Whole body kinematics using post mortem human subjects in experimental rear impact

wbldb

Philippens, M.¹; Wismans, J.¹; Cappon, H.¹; Yoganandan, N.²; Pintar, F.²

Whole body kinematics using post mortem human subjects in experimental rear impact

Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact

Affiliations

¹TNO Crash Safety Centre

²Medical College of Wisconsin
Abstract and keywords

This research was initiated to create an accurate dataset with respect to the kinematics of 5” and 95” percentile human subjects under low and moderate rear end impact conditions. For this purpose, rigid seat rear impact sled experiments were conducted using 5 unembalmed Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS): four 5* percentile females and one 95’h percentile male restrained with a three-point belt. The sled velocity changes were 16 and 25 km/ht, sled accelerations were 3 to 5 g. Photographic targets attached to the head, Tl and pelvis were filmed at 1000 f/set. The subjects were instrumented with triaxial accelerometers on the head, Tl and pelvis, and a tri-axial angular velocity sensor on the head. A post-test physical examination was conducted showing injuries in two subjects. Kinematics of head, Tl and pelvis and the loads at occipital condyles and Tl level will be presented. Data can be used in the development of human mathematical models and the design of rear impact crash dummies. The data presented here can be used in addition to numerous data on human subjects, mainly volunteers at low Vs. The differences between the 5* and 95* percentile subjects appear to indicate the need to validate any human surrogate in relation to its body size.

Keywords: biomechanics; cadavers; rear impacts; kinematics

Cited Works (18)

Year	Entry
1998	Davidsson J, Deutscher C, Hell W, Linder A, Lövsund P, Svensson MY. Human volunteer kinematics in rear-end sled collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.289-301.
1980	Beier G, Schuller E, Schuck M, Ewing CL, Becker ED, Thomas DJ. Center of gravity and moments of inertia of human heads. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.218-228.
1998	van den Kroonenberg A, Philippens M, Cappon H, Wismans J, Hell W, Langwieder K. Human head-neck response during low-speed rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-221. SAE 983158.
1994	Geigl BC, Steffan H, Leinzinger P, Roll P, Mühlbauer M, Bauer G. The movement of head and cervical spine during rearend impact. In: Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.127-137.
1973	Ewing CL, Thomas DJ. Torque versus angular displacement response of human head to -Gx impact acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1973; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:309-342. SAE 730976.
1997	Ono K, Kaneoka K. Motion analysis of human cervical vertebrae during low speed rear impacts by the simulated sled. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.223-237.
1967	Mertz HJ Jr, Patrick LM. Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:267-317. SAE 670919.
1980	McConville JT, Churchill TD, Kaleps I, Clauser CE, Cuzzi J. Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; December 1980. Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-119.
1955	Severy DM, Mathewson JH, Bechtol CO. Controlled automobile rearend collisions, an investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena. Can Serv Med J. November 1955;11(10):727-759.
1995	Geigl BC, Steffan H, Dippel C, Muser MH, Walz F, Svensson MY. Comparison of head-neck kinematics during rear end impact between standard Hybrid III, RID neck, volunteers and PMTO's. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.261-270.
1996	Thunnissen JGM, van Ratingen MR, Beusenberg MC, Janssen EG. A dummy neck for low severity rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1665-1678.
1986	Wismans J, van Oorschot H, Woltring HJ. Omni-directional human head-neck response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:313-331. SAE 861893.
1997	Mertz HJ, Prasad P, Irwin AL. Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:13-30. SAE 973318.
1999	Ono K, Inami S, Kaneoka K, Gotou T, Kisanuki Y, Sakuma S, Miki K. Relationship between localized spine deformation and cervical vertebral motions for low speed rear impacts using human volunteers. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.149-164.
1997	Siegmund GP, King DJ, Lawrence JM, Wheeler JB, Brault JR, Smith TA. Head/neck kinematic response of human subjects in low-speed rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:357-385. SAE 973341.
1997	Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-356. SAE 973340.
1993	Ono K, Kanno M. Influences of the physical parameters on the risk to neck injuries in low impact speed rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.201-212.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.

Cited By (15)

Year	Entry
2007	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Stammen J, Bolte J IV. An experimental seat for measuring external biofidelity in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2007.29-46.
2009	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Herriott R, Bolte JH IV. A new instrumentation technique for the cervical spine of PMHS in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 37th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2009.
2009	Stemper BD, Storvik SG, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Verification of lower neck shear force as a rear impact injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.369-380.
2009	Yoganandan N, Humm J, Pintar F, Gennarelli T. Three-dimensional head physical properties on the accuracy of injury metrics. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.323-326.
2014	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Icke K, Herriott R, Bolte J IV. Head and cervical spine responses of post mortem human subjects in moderate speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.268-285.
2019	Kang Y-S, Moorhouse K, Bolte JH IV. Head trajectories of post mortem human surrogates in moderate-speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.102-118.
2024	Kang Y-S, Pradhan V, Stammen J, Baker GH, Marcallini A, Agnew AM, Moorhouse K, Bolte JH IV. Pelvic responses and injuries to male post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) in rear-facing seat configurations in high-speed frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2024 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2024; Stockholm, Sweden.138-160.
2009	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Herriott RG, Bolte JH IV. A new instrumentation technique for the cervical spine of PMHS in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 5th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 17-19, 2009; Columbus, OH.
2011	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Herriott R, Bolte JH IV. Biofidelity evaluation of anthropomorphic test devices (BioRIDII, RID3D, HybridIII) in low and moderate speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 7th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 22-24, 2011; Columbus, OH.
2012	Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Herriott R, Mallory A. Biomechanical responses of PMHS in moderate-speed rear impacts and development of response targets for evaluating the internal and external biofidelity of ATDs. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:105-170.
2012	Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Herriott R. Evaluation of the internal and external biofidelity of current rear impact ATDs to response targets developed from moderate-speed rear impacts of PMHS. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:171-229.
2009	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Zhang J, Baisden JL. Physical properties of the human head: mass, center of gravity and moment of inertia. J Biomech. June 19, 2009;42(9):1177-1192.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
2011	Kang YS. Evaluation of Biofidelity of Anthropomorphic Test Devices and Investigation of Cervical Spine Injury in Rear Impacts: Head-Neck Kinematics and Kinetics of Post Mortem Human Subjects [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.
2023	Soltan Mohammadzadeh N. Cervical Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in an in-Vivo Porcine Model of Simulated Whiplash Loading [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2023.