Human occupant kinematic response to low speed rear-end impacts

Szabo, Thomas J.<sup>1</sup>; Welcher, Judson B.<sup>1</sup>; Anderson, Robert D.<sup>1</sup>; Rice, Michelle M.<sup>1</sup>; Ward, Jennifer A.<sup>1</sup>; Paulo, Lori B.<sup>1</sup>; Carpenter, Nicholas J.<sup>1</sup>

Year	Entry
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1998	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Cusick JF, Kleinberger M. Head-neck biomechanics in simulated rear impact. In: 42nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 5-7, 1998; Charlottesville, VA.209-231.
2003	Tencer AF, Huber P, Mirza SK. A comparison of biomechanical mechanisms of whiplash injury from rear impacts. In: 47th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-24, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.383-398.
1996	Thunnissen JGM, van Ratingen MR, Beusenberg MC, Janssen EG. A dummy neck for low severity rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1665-1678.
2003	Tencer AF, Mirza S, Huber P. A comparison of injury criteria used in evaluating seats for whiplash protection. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2011	Linder A, Svensson M, Carlsson A, Lemmen P, Chang F, Schmitt K-U, Kullgren A. EVARID: anthropometric and biomechanical specification of a finite element dummy model of an average female for rear impact testing. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2013	Lemmen P, Gupta A, Lakshminarayana A, Carlsson A, Svensson M, Schmitt K-U, Levallois I, Linder A, Tomasch E. Seat optimisation considering reduction of neck injuries for female and male occupants: applications of the EvaRID model and a loading device representing a 50th percentile female. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2008	Siegmund GP, Mang DWH, Blouin J-S. Sensory pathways mediating the neck muscle response in rear-end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 36th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2, 2008; San Antonio, TX.
1994	Jakobsson L, Norin H, Jernström C, Svensson S-E, Johnsén P, Isaksson-Hellman I, Svensson MY. Analysis of different head and neck responses in rear-end car collisions using a new human-like mathematical model. In: Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.109-125.
1997	Ono K, Kaneoka K. Motion analysis of human cervical vertebrae during low speed rear impacts by the simulated sled. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.223-237.
1998	Davidsson J, Deutscher C, Hell W, Linder A, Lövsund P, Svensson MY. Human volunteer kinematics in rear-end sled collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.289-301.
2006	Hughes MC, Moss RT, Happer AJ. Occupant injury symptom duration resulting from low speed collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.345-348.
2008	Bartsch A, Gilbertson L, Prakash V, Morr D, Wiechel J. Minor rear aligned crashes in the United States: a pilot study of 98 crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.367-379.
2010	Carlsson A, Siegmund GP, Linder A, Svensson M. Motion of the head and neck of female and male volunteers in rear impact car-to-car tests at 4 and 8 km/h. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.29-39.
2012	Carlsson A, Chang F, Lemmen P, Kullgren A, Schmitt K, Linder A, Svensson MY. EvaRID: a 50th percentile female rear impact finite element dummy model. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.249-262.
2015	Sato F, Nakajima T, Ono K, Svensson M, Kaneoka K. Characteristics of dynamic cervical vertebral kinematics for female and male volunteers in low‐speed rear impact, based on quasi‐static neck kinematics. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.261-277.
1999	Winkelstein BA, Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. Cervical facet joint mechanics: its application to whiplash injury. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:243-252. SAE 99SC15.
2000	Jakobsson L, Lundell B, Norin H, Isaksson-Hellman I. WHIPS: Volvo’s whiplash protection study. Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):307-319.
2001	Welcher JB, Szabo TJ. Relationships between seat properties and human subject kinematics in rear impact tests. Accid Anal Prev. May 2001;33(3):289-304.
1998	Brault JR, Wheeler JB, Siegmund GP, Brault EJ. Clinical response of human subjects to rear-end automobile collisions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. January 1998;79(1):72-80.
2001	Bogduk N, Yoganandan N. Biomechanics of the cervical spine, III: minor injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). May 2001;16(4):267-275.
1997	Castro WHM, Schilgen M, Meyer S, Weber M, Peuker C, Wörtler K. Do "whiplash injuries" occur in low-speed rear impacts? Eur Spine J. December 1997;6(6):366-375.
2003	Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplash-like perturbations. J Biomech. April 2003;36(4):473-482.
1998	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Klienberger M. Cervical spine vertebral and facet joint kinematics under whiplash. J Biomech Eng. April 1998;120(2):305-307.
1999	Freeman MD, Croft AC, Rossignol AM, Weaver DS, Reiser M. A review and methodologic critique of the literature refuting whiplash syndrome. Spine. January 1, 1999;24(1):86-96.
1999	Kaneoka K, Ono K, Inami S, Hayashi K. Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading. Spine. 1999;24(8):763-769.
2000	Winkelstein BA, Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. The cervical facet capsule and its role in whiplash injury: a biomechanical investigation. Spine. May 15, 2000;25(10):1238-1246.
2002	Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. An electromyographic study of low-velocity rear-end impacts. Spine. May 15, 2002;27(10):1044-1055.
2003	Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Awareness affects the response of human subjects exposed to a single whiplash-like perturbation. Spine. April 1, 2003;28(7):671-679.
1999	Ono K, Kaneoka K. Motion analysis of human cervical vertebrae during low-speed rear impacts by the simulated sled. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 1999;1(2):87-99.
2005	Brolin K, Halldin P, Leijonhufvud I. The effect of muscle activation on neck response. Traffic Inj Prev. March 2005;6(1):67-76.
2011	Carlsson A, Linder A, Davidsson J, Hell W, Schick S, Svensson M. Dynamic kinematic responses of female volunteers in rear impacts and comparison to previous male volunteer tests. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(4):347-357.
2012	Carlsson A. Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection: A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2012.
1999	Winkelstein BA. A Mechanical Basis for Whiplash Injury: The Cervical Facet Joint, Spinal Motion Segment, and Combined Loading [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1999.
2004	Stemper BD. Whiplash Affects Cervical Spine Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; May 2004.
2009	DeRosia JJ. Role of Gender and Size in Biomechanics of Rear Impact Marquette University; May 2009.
1996	de Jager MKJ. Mathematical Head-Neck Models for Acceleration Impacts [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology; 1996.
2002	van der Horst MJ. Human Head Neck Response in Frontal, Lateral and Rear End Impact Loading: Modelling and Validation [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlans: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; 2002.
2001	Siegmund GP. The Reflex Response of Human Neck Muscles to Whiplash-Like Perturbations [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; June 2001.
2010	Mang D. Using Acoustic Stimuli to Inhibit the Startle Response Triggered by Whiplash Collisions: Implications for Injury Prevention [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2010.
2006	Gibson T. Development and Validation of a C5/C6 Motion Segment Model [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; January 4, 2006.
2023	Fugger BJ. Estimating Rotator Cuff Injury Risk During Rear-End Vehicle Collisions Using OpenSim [Master's thesis]. University of Texas at Tyler; May 2023.
2015	Beeman SM. Biomechanical Response of Human Volunteers and Surrogates in a Variety of Loading Regimes [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2015.
2019	Tatem WM. The Crash Injury Risk to Rear Seated Passenger Vehicle Occupants [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; December 13, 2019.
1999	Deng B. Kinematics of Human Cadaver Cervical Spine During Low-Speed Rear-End Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1999.
2006	Ivancic PC. Cervical Spine Injury During Simulated Automobile Collisions [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 2006.

Year	Entry
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