.243-257.
2008	Schroeder G, Fukuyama K, Yamazaki K, Kamiji K, Yasuki T. Injury mechanism of pedestrians impact test with a sport-utility vehicle and mini-van. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.259-273.
2008	Subit D, Kerrigan J, Crandall J, Fukuyama K, Yamazaki K, Kamiji K, Yasuki T. Pedestrian-vehicle interaction: kinematics and injury analysis of four full scale tests. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.275-294.
2009	Konosu A, Issiki T, Takahashi Y. Evaluation of the validity of the tibia fracture assessment using the upper tibia acceleration employed in the TRL legform impactor. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.251-267.
2012	Paas R, Davidsson J, Masson C, Sander U, Brolin K, Yang J. Pedestrian shoulder and spine kinematics in full‐scale PMHS tests for human body model evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.730-750.
2014	Takahashi Y, Ikeda M, Asanuma H, Svensson C, Pipkorn B, Forsberg C, Fredriksson R. Full‐scale validation of a generic buck for pedestrian impact simulation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.730-745.
2015	Lubbe N, Kullgren A. Assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with forward collision warning and automated emergency braking. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.385-397.
2015	Sahoo D, Deck C, Willinger R. Axonal strain as brain injury predictor based on real‐world head trauma simulations. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.186-197.
2015	Takahashi Y, Asanuma H, Yanaoka T. Development of a full‐body human FE model for pedestrian crash reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.530-545.
2016	Li G, Otte D, Yang J, Simms C. Can a small number of pedestrian impact scenarios represent the range of real‐world pedestrian injuries? In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2016; Malaga, Spain.20-34.
2016	Takahashi Y, Asanuma H, Imaizumi I. Effectiveness of a test procedure for pedestrian lower limb protection in pedestrians of various sizes. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2016; Malaga, Spain.800-812.
2016	van Ratingen MR. Saving lives with safer cars: the past, present and future of consumer safety ratings. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2016; Malaga, Spain.ii-xvii.
2017	Kunitomi S, Yamamoto Y, Kato R, Antona‐Makoshi J, Konosu A, Dokko Y, Yasuki T. The development of the lower extremity of a human FE model and the influence of anatomical detailed modelling in vehicle‐to‐pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.469-493.
2020	Trube N, Matt P, Boljen M. A numerical study on pedestrian and wheelchair user safety in VRU-vehicle collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2020; Munich, Germany.325-327.
2016	Wang Y, Kim T, Li Y, Crandall J. Structural modelling and validation of typical sedan used for pedestrian injury analysis in accidents. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Asia Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. May 16-18, 2016; Seoul, South Korea.61-62.
2018	Shang S, Li G, Otte D, Simms CK. An inverse method to reduce pedestrian‐ground contact injuries. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Asia Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. April 25-28, 2018; Lonavala, India.49-53.
2018	Mohan P, Shah CS. Development of the FLEX‐PLI GTR regulated Bbip dorderline© FE model. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Asia Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. April 25-28, 2018; Lonavala, India.57-59.
2003	Kerrigan JR, Bhalla KS, Madeley NJ, Funk JR, Bose D, Crandall JR. Experiments for establishing pedestrian-impact lower limb injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 3-6, 2003; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2003-01-0895.
2004	Bose D, Bhalla K, Rooij L, Millington S, Studley A, Crandall J. Response of the knee joint to the pedestrian impact loading environment. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 8-11, 2004; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2004-01-1608.
2004	Meissner M, van Rooij L, Bhalla K, Crandall J, Longhitano D, Takahashi Y, Dokko Y, Kikuchi Y. A multi-body computational study of the kinematic and injury response of a pedestrian with variable stance upon impact with a vehicle. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 8-11, 2004; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2004-01-1607.
2005	Ivarsson BJ, Kerrigan JR, Lessley DJ, Drinkwater DC, Kam CY, Murphy DB, Crandall JR, Kent RW. Dynamic response corridors of the human thigh and leg in non-midpoint three-point bending. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0305.
2005	Kam CY, Kerrigan J, Meissner M, Drinkwater C, Murphy D, Bolton J, Arregui C, Kendall R, Ivarsson J, Crandall J, Deng B, Wang JT, Kerkeling C, Hahn W. Design of a full-scale impact system for analysis of vehicle pedestrian collisions. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-1875.
2005	Konosu A, Issiki T, Tanahashi M. Development of a biofidelic flexible pedestrian leg-form impactor (Flex-PLI 2004) and evaluation of its biofidelity at the component level and at the assembly level. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-1879.
2006	Kikuchi Y, Takahashi Y, Mori F. Development of a finite element model for a pedestrian pelvis and lower limb. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 3-6, 2006; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2006-01-0683.
2008	Kerrigan J, Rudd R, Subit D, Untaroiu C, Crandall J. Pedestrian lower extremity response and injury: a small sedan vs. a large sport utility vehicle. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 14-17, 2008; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2008-01-1245.
2001	Matsui Y. Biofidelity of TRL legform impactor and injury tolerance of the human leg in lateral impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:495-510. SAE 2001-22-0023.
2003	Konosu A, Tanahashi M. Development of a biofidelic flexible pedestrian legform impactor. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:459-472. SAE 2003-22-0020.
2003	Snedeker JG, Muser MH, Walz FH. Assessment of pelvis and upper leg injury risk in car-pedestrian collisions: comparison of accident statistics, impactor tests and a human body finite element model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:437-457. SAE 2003-22-0019.
2003	Van Hoof J, De Lange R, Wismans JSHM. Improving pedestrian safety using numerical human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:401-436. SAE 2003-22-0018.
2004	Kennedy EA, Hurst WJ, Stitzel JD, Cormier JM, Hansen GA, Smith EP, Duma SM. Lateral and posterior dynamic bending of the mid-shaft femur: fracture risk curves for the adult population. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:27-51. SAE 2004-22-0002.
2005	Untaroiu C, Darvish K, Crandall J, Deng B, Wang J-T. A finite element model of the lower limb for simulating pedestrian impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:157-181. SAE 2005-22-0008.
2007	Fredriksson R, Zhang L, Boström O, Yang K. Influence of impact speed on head and brain injury outcome in vulnerable road user impacts to the car hood. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:155-167. SAE 2007-22-0007.
2007	Untaroiu C, Kerrigan J, Kam C, Crandall J, Yamazaki K, Fukuyama K, Kamiji K, Yasuki T, Funk J. Correlation of strain and loads measured in the long bones with observed kinematics of the lower limb during vehicle-pedestrian impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:433-466. SAE 2007-22-0018.
2008	Kerrigan JR, Crandall JR, Deng B. A comparative analysis of the pedestrian injury risk predicted by mechanical impactors and post mortem human surrogates. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:527-567. SAE 2008-22-0020.
2011	Matsui Y, Han Y, Mizuno K. Performance of collision damage mitigation braking systems and their effects on human injury in the event of car-to-pedestrian accidents. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:461-478.
2013	Matsui Y, Oikawa S, Ando K. Risks of pedestrian serious injuries and fatalities associated with impact velocities of cars in car-versus-pedestrian accidents in Japan. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2013;57:201-217.
2003	Maki T, Kajzer J, Mizuno K, Sekine Y. Comparative analysis of vehicle–bicyclist and vehicle–pedestrian accidents in Japan. Accid Anal Prev. November 2003;35(6):927-940.
2002	Crandall JR, Bhalla KS, Madeley NJ. Designing road vehicles for pedestrian protection. BMJ. May 11, 2002;324(7346):1145-1148.
2007	Untaroiu CD, Shin J, Crandall JR. A design optimization approach of vehicle hood for pedestrian protection. Int J Crashworthiness. 2007;12(6):581-589.
2008	Untaroiu CD, Shin J, Ivarsson J, Crandall JR, Subit D, Takahashi Y, Akiyama A, Kikuchi Y. A study of the pedestrian impact kinematics using finite element dummy models: the corridors and dimensional analysis scaling of upper-body trajectories. Int J Crashworthiness. September 2008;13(5):469-478.
2007	Kerrigan JR, Crandall JR, Deng B. Pedestrian kinematic response to mid-sized vehicle impact. Int J Veh Saf. 2007;2(3):221-240.
2002	Liu XJ, Yang JK, Lövsund P. A study of influences of vehicle speed and front structure on pedestrian impact responses using mathematical models. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(1):31-42.
2011	Anderson RWG, Doecke S. An analysis of head impact severity in simulations of collisions between pedestrians and SUVs/work utility vehicles, and sedans. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(4):388-397.
2011	Strandroth J, Rizzi M, Sternlund S, Lie A, Tingvall C. The correlation between pedestrian injury severity in real-life crashes and Euro NCAP pedestrian test results. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(6):604-613.
2005	Untaroiu CD. Development and Validation of a Finite Element Model of Human Lower Limb: Including Detailed Geometry, Physical Material Properties, and Component Validations for Pedestrian Injuries [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2005.