Computed dynamic response of the human thorax from a finite element model

wbldb

Plank, Gordon R.¹; Eppinger, Rolf H.²

Computed dynamic response of the human thorax from a finite element model

Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV)

Affiliations

¹Transportation Systems Center, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation

²Office of Crashworthiness Research, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
Abstract

In thepast, the relationships between the dynamic load on the human thorax, simulating automotive crash conditions, and the resulting injuries have been obtained from observations with experimentals ubjects. In addition, lumped mass-spring damper models (1) were used to approximate the dynamic responses of the thorax under impact conditions and these were compared with the deflections of cadavers and anthropomorphic test devices. In the work presented here, in an effort to better understand the underlying injury mechanisms, a finite element model of the thorax has been generated and tested utilizing the 3-dimensional finite element code DYNA3D (2). The thorax was represented by elastic bone, ligament and cartilage, and viscoelastic muscle and interior elements. Input parameters were varied and the sensitivity of the dynamic response to these variations is shown. The dynamic response of the thorax model was compared to available cadaver test data and the resulting strain field was examined and is discussed.

Cited Works (5)

Year	Entry
1973	Lobdell TE, Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Hering WE, Nahum AM. Impact response of the human thorax. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:201-243.
1971	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:84-134. SAE 710851.
1974	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:383-457. SAE 741187.
1974	Neathery RF. Analysis of chest impact response data and scaled performance recommendations. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:459-493. SAE 741188.
1986	Langdon MG. Requirements for minimising thoracic injury in side impact accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.319-330.

Cited By (25)

Year	Entry
1994	Eppinger R, Kleinberger M, Morgan R, Khaewpong N, Bandak F, Haffner M. Advanced injury criteria and crash evaluation techniques. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.144-152.
1994	Plank GR, Kleinberger M, Eppinger RH. Finite element modeling and analysis of thorax/restraint system interaction. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.210-219.
1991	Plank GR, Eppinger RH. An improved finite element model of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.902-907.
1994	Thunnissen JG., Happee R, Eummelen P, Beusenberg MC. Scaling of adult to child responses applied to the thorax. In: Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.229-243.
1998	Lizée E, Song E, Robin S, Lecoz J-Y. Finite element model of the human thorax validated in frontal, oblique and lateral impacts: a tool to evaluate new restraint systems. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.527-543.
2005	Kent R, Murakami D, Kobayashi S. Frontal thoracic response to dynamic loading: the role of superficial tissues, viscera, and the rib cage. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.355-365.
2011	Cronin DS. Explicit finite element method applied to impact biomechanics problems. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2011; Krakow, Poland.240-254.
2022	Forman J, Kulkarni S, Perez‐Rapela D, Mukherjee S, Panzer M, Hallman J. A method for thoracic injury risk function development for human body models. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.719-746.
1994	Huang Y, King AI, Cavanaugh JM. Finite element modeling of gross motion of human cadavers in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:35-53. SAE 942207.
1998	Lizee E, Robin S, Song E, Bertholon N, Le Coz J-Y, Besnault B, Lavaste F. Development of a 3D finite element model of the human body. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:115-137. SAE 983152.
1998	Plank GR, Kleinberger M, Eppinger RH. Analytical investigation of driver thoracic response to out of position airbag deployment. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:317-329. SAE 983165.
2003	Ruan J, El-Jawahri R, Chai L, Barbat S, Prasad P. Prediction and analysis of human thoracic impact responses and injuries in cadaver impacts using a full human body finite element model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:299-321. SAE 2003-22-0014.
2005	Kimpara H, Lee JB, Yang KH, King AI, Iwamoto M, Watanabe I, Miki K. Development of a three-dimensional finite element chest model for the 5th percentile female. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:251-269. SAE 2005-22-0012.
2009	Song E, Trosseille X, Baudrit P. Evaluation of thoracic deflection as an injury criterion for side impact using a finite elements thorax model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:155-191. SAE 2009-22-0006.
2008	Kent R. Frontal thoracic response to dynamic loading: the role of superficial tissues, viscera and the rib cage. Int J Crashworthiness. 2008;13(3):289-300.
2010	Forman JL, Del Pozo de Dios E, Kent RW. A pseudo-elastic effective material property representation of the costal cartilage for use in finite element models of the whole human body. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11(6):613-622.
2006	Charpail E. Analyse du comportement mecanique des cotes humaines en dynamique [Mechanical Behavior Analysis of Human Ribs in Dynamics] [PhD thesis]. Paris, France: l’École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers; October 27, 2006.
2009	Forman J. The Structural Characteristics of the Costal Cartilage: The Roles of Calcification and the Perichondrium, and the Representation of the Costal Cartilage in Finite Element Models of the Human Body [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2009.
2005	Forbes PA. Development of a Human Body Model for the Analysis of Side Impact Automotive Thoracic Trauma [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2005.
2009	Campbell BM. A Numerical Side Impact Model to Investigate Thoracic Injury in Lateral Impact Scenarios [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2009.
2003	Stitzel JD. The Role of Local Material Properties in Modeling Fracture Tolerance of the Human Thorax [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; September 19, 2003.
1995	Huang Y. Automotive Side Impact Protection: Biomechanical Issues [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 1995.
1995	Wang H-CK. Development of a Side Impact Finite Element Human Thoracic Model [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1995.
2002	Lee JB. Development of a Finite Element Model of the Human Abdomen [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2002.
2007	Shah CS. Investigation of Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta (TRA) by Obtaining Aorta Material and Failure Properties and Simulating Real-World Aortic Injury Crashes Using the Whole-Body Finite Element (FE) Human Model [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2007.