Analysis of chest impact response data and scaled performance recommendations

Neathery, Raymond F.<sup>1</sup>

Year	Entry
2006	Kent RW, Bass CR, Woods WA, Salzar RS, Lee S-H, Melvin J. The role of muscle tensing on the force-deflection response of the thorax and a reassessment of frontal impact thoracic biofidelity corridors. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D-J Automob Eng. 2006;220(7):853-868.
1976	Kroell CK. Thoracic response to blunt frontal loading. In: The Human Thorax: Anatomy, Injury, and Biomechanics. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1976:49-77.
1989	Schneider LW, King AI, Beebe MS. Design Requirements and Specifications: Thorax-Abdomen Development Task: Interim Report: Trauma Assessment Device Development Program. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Traffic Research Institute (UMTRI); November 1989. UMTRI Publication UMTRI 89-20.
1992	Schneider LW, Ricci LL, Salloum MJ, Beebe MS, King AI, Rouhana SW, Neathery RF. Design and Development of an Advanced ATD Thorax System for Frontal Crash Environments: Volume 1: Primary Concept Development. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Traffic Research Institute (UMTRI); June 1992. UMTRI Publication UMTRI-92-22-1.
1992	Schneider LW, Ricci LL, King AI, Neathery RF, Beebe MS. Design and Development of an Advanced ATD Thorax System for Frontal Crash Environments: Volume 2: Exploration of Alternative Design Approaches. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Traffic Research Institute (UMTRI); June 1992. UMTRI Publication UMTRI-92-22-2.
2002	Cavanaugh JM. Biomechanics of thoracic trauma. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:374-404.
2015	Cavanaugh JM, Yoganandan N. Thorax injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:331-372.
1978	Viano DC, Haut RC, Golocovsky M, Absolon K. Factors influencing biomechanical response and closed chest trauma in experimental thoracic impacts. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.67-82.
2003	Kent R, Patrie J, Benson N. The Hybrid III dummy as a discriminator of injurious and non-injurious restraint loading. In: 47th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-24, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.51-75.
1994	Plank GR, Kleinberger M, Eppinger RH. Finite element modeling and analysis of thorax/restraint system interaction. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.210-219.
1996	Morgan RM, Eppinger RH, Kuppa SM, Taylor LM. Thoracic trauma assessment for the Hybrid III dummy in simulated frontal crashes. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1605-1621.
1996	Ono K, Hayano K, Ito M, Matsuoka F. Evaluation of TAD-50M dummy prototype performance in HYGE sled tests. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1632-1643.
2001	Yang J, Mellander H, Lövsund P, Håland Y, Svanberg H. A methodology using a combined injury criteria index to study the performance of various driver restraint system configurations. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2003	van Don B, van Ratingen M, Bermond F, Masson C, Vezin P, Hynd D, Owen C, Martinez L, Knack S, Schaefer R. Biofidelity impact response requirements for an advanced mid-sized male crash test dummy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Wang Y, Rangarajan N, Shams T, Fukuda T, Yamada T, Jenny C. Design of a biofidelic instrumented 3.4 kg infant dummy. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2009	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Evaluation of the ribeye deflection measurement system. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Ridella SA, Parent DP. Modifications to improve the durability, usability and biofidelity of the THOR-NT dummy. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2013	Parent DP, Craig M, Ridella SA, McFadden JD. Thoracic biofidelity assessment of the THOR mod kit ATD. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2013	Hong SW, Park W, Hong S. Thoracic injury characteristics of elderly drivers in real world car accidents. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2017	Wang Z, McInnis J, Benfant L, Feng Z, Lee E. THOR 5th percentile female ATD design. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
1982	Saul RA. Frontal impact component test evaluation of current anthropomorphic test device technology. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.342-352.
1985	Viano DC, Lau IV. Thoracic impact: a viscous tolerance criterion. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.104-114. SAE 856025.
1989	Matsuoka F, Kumagai K, Takahashi H. Problem and improvement of Hybrid III dummy rib cage features. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.660-664.
1989	Plank GR, Eppinger RH. Computed dynamic response of the human thorax from a finite element model. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.665-672.
1991	Plank GR, Eppinger RH. An improved finite element model of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.902-907.
1991	Khaewpong N, Eppinger RH, Morgan RM. Analytical trauma research using the chest band. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.907-915.
2012	Gayzik FS, Moreno DP, Vavalle NA, Rhyne AC, Stitzel JD. Development of a full human body finite element model for blunt injury prediction utilizing a multi-modality medical imaging protocol. In: 12th International LS-DYNA Users Conference. 2012; Detroit, MI.
