Development of injury risk functions for use with the THORAX demonstrator:​ an updated THOR

Davidsson, Johan<sup>1</sup>; Carroll, Jolyon<sup>2</sup>; Hynd, David<sup>2</sup>; Lecuyer, Erwan<sup>3</sup>; Song, Eric<sup>3</sup>; Trosseille, Xavier<sup>3</sup>; Eggers, Andre<sup>4</sup>; Sunnevang, Cecilia<sup>5,6</sup>; Praxl, Norbert<sup>7</sup>; Martinez, Luis<sup>8</sup>; Lemmen, Paul<sup>9</sup>; Been, Bernard<sup>9</sup>

Affiliations

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

²Transport Research Laboratory, UK

³LAB PSA Peugeot Citroën Renault, France

⁴BAST, German

⁵Autoliv Research

⁶Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Sweden

⁷Partnership for Dummy Technology and Biomechanics, Germany

⁸INSIA, SPAIN

⁹Humanetics Europe, The Netherlands

Abstract and keywords

The thorax‐shoulder complex of the THOR dummy was updated in the EU‐project THORAX. The new dummy, the THORAX demonstrator, was evaluated in several biomechanical test conditions. In this study, selected data from these tests and injury information from the original tests with Post Mortem Human Subjects were used to develop injury risk functions in accordance with the guidelines defined within ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6. This included the use of survival analysis, distribution and quality assessments.

The results include draft injury risk functions for three THORAX injury criteria intended for frontal and oblique loading. The maximum peak deflection measurement (Dmax) and a new differential deflection criterion (DcTHOR) were found to have a good injury risk quality index. Furthermore, a new local strain‐based concept, denoted Number of Fractured Ribs (NFR), appeared to be a potentially useful injury criterion as by its nature it is less sensitive to restraint conditions than deflection measures although it had a lower quality index compared with the displacement‐based criteria.

Keywords: Injury criteria, injury risk curves, THOR, THORAX

Links

URL: http://www.ircobi.org/downloads/irc14/pdf_files/41.pdf

Cited Works (26)

Year	Entry
2005	Lebarbé M, Potier P, Baudrit P, Petit P, Trosseille X, Vallancien G. Thoracic injury investigation using PMHS in frontal airbag out-of-position situations. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:323-342. SAE 2005-22-0015.
2006	Forman J, Lessley D, Kent R, Bostrom O, Pipkorn B. Whole-body kinematic and dynamic response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:299-336. SAE 2006-22-0013.
2005	Forman J, Kent R, Ali T, Crandall J, Bostrom O, Haland Y. Biomechanical considerations for the optimization of an advanced restraint system: assessing the benefit of a second shoulder belt. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.337-353.
1973	Stalnaker RL, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL, Trollope ML. Human torso response to blunt trauma. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:181-199.
2008	Trosseille X, Baudrit P, Leport T, Vallancien G. Rib cage strain pattern as a function of chest loading configuration. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:205-231. SAE 2008-22-0009.
2012	Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Praxl N, Hynd D, Irwin A. Injury risk curves for the WorldSID 50th male dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:323-347.
2004	Kent R, Lessley D, Sherwood C. Thoracic response to dynamic, non-impact loading from a hub, distributed belt, diagonal belt, and double diagonal belts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:495-519. SAE 2004-22-0022.
2002	Vezin P, Bruyere-Garnier K, Bermond F, Verriest JP. Comparison of Hybrid III, Thor-α and PMHS response in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:1-26. SAE 2002-22-0001.
1974	Neathery RF. Analysis of chest impact response data and scaled performance recommendations. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:459-493. SAE 741188.
2011	Song E, Lecuyer E, Trosseille X. Development of injury criteria for frontal impact using a human body FE model. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2003	Kent R, Patrie J, Poteau F, Matsuoka F, Mullen C. Development of an age-dependent thoracic injury criterion for frontal. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Kent R, Patrie J, Benson N. The Hybrid III dummy as a discriminator of injurious and non-injurious restraint loading. In: 47th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-24, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.51-75.
2003	Rouhana SW, Bedewi PG, Kankanala SV, Prasad P, Zwolinski JJ, Meduvsky AG, Rupp JD, Jeffreys TA, Schneider LW. Biomechanics of 4-point seat belt systems in frontal impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:367-399. SAE 2003-22-0017.
1994	Bouquet R, Ramet M, Bermond F, Cesari D. Thoracic and pelvis human response to impact. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.100-109.
1994	Cesari D, Bouquet R. Comparison of Hybrid III and human cadaver thorax deformations loaded by a thoracic belt. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:65-76. SAE 942209.
2000	Shaw G, Crandall J, Butcher J. Biofidelity evaluation of the THOR advanced frontal crash test dummy. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.11-29.
1990	Cesari D, Bouquet R. Behaviour of human surrogates thorax under belt loading. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-81. SAE 902310.
2009	Shaw G, Parent D, Purtsezov S, Lessley D, Crandall J, Kent R, Guillemot H, Ridella SA, Takhounts E, Martin P. Impact response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests: skeletal deformation patterns under seat belt loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:1-48. SAE 2009-22-0001.
2005	Laituri TR, Prasad P, Sullivan K, Frankstein M, Thomas RS. Derivation and evaluation of a provisional, age-dependent, AIS3+ thoracic risk curve for belted adults in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0297.
1970	Nahum AM, Gadd CW, Schneider DC, Kroell CK. Deflection of the human thorax under sternal impact. 1970. SAE 700400.
1971	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:84-134. SAE 710851.
1974	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:383-457. SAE 741187.
2013	Lemmen P, Been B, Carroll J, Hynd D, Davidsson J, Martinez L, García A, Vezin P, Eggers A. An advanced thorax-shoulder design for the THOR dummy. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2007	Shaw G, Lessley D, Evans J, Crandall J, Shin J, Portier P, Paoloni G. Quasi-static and dynamic thoracic loading tests: cadaveric torsos. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.325-348.
2002	Petitjean A, Lebarbe M, Potier P, Trosseille X, Lassau J-P. Laboratory reconstructions of real world frontal crash configurations using the Hybrid III and THOR dummies and PMHS. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:27-54. SAE 2002-22-0002.
2014	Sunnevång C, Hynd D, Carroll J, Dahlgren M. Comparison of the THORAX demonstrator and HIII sensitivity to crash severity and occupant restraint variation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.377-388.

