The Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of the Cervical Spine During Whiplash

Year	Entry
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1993	McConnell WE, Howard RP, Guzman HM, Bomar JB, Raddin JH, Benedict JV, Smith HL, Hatsell CP. Analysis of human test subject kinematic responses to low velocity rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-5, 1993; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:21-30. SAE 930889.
1996	Nightingale RW, McElhaney JH, Richardson WJ, Best TM, Myers BS. Experimental impact injury to the cervical spine: relating motion of the head and the mechanism of injury. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1996;78A(3):412-421.
1977	Tennyson SA, Mital NK, King AI. Electromyographic signals of the spinal musculature during +G_z impact acceleration. Orthop Clin North Am. January 1977;8(1):97-119.
1998	van den Kroonenberg A, Philippens M, Cappon H, Wismans J, Hell W, Langwieder K. Human head-neck response during low-speed rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-221. SAE 983158.
1999	Magnusson ML, Pope MH, Hasselquist L, Bolte KM, Ross M, Goel VK, Lee JS, Spratt K, Clark CR, Wilder DG. Cervical electromyographic activity during low-speed rear impact. Eur Spine J. April 1999;8(2):118-125.
1992	Evans RW. Some observations on whiplash injuries. Neurol Clin. November 1992;10(4):975-997.
1986	Panjabi MM, Summers DJ, Pelker RR, Videman T, Friedlaender GE, Southwick WO. Three-dimensional load-displacement curves due to forces on the cervical spine. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(2):152-161.
1993	Svensson MY. Neck Injuries in Rear-End Car Collisions: Sites and Biomechanical Causes of the Injuries, Test Methods and Preventive Measures [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 1993.
1998	Wheeler JB, Smith TA, Siegmund GP, Brault JR, King DJ. Validation of the neck injury criterion (NIC) using kinematic and clinical results from human subjects in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.335-348.
1992	Penning L. Acceleration injury of the cervical spine by hypertranslation of the head, II: effect of hypertranslation of the head on cervical spine motion: discussion of literature data. Eur Spine J. June 1992;1(1):13-19.
1996	Szabo TJ, Welcher JB. Human subject kinematics and electromyographic activity during low speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:295-315. SAE 962432.
1976	Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Lustick L, Muzzy WH, Willems G, Majewski PL. The effect of duration, rate of onset, and peak sled acceleration on the dynamic response of the human head and neck. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:3-41. SAE 760800.
1975	Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Lustick L, Becker E, Willems G, Muzzy WH. The effect of the initial position of the head and neck on the dynamic response of the human head and neck to -Gx impact acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:487-512. SAE 751157.
1972	O'Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Kelley AB, Sorenson WW. Automobile head restraints: frequency of neck injury claims in relation to the presence of head restraints. Am J Public Health. March 1972;62(3):399-406.
1996	Boström O, Svensson MY, Aldman B, Hansson HA, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Seeman T, Suneson A, Säljö A, Örtengren T. A new neck injury criterion candidate based on injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental neck extension trauma. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.123-136.
1994	Matsushita T, Sato TB, Hirabayashi K, Fujimura S, Asazuma T, Takatori T. X-ray study of the human neck motion due to head inertia loading. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:55-64. SAE 942208.
1996	Schrader H, Obelieniene D, Bovim G, Surkiene D, Mickeviciene D, Miseviciene I, Sand T. Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context. Lancet. May 4, 1996;347(9010):1207-1211.
1973	Foust DR, Chaffin DB, Snyder RG, Baum JK. Cervical range of motion and dynamic response and strength of cervical muscles. In: Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1973; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:285-308. SAE 730975.
1971	McKenzie JA, Williams JF. The dynamic behaviour of the head and cervical spine during "whiplash". J Biomech. December 1971;4(6):477-490.
1972	States JD, Balcerak JC, Williams JS, Morris AT, Babcock W, Polvino R, Riger P, Dawley RE. Injury frequency and head restraint effectiveness in rear-end impact accidents. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:228-257. SAE 720967.
1999	Jordan A, Mehlsen J, Bülow PM, Østergaard K, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Maximal isometric strength of the cervical musculature in 100 healthy volunteers. Spine. July 1, 1999;24(13):1343-1348.
1994	Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Whiplash injury. Pain. September 1994;58(3):283-307.
1955	Severy DM, Mathewson JH, Bechtol CO. Controlled automobile rearend collisions, an investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena. Can Serv Med J. November 1955;11(10):727-759.
1995	Spitzer O Walter, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining "whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20(suppl 8):2S-73S.
1995	Cholewicki J, McGill SM, Norman RW. Comparison of muscle forces and joint load from an optimization and EMG assisted lumbar spine model: towards development of a hybrid approach. J Biomech. March 1995;28(3):321-331.
1992	Penning L. Acceleration injury of the cervical spine by hypertranslation of the head, I: effect of normal translation of the head on cervical spine motion: a radiological study. Eur Spine J. June 1992;1(1):7-12.
1998	Kamibayashi LK, Richmond FJR. Morphometry of human neck muscles. Spine. June 15, 1998;23(12):1314-1323.
1974	Hohl M. Soft-tissue injuries of the neck in automobile accidents: factors influencing prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1974;56A(8):1675-1682.
1987	Deng Y-C, Goldsmith W. Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading, II: analytical/numerical model. J Biomech. 1987;20(5):487-497.
1991	Shea M, Edwards WT, White AA, Hayes WC. Variations of stiffness and strength along the human cervical-spine. J Biomech. 1991;24(2):95-107.
2000	Brault JR, Siegmund GP, Wheeler JB. Cervical muscle response during whiplash: evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). July 2000;15(6):426-435.
1997	Grauer JN, Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Dvorak J. Whiplash produces an S-shaped curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels. Spine. November 1997;22(21):2489-2494.
1997	Siegmund GP, King DJ, Lawrence JM, Wheeler JB, Brault JR, Smith TA. Head/neck kinematic response of human subjects in low-speed rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:357-385. SAE 973341.
1989	Otremski I, Marsh JL, Wilde BR, McLardy-Smith PD, Newman RJ. Soft tissue cervical spinal injuries in motor vehicle accidents. Injury. November 1989;20(6):349-351.
1964	MacNab I. Acceleration injuries of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1964;46A(8):1797-1799.
1969	Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Patrick LM, Beeler GW, Smith MJ. Living human dynamic response to -Gx impact acceleration, II: accelerations measured on the head and neck. In: Proceedings of the 13th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 2-4, 1969; Boston, MA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:400-415. SAE 690817.
1997	Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-356. SAE 973340.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1989	Deng Y-C. Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations. Accid Anal Prev. February 1989;21(1):85-100.
1987	Deng Y-C, Goldsmith W. Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading, I: physical model. J Biomech. 1987;20(5):471-486.
1998	Panjabi MM, Nibu K, Cholewicki J. Whiplash injuries and the potential for mechanical instability. Eur Spine J. 1998;7(6):484-492.
1998	Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Grauer J, Vahldiek M. Capsular ligament stretches during in vitro whiplash simulations. J Spinal Disord. June 1998;11(3):227-232.
1998	Brault JR, Wheeler JB, Siegmund GP, Brault EJ. Clinical response of human subjects to rear-end automobile collisions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. January 1998;79(1):72-80.
1993	Ono K, Kanno M. Influences of the physical parameters on the risk to neck injuries in low impact speed rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.201-212.