2002	Jenny C, Shams T, Rangarajan N, Fukuda T. Development of a biofidelic 2.5 kg infant dummy and its application to assessing infant head trauma during violent shaking. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2002; Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.129-141.
2010	Lebarbé M, Petit P. Biofidelity corridors for the thorax in frontal impact: update by an international task force. In: Proceedings of the 38th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2010.
1977	Melvin JW, Robbins DH, Stalnaker RL, Eppinger RH. Prediction of multidirectional thoracic impact injuries. In: Proceedings of the 1977 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-9, 1977; Berlin, Germany.281-285.
1978	Viano DC. Thoracic injury potential. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.142-156.
1982	L‘Abbé RJ, Dainty DA, Newman JA. An experimental analysis of thoracic deflection response to belt loading. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.184-194.
1984	L'Abbe RJ, Newman JA, St-Laurent AM, Dainty DA, Smyth K, Bosik A. Development of a new ATD thorax. In: Proceedings of the 1984 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 4-6, 1984; Delft, The Netherlands.313-324.
1992	Hagedorn AV, Haffner MP, Schneider LW. Performance of an advanced ATD thorax system in frontal crash environments. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.399-413.
1998	Lizée E, Song E, Robin S, Lecoz J-Y. Finite element model of the human thorax validated in frontal, oblique and lateral impacts: a tool to evaluate new restraint systems. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.527-543.
2000	Happee R, Ridella S, Nayef A, Morsink P, de Lange R, Bours R, van Hoof J. Mathematical human body models representing a mid size male and a small female for frontal, lateral and rearward impact loading. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.67-84.
2004	Kent R, Bass CD, Woods W, Salzar R. The role of muscle tensing on the force-deflection response of the thorax and a reassessment of frontal impact thoracic biofidelity corridors. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.95-107.
2005	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Watanabe I, Miki K, Lee JB, Yang KH, King AI. Effects of bodyweight, height, and ribcage area moment of inertia on blunt chest impact response. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.175-185.
2009	Holmqvist K, Svensson M, Davidsson J, Thorn S. Evaluation of hybrid III thoracic injury criteria in impacts with a simulated truck steering wheel: suggestions for modifications in instrumentation and reference values. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.201-204.
2012	Lemmen P, Been B, Carroll J, Hynd D, Davidsson J, Song E, Lecuyer E. Development of an advanced frontal dummy thorax demonstrator. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.828-842.
2012	Lebarbé M, Petit P. New biofidelity targets for the thorax of a 50th percentile adult male in frontal impact. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.856-870.
2014	Davidsson J, Carroll J, Hynd D, Lecuyer E, Song E, Trosseille X, Eggers A, Sunnevang C, Praxl N, Martinez L, Lemmen P, Been B. Development of injury risk functions for use with the THORAX demonstrator: an updated THOR. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.359-376.
2014	Mendoza‐Vázquez M, Jakobsson L, Davidsson J, Brolin K, Östmann M. Evaluation of thoracic injury criteria for THUMS finite element human body model using real‐world crash data. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.528-541.
2015	Lebarbé M, Donnelly B, Petit P, Moorhouse K. A frontal response specification for assessing the biofidelity of an anthropometric test dummy, I: upper body. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.467-485.
2015	Lebarbé M, Donnelly B, Petit P, Moorhouse K. A frontal response specification for assessing the biofidelity of an anthropometric test dummy, II: lower body. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.486-502.
2017	Lakshminarayana A, Shah CS. Development of the THOR‐5F advanced frontal small female dummy FE model. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.467-468.
2018	Wernicke P. Critical review of proposed injury risk curves and injury criteria for THOR chest deflection. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.669-670.
2023	Koerber S, Rawska K, Lancashire R, Bosma F, Gepner B, Forman J. Development of a model-specific tuning methodology for frontal impact rib fracture injury risk assessment for multibody human body models. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-165, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.411-441.
2007	Kindig MW, Forman JL, Lau AG, Kent RW. Methodology for assessing kinematic and dynamic changes in eviscerated rib cage undergoing anterior loading. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 21-22, 2007; Columbus, OH.
1991	Mertz HJ, Horsch JD, Horn G, Lowne RW. Hybrid III sternal deflection associated with thoracic injury severities of occupants restrained with force-limiting shoulder belts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 25–March 1, 1991; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:105-119. SAE 910812.
1999	Deng Y-C, Kong W, Ho H. Development of a finite element human thorax model for impact injury studies. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-4, 1999; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 1999-01-0715.
2001	Butcher J, Shaw G, Bass C, Kent R, Crandall J. Displacement measurements in the Hybrid III chest. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 5-8, 2001; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2001-01-0118.
