Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact

wbldb

Viano, David C.¹; Lau, Ian V.¹; Asbury, Corbin¹; King, Albert I.¹; Begeman, Paul¹

Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact

33rd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)

Affiliations

¹Biomedical Science Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan 48090-9055

²Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
Abstract

Fourteen unembalmed cadavers were subjected to forty-four blunt lateral impacts at velocities of approximately 4.5, 6.7, or 9.4 m/s with a 15 cm flat pendulum weighing 23.4 kg. Chest and abdominal injuries consisted primarily of rib fractures with a few cases of lung or liver laceration in the highest severity impacts. There were two cases of pubic ramus fracture in the pelvic impacts. Logist analysis of the biomechanical responses and serious injury, indicated that the maximum Viscous response had the best correlation with injury risk for chest and abdominal impacts. A tolerance level of VC = 1.5 m/s for the chest and VC = 2.0 m/s for the abdomen were determined for a 25% probability of serious injury. Maximum compression was similarly set at C = 38% for the chest and C = 44% for the abdomen. The experiments indicate that chest and abdominal injury can occur by a viscous mechanism during the rapid phase of body compression, and that the Viscous response is an effective measure of injury risk in side impacts. A compression tolerance is set to assess crushing injury risks. Pubic ramus fracture correlated with compression of the pelvis not impact force or acceleration. Pelvic tolerance was set at 27% compression.

Cited Works (11)

Year	Entry
1988	Viano DC, Lau IV. A viscous tolerance criterion for soft tissue injury assessment. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):387-399.
1976	Kroell CK. Thoracic response to blunt frontal loading. In: The Human Thorax: Anatomy, Injury, and Biomechanics. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1976:49-77.
1987	Viano DC. Evaluation of the benefit of energy-absorbing material in side impact protection: Part II. In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 9-11, 1987; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:205-224. SAE 872213.
1987	Viano DC. Evaluation of the SID dummy and TTI injury criterion for side impact testing. In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 9-11, 1987; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:143-159. SAE 872208.
1982	Cesari D, Ramet M. Pelvic tolerance and protection criteria in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 20-21, 1982; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:145-154. SAE 821159.
1987	Lau IV, Horsch JD, Viano DC, Andrzejak DV. Biomechanics of liver injury by steering wheel loading. J Trauma. March 1987;27(3):225-235.
1986	Lau IV, Viano DC. The viscous criterion: bases and applications of an injury severity index for soft tissues. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:123-142. SAE 861882.
1970	Nahum AM, Gadd CW, Schneider DC, Kroell CK. Deflection of the human thorax under sternal impact. 1970. SAE 700400.
1989	Viano DC, Culver CC, Evans L, Frick M, Scott R. Involvement of older drivers in multi-vehicle side impact crashes. In: 33rd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 2-4, 1989; Baltimore, MD.337-352.
1988	Lau IV, Viano DC. How and when blunt injury occurs: implications to frontal and side impact protection. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1988; Atlanta, GA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:81-100. SAE 881714.
1987	Brun-Cassan F, Pincemaille Y, Mack P, Tarriere C. Contribution and evaluation of criteria proposed for thorax-abdomen protection in lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 12-15, 1987; Washington, DC.289-301.

Cited By (36)

