The role of secondary variables in the measurement of the mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint

Tencer, A. F.; Ahmed, A. M.

Affiliations

¹McGill University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Abstract

A general method is proposed for the testing of the structural properties of lumbar intervertebral joints. The apparatus designed includes a loading jig capable of applying any wrench resultant load while allowing unconstrained motion of the specimen and a three-dimensional displacement transducer for measurement of principal and coupled displacements. Four secondary independent variables, load axis position, nucleus pressure, the number of initial cycles and the load duration are shown to significantly affect the dependent variable, displacement. When performing this type of experiment, these secondary variables must be standardized and controlled.

Links

DOI: 10.1115/1.3138268

PubMed: 7278189

WoS: A1981ME07200001

History

Received: 1980-06-30

Revised: 1981-02-22

Cited Works (7)

Year	Entry
1979	Berkson MH, Nachemson A, Schultz AB. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments, II: responses in compression and shear; influence of gross morphology. J Biomech Eng. February 1979;101(1):53-57.
1979	Schultz AB, Warwick DN, Berkson MH, Nachemson AL. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments, I: responses in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion. J Biomech Eng. February 1979;101(1):46-52.
1966	Rolander SD. Motion of the lumbar spine with special reference to the stabilizing effect of posterior fusion: an experimental study on autopsy specimens. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(suppl 90):1-144.
1960	Nachemson A. Lumbar intradiscal pressure: experimental studies on post-mortem material. Acta Orthop Scand. 1960;31(suppl 43):1-104.
1957	Brown T, Hansen RJ, Yorra AJ. Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1957;39A(5):1135-1164.
1951	Virgin WJ. Experimental investigations into the physical properties of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1951;33B(4):607-611.
1963	Elmore SM, Sokoloff L, Norris G, Carmeci P. Nature of "imperfect" elasticity of articular cartilage. J Appl Physiol. 1963;18(2):393-396.

Cited By (18)

Year	Entry
2012	Dennison CR, Saari A, Zhu Q, Nelson TS, Morley P, Itshayek E, Oxland TR, Cripton PA. Follower load influences the kinematics and kinetics of cervical spine buckling during simulated head first impact: an ex vivo study. In: Proceedings of the 8th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 13-15, 2012; Columbus, OH.
1988	Moroney SP, Schultz AB, Miller JAA, Andersson GBJ. Load-displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):769-779.
2000	Cripton PA, Bruehlmann SB, Orr TE, Oxland TR, Nolte L-P. In vitro axial preload application during spine flexibility testing: towards reduced apparatus-related artefacts. J Biomech. December 2000;33(12):1559-1568.
2008	Zhu Q, Lane C, Ching RP, Gordon JD, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF, Cripton PA, Oxland TR. Translational constraint influences dynamic spinal canal occlusion of the thoracic spine: an in vitro experimental study. J Biomech. 2008;41(1):171-179.
2011	Saari A, Itshayek E, Cripton PA. Cervical spinal cord deformation during simulated head-first impact injuries. J Biomech. September 23, 2011;44(14):2565-2571.
1982	Tencer AF, Ahmed AM, Burke DL. Some static mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint, intact and injured. J Biomech Eng. August 1982;104(3):193-201.
1983	Ahmed AM, Burke DL. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, I: tibial surface of the knee. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):216-225.
1987	Keller TS, Spengler DM, Hansson TH. Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine, I: creep analysis during static compressive loading. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(4):467-478.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
2000	Patwardhan AG, Havey RM, Ghanayem AJ, Diener H, Meade KP, Dunlap B, Hodges SD. Load-carrying capacity of the human cervical spine in compression is increased under a follower load. Spine. June 15, 2000;25(12):1548-1554.
2001	Panjabi MM, Miura T, Cripton PA, Wang J-L, Nain AS, DuBois C. Development of a system for in vitro neck muscle force replication in whole cervical spine experiments. Spine. October 15, 2001;26(20):2214-2219.
2017	Christou A. Modelling Spinal Injury Due to High-Rate Axial Loading [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2017.
1986	Pintar FA. The Biomechanics of Spinal Elements [PhD thesis]. Wilwaukee, WI: Marquette University; December 1986.
1997	Duncan NA. The Mechanics of Curve Progression in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis [PhD thesis]. McGill University; February 1997.
1999	Cripton PA. Load-Sharing in the Human Cervical Spine [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; November 1999.
1990	Cholewicki J. The Contribution of the Lumbar Disc and Posterior Ligaments in Generating Trunk Extensor Moment During Extremely Heavy Lifts Using Fluoroscopy [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 1990.
2010	Langohr GDG. Cervical Total Level Arthroplasty System With PEEK All-Polymer Articulations [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2010.
1989	Crisco JJ III. The Biomechanical Stability of the Human Lumbar Spine: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 1989.