Controlled automobile rearend collisions, an investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena

Severy, D. M.<sup>1</sup>; Mathewson, J. H.<sup>1</sup>; Bechtol, C. O.<sup>2</sup>

Year	Entry
1994	Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Whiplash injury. Pain. September 1994;58(3):283-307.
1991	Fildes BN, Lane JC, Lenard J, Vulcan AP. Passenger Cars and Occupant Injury. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Cr95. Canberra, Australia: Federal Office of Road Safety; March 1991. Report No. CR95.
2005	Manoogian SJ, Kennedy EA, Duma SM. An Updated Literature Review of Musculoskeletal Injuries to the Human Neck and the Effects of Head-Supported Mass Worn by Soldiers. Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory; October 2005. USAARL Contract Report CR-2006-01.
1968	Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD. Backrest and head restraint design for rear-end collision protection. In: Proceedings of the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition. January 8-12, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 680079.
1972	Goldsmith W. Biomechanics of head injury. In: Fung YC, Perrone N, Anliker M, eds. Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives. Symposium on Biomechanics, its Foundations and Objectives; July 29-31, 1970. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Inc., Prentice-Hall International; 1972:585-634.
1969	States JD, Korn MW, Masengill JB. The enigma of whiplash injuries. In: 13th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16, 1969; Minneapolis, MN.83-108.
2011	Arregui-Dalmases C, Del Pozo E, Lessley D, Barrios JM, Nombela M, Cisneros O, Miguel JLd, Seguí-Gómez M. Driving position field study, differences with the whiplash protocol and biomechanics experimental responses. In: 55th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-5, 2011; Paris, France.71-79.
1973	Williams JF, McKenzie JA. The effect of seatback stiffness and collision severity on the dynamic behaviour of the head during "whiplash". In: Proceedings of the 1973 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. June 26-27, 1973; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.329-338.
1992	Svensson MY, Lövsund P. A dummy for rear-end collisions: development and validation of a new dummy-neck. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.299-310.
2000	Philippens M, Wismans J, Cappon H, Yoganandan N, Pintar F. Whole body kinematics using post mortem human subjects in experimental rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.363-378.
2007	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Gennarelli TA, Pintar FA. Toward a lower neck rear impact injury criterion: correlation of lower neck loads with spinal kinematics. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.249-260.
1985	Bunketorp O, Romanus B, Kroon PO. Head and neck injuries in traffic accidents in Göteborg in 1983. In: Proceedings of the 1985 International IRCOBI/AAAM Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1985; Göteborg, Sweden.1-15.
1993	Blaisdell DM, Levitt AE, Varat MS. Automotive seat design concepts for occupant protection. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-5, 1993; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 930340.
1993	McConnell WE, Howard RP, Guzman HM, Bomar JB, Raddin JH, Benedict JV, Smith HL, Hatsell CP. Analysis of human test subject kinematic responses to low velocity rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-5, 1993; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:21-30. SAE 930889.
1994	Szabo TJ, Welcher JB, Anderson RD, Rice MM, Ward JA, Paulo LB, Carpenter NJ. Human occupant kinematic response to low speed rear-end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 28–March 3, 1994; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 940532.
2000	Stephens GD, Long TJ, Blaisdell DM. Energy analysis of automotive seat systems. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress. March 6-9, 2000; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2000-01-1380.
1965	Wickstrom J, Martinez JL, Johnston D, Tappen NC. Acceleration-deceleration injuries of the cervical spine in animals. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:284-301.
1967	Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD. Study of seat and head-support performance during full-scale rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:337-405. SAE 670921.
1968	Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD. Vehicle design for passenger protection from high-speed rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:94-163. SAE 680774.
1994	Matsushita T, Sato TB, Hirabayashi K, Fujimura S, Asazuma T, Takatori T. X-ray study of the human neck motion due to head inertia loading. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:55-64. SAE 942208.
2001	Welcher JB, Szabo TJ. Relationships between seat properties and human subject kinematics in rear impact tests. Accid Anal Prev. May 2001;33(3):289-304.
2001	Bogduk N, Yoganandan N. Biomechanics of the cervical spine, III: minor injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). May 2001;16(4):267-275.
1999	Magnusson ML, Pope MH, Hasselquist L, Bolte KM, Ross M, Goel VK, Lee JS, Spratt K, Clark CR, Wilder DG. Cervical electromyographic activity during low-speed rear impact. Eur Spine J. April 1999;8(2):118-125.
1971	McKenzie JA, Williams JF. The dynamic behaviour of the head and cervical spine during "whiplash". J Biomech. December 1971;4(6):477-490.
2003	Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplash-like perturbations. J Biomech. April 2003;36(4):473-482.
2003	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Gender dependent cervical spine segmental kinematics during whiplash. J Biomech. September 2003;36(9):1281-1289.
1983	Norris SH, Watt I. The prognosis of neck injuries resulting from rear-end vehicle collisions. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1983;65B(5):608-611.
1995	Sturzenegger M, Radanov BP, Di Stefano G. The effect of accident mechanisms and initial findings on the long-term course of whiplash injury. J Neurol. 1995;242(7):443-449.
1995	Radanov BP, Sturzenegger M, Di Stefano G. Long-term outcome after whiplash injury: a 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychosocial findings. Medicine. September 1995;74(5):281-297.
1994	Sturzenegger M, DiStefano G, Radanov BP, Schnidrig A. Presenting symptoms and signs after whiplash injury: the influence of accident mechanisms. Neurology. April 1994;44(4):688-693.
1997	Grauer JN, Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Dvorak J. Whiplash produces an S-shaped curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels. Spine. November 1997;22(21):2489-2494.
1998	Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Simulation of whiplash trauma using whole cervical spine specimens. Spine. January 1998;23(1):17-24.
1999	Kaneoka K, Ono K, Inami S, Hayashi K. Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading. Spine. 1999;24(8):763-769.
2002	Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. An electromyographic study of low-velocity rear-end impacts. Spine. May 15, 2002;27(10):1044-1055.
2003	Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Awareness affects the response of human subjects exposed to a single whiplash-like perturbation. Spine. April 1, 2003;28(7):671-679.
2011	Siegmund GP. What occupant kinematics and neuromuscular responses tell us about whiplash injury. Spine. December 2011;36(suppl 25S):S175-S179.
2002	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA. Biomechanical mechanisms of whiplash injury. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):98-104.
2012	Carlsson A. Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection: A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2012.
1999	Winkelstein BA. A Mechanical Basis for Whiplash Injury: The Cervical Facet Joint, Spinal Motion Segment, and Combined Loading [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1999.
2004	Stemper BD. Whiplash Affects Cervical Spine Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; May 2004.
2009	DeRosia JJ. Role of Gender and Size in Biomechanics of Rear Impact Marquette University; May 2009.
2000	Simms C. Temporomandibular Joint Injuries During Whiplash [PhD thesis]. Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College Dublin; 2000.
2002	van der Horst MJ. Human Head Neck Response in Frontal, Lateral and Rear End Impact Loading: Modelling and Validation [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlans: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; 2002.
2001	Siegmund GP. The Reflex Response of Human Neck Muscles to Whiplash-Like Perturbations [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; June 2001.
2001	Hasselquist L. The Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of the Cervical Spine During Whiplash [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 2001.
1999	Deng B. Kinematics of Human Cadaver Cervical Spine During Low-Speed Rear-End Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1999.
2006	Ivancic PC. Cervical Spine Injury During Simulated Automobile Collisions [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 2006.