Year	Entry
2013	Cai Z, Lan F, Chen J, Zhao F. Development and validation of a finite element model of the human thoracic for rib fractures prediction in automobile collisions. In: Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress. Vol 9. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2013:375-388. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering; vol 197.
1992	Cavanaugh J, Zhu Y, King AI. Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the thorax in seventeen cadaveric side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Injury Prevention Through Biomechanics Symposium. April 10-11, 1992; Detroit, MI.81-105.
2015	Hardy WN, Howes MK, Kemper AR, Rouhana SW. Impact and injury response of the abdomen. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:373-434.
2002	Rouhana SW. Biomechanics of abdominal trauma. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:405-453.
2010	Schmitt K-U, Niederer PF, Muser MH, Walz F. Trauma Biomechanics: Accidental Injury in Traffic and Sports. 2nd ed. Deidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2010.
1990	Siegel JH, Mason-Gonzalez S, Cushing BM, Dischinger PC, Cornwell EC III, Smialek JE, Heatfield BM, Soderstrom CA, Read KM, Robinson RM, Parkinson K, Dailey JT, Hill WJ, Jacksona JW, Livingston DJ, Bents FD, Shankar BS. A prospective study of injury patterns, outcomes and costs of high speed frontal versus lateral motor vehicle crashes. In: 34th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1990; Scottsdale, AZ.289-313.
2011	Yoganandan N, Humm J, Pintar FA, Wolfla CE, Maiman DJ. Lateral neck injury assessments in side impact using post mortem human subject tests. In: 55th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-5, 2011; Paris, France.169-179.
2001	Gibson T, Benetatos E, Newstead S, Fildes B. Improved side impact protection: the development of injury assessment functions. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2007	Johannsen H, Schindler V. Development and assessment of a surface force abdominal sensor. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2004	Sparks JL, Stammen J, Herriott R, Jones KH. An intravascular pressure measurement technique applied to impact testing of unembalmed human liver specimens. In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2004.17-29.
1997	Yang JK, Lövsund P. Development and validation of a human-body mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.113-149.
2001	Jost R, Nurick GN. Finite element simulation of the biomechanical response of the human body. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2005	Johannsen H, Alonzo F, Goubel C, Schindler V. Abdominal injuries, injury criteria, injury severity levels and abdominal sensors for child dummies of the "q" family. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.201-212.
2005	Schmitt K-U, Snedeker JG. Analysis of the biomechanical response of kidneys under blunt impact. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.187-200.
2007	Johannsen H, Alonzo F, Schindler V. Abdominal sensors for child dummies of the Q family, injury criteria and injury risk curves. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.389-392.
2008	Yuen KF, Cronin DS, Deng YC. Lung response and injury in side impact conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.87-98.
2018	Beillas P, Berthet F. Development of simulation based liver and spleen injury risk curves for the GHBMC detailed models. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.
2005	Sparks JL, Stammen J, Herriott R, Jones KH. Using fluid-filled catheters to measure intravascular pressure gradients in impact tests of unembalmed liver specimens. In: Proceedings of the 1st Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 19-21, 2005; Columbus, OH.
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
1990	Cavanaugh JM, Walilko TJ, Malhotra A, Zhu Y, King AI. Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the pelvis in twelve sled side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-12. SAE 902305.
1994	Huang Y, King AI, Cavanaugh JM. Finite element modeling of gross motion of human cadavers in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:35-53. SAE 942207.
1994	Ishiyama S-i, Tsukada K, Nishigaki H, Ikeda Y, Sakuma S, Matsuoka F, Kanno Y, Hayashi S. Development of an abdominal deformation measuring system for Hybrid III dummy. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:265-279. SAE 942223.
2007	Sparks JL, Bolte JH IV, Dupaix RB, Jones KH, Steinberg SM, Herriott RG, Stammen JA, Donnelly BR. Using pressure to predict liver injury risk from blunt impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:401-432. SAE 2007-22-0017.
2009	Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Petit P, Irwin A, Hassan J, Praxl N. Injury risk curves for the worldSID 50th male dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:443-476. SAE 2009-22-0016.
2012	Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Praxl N, Hynd D, Irwin A. Injury risk curves for the WorldSID 50th male dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:323-347.
2007	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Stemper BD, Gennarelli TA, Weigelt JA. Biomechanics of side impact: injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology. J Biomech. 2007;40(2):227-243.
2014	Yoganandan N, Arun MWJ, Pintar FA. Normalizing and scaling of data to derive human response corridors from impact tests. J Biomech. June 3, 2014;47(8):1749-1756.
2000	Yang JK, Lövsund P, Cavallero C, Bonnoit J. A human-body 3D mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian impacts. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2000;2(2):131-149.
2007	Sparks JL. Biomechanics of Blunt Liver Injury: Relating Internal Pressure to Injury Severity and Developing a Constitutive Model of Stress-Strain Behavior [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2007.
2002	Kent RW. Dynamic Response of the Thorax: Restraint-Specific Hard Tissue Injury Prediction [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2002.
2009	Campbell BM. A Numerical Side Impact Model to Investigate Thoracic Injury in Lateral Impact Scenarios [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2009.
2009	Yuen KF. The Development of a Numerical Human Body Model for the Analysis of Automotive Side Impact Lung Trauma [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2009.
2003	Stitzel JD. The Role of Local Material Properties in Modeling Fracture Tolerance of the Human Thorax [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; September 19, 2003.
2013	Howes MK. Injury Mechanisms, Tissue Properties, and Response of the Post-Mortem Human Abdomen in Frontal Impact [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2013.
1995	Huang Y. Automotive Side Impact Protection: Biomechanical Issues [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 1995.
2002	Lee JB. Development of a Finite Element Model of the Human Abdomen [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2002.