2003	Kent R, Shaw G, Lessley D, Crandall J, Kallieris D, Svensson M. Comparison of belted Hybrid III, THOR, and cadaver thoracic responses in oblique frontal and full frontal sled tests. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. March 3-6, 2003; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2003-01-0160.
2005	Shaw G, Lessley D, Crandall J, Kent R, Kitis L. Elimination of thoracic muscle tensing effects for frontal crash dummies. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0307.
2009	Lessley D, Kent R, Crandall J, Salzar R, Shaw G. Internal vs. external chest deformation response to shoulder belt loading, I: table-top tests. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 20-23, 2009; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2009-01-0393.
1974	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:383-457. SAE 741187.
1975	Fayon A, Tarriere C, Walfisch G, Got C, Patel A. Thorax of 3-point belt wearers during a crash (experiments with cadavers). In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:195-223. SAE 751148.
1975	Neathery RF, Kroell CK, Mertz HJ. Prediction of thoracic injury from dummy responses. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:295-316. SAE 751151.
1977	Foster JK, Kortge JO, Wolanin MJ. Hybrid III: a biomechanically-based crash test dummy. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:975-1014. SAE 770938.
1984	Horsch JD, Viano DC. Influence of the surrogate in laboratory evaluation of energy-absorbing steering system. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:261-273. SAE 841660.
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
1991	Horsch JD, Viano DC, DeCou J. History of safety research and development on the General Motors energy-absorbing steering system. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-46. SAE 912890.
1994	Morgan RM, Eppinger RH, Haffner MP, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A, Crandall JR, Pilkey WD, Klopp GS, Kallieris D, Miltner E, Mattern R, Kuppa SM, Sharpless CL. Thoracic trauma assessment formulations for restrained drivers in simulated frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:15-34. SAE 942206.
1994	Cesari D, Bouquet R. Comparison of Hybrid III and human cadaver thorax deformations loaded by a thoracic belt. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:65-76. SAE 942209.
1998	Plank GR, Kleinberger M, Eppinger RH. Analytical investigation of driver thoracic response to out of position airbag deployment. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:317-329. SAE 983165.
1999	Baudrit P, Hamon J, Song E, Robin S, Le Coz J-Y. Comparative studies of dummy and human body models behavior in frontal and lateral impact conditions. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:55-75. SAE 99SC05.
2004	Kent R, Lessley D, Sherwood C. Thoracic response to dynamic, non-impact loading from a hub, distributed belt, diagonal belt, and double diagonal belts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:495-519. SAE 2004-22-0022.
2005	Kent R, Lee S-H, Darvish K, Wang S, Poster CS, Lange AW, Brede C, Lange D, Matsuoka F. Structural and material changes in the aging thorax and their role in crash protection for older occupants. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2005;49:231-249. SAE 2005-22-0011.
2005	Kimpara H, Lee JB, Yang KH, King AI, Iwamoto M, Watanabe I, Miki K. Development of a three-dimensional finite element chest model for the 5th percentile female. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:251-269. SAE 2005-22-0012.
2006	Forman J, Lessley D, Kent R, Bostrom O, Pipkorn B. Whole-body kinematic and dynamic response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:299-336. SAE 2006-22-0013.
2010	Irwin AL, Mertz HJ. Rationale for and dimensions of impact surfaces for biofidelity tests of different sizes of frontal and side impact dummies. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:19-35. SAE 2010-22-0002.
2014	Baudrit P, Petitjean A, Potier P, Trosseille X, Vallencien G. Comparison of the thorax dynamic responses of small female and midsize male post mortem human subjects in side and forward oblique impact tests. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2014;58:103-121.
2017	Parent D, Craig M, Moorhouse K. Biofidelity evaluation of the THOR and Hybrid III 50th percentile male frontal impact anthropomorphic test devices. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2017;61:227-276. SAE 2017-22-0009.
1989	Viano DC, Lau IV, Andrzejak DV, Asbury C. Biomechanics of injury in lateral impacts. Accid Anal Prev. 1989;21(6):535-551.
1989	Viano DC, Lau IV, Asbury C, King AI, Begeman P. Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact. Accid Anal Prev. 1989;21(6):553-574.
2010	Lessley DJ, Salzar R, Crandall J, Kent R, Bolton JR, Bass CR, Guillemot H, Forman JL. Kinematics of the thorax under dynamic belt loading conditions. Int J Crashworthiness. 2010;15(2):175-190.
1988	Viano DC, Lau IV. A viscous tolerance criterion for soft tissue injury assessment. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):387-399.
1989	Viano DC, King AI, Melvin JW, Weber K. Injury biomechanics research: an essential element in the prevention of trauma. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):403-417.