Cited By (15)

Year	Entry
2017	Eggers A, Ott J, Pipkorn B, Bråse D, Mroz K, Valdes FL, Hynd D, Peldschus S. A new generic frontal occupant sled test set-up developed within the EU-project seniors. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2019	Trosseille X, Baudrit P. Updated chest injury criterion for the THOR dummy. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Eggers A, Wisch M, Schießler M, Pipkorn B, Mroz K, Hynd D. Improved thoracic injury risk functions for the THOR-M-50 developed in a new simulation-based approach. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Fornells A, Odriozola M, Mensa G, Mroz K, Eggers A. Study of chest injury risk probability within the seniors project for 45- and 65- year old car occupants using current and advanced restraint systems in sled test with THOR dummy. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2014	Sunnevång C, Hynd D, Carroll J, Dahlgren M. Comparison of the THORAX demonstrator and HIII sensitivity to crash severity and occupant restraint variation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.377-388.
2014	Mendoza‐Vázquez M, Jakobsson L, Davidsson J, Brolin K, Östmann M. Evaluation of thoracic injury criteria for THUMS finite element human body model using real‐world crash data. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.528-541.
2017	Östling M, Saito H, Vishwanatha A, Ding C, Pipkorn B, Sunnevång C. Potential benefit of a 3+2 criss cross seat belt system in frontal and oblique crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.390-409.
2018	Eggers A, Wisch M, Hynd D, Pipkorn B, Mroz K. A simulation‐based approach for improved thorax injury risk function for the THOR ATD. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.671-672.
2021	Östling M, Lundgren C, Lubbe N, Huf A, Wernicke P, Pipkorn B. The influence of a seat track load limiter on lumbar spine compression forces in relaxed, reclined, and upright seating positions: a sled test study using THOR-50M. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.361-379.
2022	Brumbelow ML, Jermakian JS, Arbelaez RA. Predicting real-world thoracic injury using THOR and Hybrid III crash tests. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.264-287.
2023	Östh J, Nylund M, Olofsson N, Iraeus J, Jakobsson L. Assessment of THOR-50M thoracic injury criteria by population-based accident reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-165, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.882-894.
2021	Larsson K-J, Blennow A, Iraeus J, Pipkorn B, Lubbe N. Rib cortical bone fracture risk as a function of age and rib strain: updated injury prediction using finite element human body models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. May 24, 2021;9:677768.
2017	Yoganandan N, Chirvi S, Voo L, DeVogel N, Pintar FA, Banerjee A. Foot-ankle complex injury risk curves using calcaneus bone mineral density data. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. August 2017;72:246-251.
2014	Mendoza Vázquez M. Thoracic Injuries in Frontal Car Crashes: Risk Assessment Using a Finite Element Human Body Model [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2014.
2016	Antona-Makoshi J. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Animal Experiments and Numerical Simulations to Support the Development of a Brain Injury Criterion [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2016.