Ankle and Foot Biomechanics During Human Walking: Powerful Insights on Multiarticular Muscles, Soft Tissues, and Toe Joint Dynamics

Year	Entry
1992	Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 1992.
1990	Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE. Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Phys Therap. June 1990;70(6):340-347.
1980	Mann RA, Hagy J. Biomechanics of walking, running, and sprinting. Am J Sports Med. September 1980;8(5):345-350.
1996	Aper RL, Saltzman CL, Brown TD. The effect of hallux sesamoid excision on the flexor hallucis longus moment arm. Clin Orthop Relat Res. April 1996;325:209-217.
2003	Lloyd DG, Besier TF. An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model to estimate muscle forces and knee joint moments in vivo. J Biomech. June 2003;36(6):765-776.
2010	Hamner SR, Seth A, Delp SL. Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running. J Biomech. October 19, 2010;43(14):2709-2716.
2004	Buchanan TS, Lloyd DG, Manal K, Besier TF. Neuromusculoskeletal modeling: estimation of muscle forces and joint moments and movements from measurements of neural command. J Appl Biomech. November 2004;20(4):367-395.
1951	Virgin WJ. Experimental investigations into the physical properties of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1951;33B(4):607-611.
2001	Neptune RR, Kautz SA, Zajac FE. Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking. J Biomech. November 2001;34(11):1387-1398.
2002	Donelan JM, Kram R, Kuo AD. Simultaneous positive and negative external mechanical work in human walking. J Biomech. January 2002;35(1):117-124.
1997	Stefanyshyn DJ, Nigg BM. Mechanical energy contribution of the metatarsophalangeal joint to running and sprinting. J Biomech. November–December 1997;30(11-12):1081-1085.
1979	Bojsen-Møller F, Lamoreux L. Significance of free dorsiflexion of the toes in walking. Acta Orthop Scand. 1979;50(4):471-479.
2018	Ebrahimi A. The Development and Application of a Framework for Exploring the Energetics of Gait Strategy Adaptations [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; 2018.
2008	Kirane YM, Michelson JD, Sharkey NA. Evidence of isometric function of the flexor hallucis longus muscle in normal gait. J Biomech. 2008;41(9):1919-1928.
1993	Scott SH, Winter DA. Biomechanical model of the human foot: kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking. J Biomech. 1993;26(9):1091-1104.
1990	Bennett MB, Ker RF. The mechanical properties of the human subcalcaneal fat pad in compression. J Anat. August 1990;171:131-138.
1983	Winter DA. Energy generation and absorption at the ankle and knee during fast, natural, and slow cadences. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 1983;175:147-154.
2005	Ishikawa M, Komi PV, Grey MJ, Lepola V, Bruggemann G-P. Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(2):603-608.
1987	Ker RF, Bennett MB, Bibby SR, Kester RC, Alexander RM. The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature. January 8, 1987;325(6100):147-149.
2002	Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.
1979	Stokes IAF, Hutton WC, Stott JRR. Forces acting on the metatarsals during normal walking. J Anat. 1979;129(pt 3):579-590.
1990	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Inc., John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
1991	Winter DA. The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological. 2nd ed. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo Press; 1991.
1995	Aerts P, Ker RF, De Clercq D, Ilsley DW, Alexander RM. The mechanical properties of the human heel pad: a paradox resolved. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1299-1308.
2009	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Inc, John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
1976	Cappozzo A, Figura F, Marchetti M, Pedotti A. The interplay of muscular and external forces in human ambulation. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):35-43.
1939	Elftman H. Forces and energy changes in the leg during walking. Am J Physiol. January 1939;125(2):339-356.
2002	Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking, I: introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations. Gait Post. December 2002;16(3):215-232.
2007	Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Bettinelli D, Nativo R, Giannini S. Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait. Gait Post. 2007;25(3):453-462.
2002	Kuo AD. Energetics of actively powered locomotion using the simplest walking model. J Biomech Eng. February 2002;124(1):113-120.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert AJ, Lundberg A, Nigg BM, Murphy N, Stacoff A, Stano A. Tibiofemoral and tibiocalcaneal motion during walking: external vs. skeletal markers. Gait Post. October 1997;6(2):98-109.
2012	Kristianslund E, Krosshaug T, van den Bogert AJ. Effect of low pass filtering on joint moments from inverse dynamics: implications for injury prevention. J Biomech. February 23, 2012;45(4):666-671.
2006	Thelen DG, Anderson FC. Using computed muscle control to generate forward dynamic simulations of human walking from experimental data. J Biomech. 2006;39(6):1107-1115.
2003	MacWilliams BA, Cowley M, Nicholson DE. Foot kinematics and kinetics during adolescent gait. Gait Post. 2003;17(3):214-224.
1984	Winter DA. Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: variability and compensating effects. Hum Mov Sci. March–June 1984;3(1-2):51-76.