2004	Rupp JD, Schneider LW. Injuries to the hip joint in frontal motor-vehicle crashes: biomechanical and real-world perspectives. Orthop Clin North Am. 2004;35(4):493-504.
2005	Törnvall FV, Svensson MY, Davidsson J, Flogard A, Kallieris D, Håland Y. Frontal impact dummy kinematics in oblique frontal collisions: evaluation against post mortem human subject test data. Traffic Inj Prev. December 2005;6(4):340-350.
2014	Mendoza Vázquez M. Thoracic Injuries in Frontal Car Crashes: Risk Assessment Using a Finite Element Human Body Model [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2014.
2006	Charpail E. Analyse du comportement mecanique des cotes humaines en dynamique [Mechanical Behavior Analysis of Human Ribs in Dynamics] [PhD thesis]. Paris, France: l’École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers; October 27, 2006.
2014	Icke KJ. Determination of the Compressive Response of the Pediatric Thorax Utilizing System Identification Techniques [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2014.
2015	Schafman MA. Dynamic Structural Properties of Human Ribs in Frontal Loading [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2015.
2000	Simms C. Temporomandibular Joint Injuries During Whiplash [PhD thesis]. Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College Dublin; 2000.
2006	Rupp JD. Biomechanics of Hip Injuries in Frontal Motor-Vehicle Crashes [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2006.
2002	Kent RW. Dynamic Response of the Thorax: Restraint-Specific Hard Tissue Injury Prediction [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2002.
2009	Forman J. The Structural Characteristics of the Costal Cartilage: The Roles of Calcification and the Perichondrium, and the Representation of the Costal Cartilage in Finite Element Models of the Human Body [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2009.
2009	Kindig MM. Tolerance to Failure and Geometric Influences on the Stiffness of Human Ribs Under Anterior-Posterior Loading [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2009.
2009	Parent DP. Scaling and Optimization of Thoracic Impact Response in Pediatric Subjects [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; 2009.
2005	Forbes PA. Development of a Human Body Model for the Analysis of Side Impact Automotive Thoracic Trauma [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2005.
2009	Campbell BM. A Numerical Side Impact Model to Investigate Thoracic Injury in Lateral Impact Scenarios [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2009.
2009	Yuen KF. The Development of a Numerical Human Body Model for the Analysis of Automotive Side Impact Lung Trauma [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2009.
2022	Pastula CC. Assessment of Occupant Response in Frontal Bus Crash Scenarios Using Human Body Models to Improve Public Transportation Safety [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2022.
1999	Altenhof W. Finite Element Analysis With Experimental Verification of Impact Loading on a Three-Spoke Steering Wheel [PhD thesis]. University of Windsor; 1999.
2003	Stitzel JD. The Role of Local Material Properties in Modeling Fracture Tolerance of the Human Thorax [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; September 19, 2003.
2008	Thor CP. Characteristics of Thoracic Organ Injuries in Frontal Crashes [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; December 10, 2008.
2015	Beeman SM. Biomechanical Response of Human Volunteers and Surrogates in a Variety of Loading Regimes [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2015.
2000	Bir CA. The Evaluation of Blunt Ballistic Impacts of the Thorax [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2000.
2007	Shah CS. Investigation of Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta (TRA) by Obtaining Aorta Material and Failure Properties and Simulating Real-World Aortic Injury Crashes Using the Whole-Body Finite Element (FE) Human Model [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2007.
2012	Vavalle NA. Validation of the Global Human Body Models Consortium Mid-Sized Male Model in Lateral Impacts and Sled Tests [Master's thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; August 2012.

Year	Entry
1973	Lobdell TE, Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Hering WE, Nahum AM. Impact response of the human thorax. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:201-243.
1971	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:84-134. SAE 710851.
1974	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:383-457. SAE 741187.
1973	Neathery RF, Lobdell TE. Mechanical simulation of human thorax under impact. In: Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1973; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:451-466. SAE 730982.
1970	Nahum AM, Gadd CW, Schneider DC, Kroell CK. Deflection of the human thorax under sternal impact. 1970. SAE 700400.
1974	Patrick LM, Bohlin N, Anderson A. Three-point harness accident and laboratory data comparison. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:201-282. SAE 741181.
1973	Foster K. Analysis of a slanted-rib model of the human thorax. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:165-177.
1965	Patrick LM, Kroell CK, Mertz HJ. Forces on the human body in simulated crashes. In: Cragun MK, ed. Proceedings of the 9th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 20-21, 1965; Minneapolis, MN. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:237-259. SAE 650961.
1973	Stalnaker RL, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL, Trollope ML. Human torso response to blunt trauma. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:181-199.