Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures

Cummings, Steven R.; Kelsey, Jennifer L.; Nevitt, Michael C.; O'Dowd, Kenneth J.

Year	Entry
1988	Parfitt AM. Bone remodeling: relationship to the amount and structure of bone, and the pathogenesis and prevention of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:45-93.
1988	Melton LJ III. Epidemiology of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:133-154.
1988	Sinaki M. Exercise and physical therapy. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:457-479.
2015	King AI. Introduction to and applications of injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:1-31.
1993	Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ III. Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol. May 1, 1993;137(9):1001-1005.
1990	Melton LJ III, Eddy DM, Johnston C Jr. Screening for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. April 1, 1990;112(7):516-528.
1991	Seeley DG, Browner WS, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Scott JC, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women? Ann Intern Med. December 1, 1991;115(11):837-842.
1989	Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM. Lifetime risks of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. November 1989;149(11):2445-2448.
1991	Chrischilles EA, Butler CD, Davis CS, Wallace RB. A model of lifetime osteoporosis impact. Arch Intern Med. October 1991;151(10):2026-2032.
1999	Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. June 14, 1999;159(11):1215-1220.
1988	Phillips S, Fox N, Jacobs J, Wright WE. The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for american women aged 45 and older, 1986. Bone. 1988;9(5):271-279.
2002	Homminga J, McCreadie BR, Ciarelli TE, Weinans H, Goldstein SA, Huiskes R. Cancellous bone mechanical properties from normals and patients with hip fractures differ on the structure level, not on the bone hard tissue level. Bone. May 2002;30(5):759-764.
2003	Ferguson VL, Ayers RA, Bateman TA, Simske SJ. Bone development and age-related bone loss in male C57BL/6J mice. Bone. March 2003;32(3):387-398.
2006	McNamara LM, Ederveen AGH, Lyons CG, Price C, Schaffler MB, Weinans H, Prendergast PJ. Strength of cancellous bone trabecular tissue from normal, ovariectomized and drug-treated rats over the course of ageing. Bone. August 2006;39(2):392-400.
1990	Kimmel DB, Recker RR, Gallagher JC, Vaswani AS, Aloia JF. A comparison of iliac bone histomorphometric data in post-menopausal osteoporotic and normal subjects. Bone Miner. November 1990;11(2):217-235.
1987	Melton LJ III, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1987;41(2):57-64.
1993	Hayes WC, Myers ER, Morris JN, Gerhart TN, Yett HS, Lipsitz LA. Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1993;52(3):192-198.
1995	Moro M, Hecker AT, Bouxsein ML, Myers ER. Failure load of thoracic vertebrae correlates with lumbar bone mineral density measured by DXA. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1995;56(3):206-209.
1999	Parkkari J, Kannus P, Palvanen M, Natri A, Vainio J, Aho H, Vuori I, Järvinen M. Majority of hip fractures occur as a result of a fall and impact on the greater trochanter of the femur: a prospective controlled hip fracture study with 206 consecutive patients. Calcif Tiss Int. July 1999;65(3):183-187.
1987	Parfitt AM. Bone remodeling and bone loss: understanding the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol. December 1987;30(4):789-811.
1990	Cummings SR, Rubin SM, Black D. The future of hip fractures in the United States: numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March 1990;252:163-166.
2020	Booz C, Noeske J, Albrecht MH, Lenga L, Martin SS, Yel I, Huizinga NA, Vogl TJ, Wichmann JL. Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative dual-energy CT-based bone mineral density assessment in comparison to Hounsfield unit measurements using dual x-ray absorptiometry as standard of reference. Euro J Radiol. November 2020;132:109321.
1989	Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Kidd S, Black D. Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls: a prospective study. JAMA. May 12, 1989;261(18):2663-2668.
1990	Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Cauley JA, Genant HK, Mascioli SR, Scott JC, Seeley DG, Steiger P, Vogt TM; The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA. February 2, 1990;263(5):665-668.
1994	Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Maitland LA, Resnick NM, Hayes WC. Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA. January 12, 1994;271(2):128-133.
1993	Nevitt MC, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporofic Fractures Research Group. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. November 1993;41(11):1226-1234.
1997	Hoshaw SJ, Cody DD, Saad AM, Fyhrie DP. Decrease in canine proximal femoral ultimate strength and stiffness due to fatigue damage. J Biomech. April 1997;30(3):323-329.
1998	Keyak JH, Rossi SA, Jones KA, Skinner HB. Prediction of femoral fracture load using automated finite element modeling. J Biomech. February 1998;31(2):125-133.
2010	Sun X, Jeon JH, Blendell J, Akkus O. Visualization of a phantom post-yield deformation process in cortical bone. J Biomech. July 20, 2010;43(10):1989-1996.
1993	Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. A 20-year perspective on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4B):534-542.
1996	Yang KH, Shen K-L, Demetropoulos CK, King AI, Kolodziej P, Levine RS, Fitzgerald RH Jr. The relationship between loading conditions and fracture patterns of the proximal femur. J Biomech Eng. November 1996;118(4):575-578.
2005	Yeni YN, Christopherson GT, Dong XN, