Designing road vehicles for pedestrian protection

Crandall, J. R.<sup>1</sup>; Bhalla, K. S.<sup>1</sup>; Madeley, N. J.<sup>1</sup>

Affiliations

¹Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, 1011 Linden Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22902 USA

Links

DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1145

PubMed: 12003890

PubMedCentral: PMC1123098

WoS: 000175622800028

Cited Works (10)

Year	Entry
1998	EEVC Working Group 17 Report: Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars. European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC); 1998.
2001	Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Yang J. Evaluation of a new pedestrian head injury protection system with a sensor in the bumper and lifting of the bonnet’s rear part. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. SAE 2001-06-0089.
2001	Otte D, Pohlemann T. Analysis and load assessment of secondary impact to adult pedestrians after car collisions on roads. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2001	Konosu A, Ishikawa H, Tanahashi M. Reconsideration of injury criteria for pedestrian subsystem legform test: problems of rigid legform impactor. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Lefler DE, Gabler HC. The emerging threat of light truck impacts with pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Chidester ACB, Isenberg RA. Final report: the pedestrian crash data study. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Wittek A, Konosu A, Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Sasaki A, Shams T, McDonald J. A new legform impactor for evaluation of car aggressiveness in car-pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1983	Bunketorp O, Romanus B, Hansson T, Aldman B, Thorngren L, Eppinger RH. Experimental study of a compliant bumper system. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:287-297. SAE 831623.
2000	Yang JK, Lövsund P, Cavallero C, Bonnoit J. A human-body 3D mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian impacts. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2000;2(2):131-149.
2001	Kalliske I, Friesen F. Improvements to pedestrian protection as exemplified on a standard-sized car. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Cited By (24)

Year	Entry
2006	Kendall R, Meissner M, Crandall J. The causes of head injury in vehicle-pedestrian impacts: comparing the relative danger of vehicle and road surface. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 3-6, 2006; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2006-01-0462.
2004	Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C, eds. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
2015	Simms CK, Wood D, Fredriksson R. Pedestrian injury biomechanics and protection. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:721-753.
2005	Ivarsson BJ, Henary B, Crandall JR, Longhitano D. Significance of adult pedestrian torso injury. In: 49th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 12-14, 2005; Boston, MA.263-277.
2008	Koetje BD, Grabowski JG. A methodology for the geometric standardization of vehicle hoods to compare real-world pedestrian crashes. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.193-198.
2005	Longhitano D, Burke C, Bean J, Watts D, Fakhry S, Meissner M, Ivarsson J, Sherwood C, Crandall J, Takahashi Y, Kadotani Y, Hitchcock R, Kinoshita Y. Application of the CIREN methodology to the study of pedestrian crash injuries. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2007	Ivarsson BJ, Crandall JR, Burke C, Stadter G, Grabowski J, Fakhry S, Fredriksson R, Nentwich M. Pedestrian head impact: what determines the likelihood and wrap around distance? In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2011	van Schijndel-de Nooij M, de Hair-Buijssen S, Versmissen T, Fredriksson R, Rosén E, Olsson J. Holland: VRU paradise goes for the next safety level. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2015	Subramanian HS, Mukherjee S, Chawla A, Goehlich D. An inverse Monte-Carlo based method to estimate pre-crash distribution for VRU safety. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2004	Fildes B, Gabler HC, Otte D, Linder A, Sparke L. Pedestrian impact priorities using real-world crash data and harm. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.167-177.
2012	Lyons M, Simms CK. Predicting the influence of windscreen design on pedestrian head injuries. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.703-716.
2015	Weber T, Muser M, Schmitt K. Optimising the design of tramways to mitigate injury risk in pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.339-349.
2020	Walsh DR, Ross AM, Newport DT, Mulvihill JJE. Investigating the mechanical and structural properties of the superior sagittal sinus. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2020; Munich, Germany.543-552.
2011	Crandall JR, Bose D, Forman J, Untaroiu CD, Arregui‐Dalmases C, Shaw CG, Kerrigan JR. Human surrogates for injury biomechanics research. Clin Anat. 2011;24(3):362-371.
2007	Untaroiu CD, Shin J, Crandall JR. A design optimization approach of vehicle hood for pedestrian protection. Int J Crashworthiness. 2007;12(6):581-589.
2005	Roudsari BS, Mock CN, Kaufman R. An evaluation of the association between vehicle type and the source and severity of pedestrian injuries. Traffic Inj Prev. 2005;6(2):185-192.
2011	Fredriksson R, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Potential of pedestrian protection systems: a parameter study using finite element models of pedestrian dummy and generic passenger vehicles. Traffic Inj Prev. August 2011;12(4):398-411.
2023	Li Y. Toward a Biofidelic and Repeatable Physical Head-Brain Model for Application in Blunt Impact [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2023.
2005	Untaroiu CD. Development and Validation of a Finite Element Model of Human Lower Limb: Including Detailed Geometry, Physical Material Properties, and Component Validations for Pedestrian Injuries [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2005.
2008	Kerrigan JR. A Computationally Efficient Mathematical Model of the Pedestrian Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2008.
2017	Chen H. Evaluating Pedestrian Head Sub-System Test Procedure Against Full-Scale Vehicle-Pedestrian Impact Using Numerical Models [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2017.
2019	Bollapragada V. The Influence of Disabling Injuries on the Design of the Vehicle Front End for Pedestrian Safety [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2019.
2019	Pak W. Development and Validation of Human Body Finite Element Models for Pedestrian Protection [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; September 17, 2019.
2023	Grindle DM. Protection of Standing and Seated Pedestrians Using Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; April 27, 2023.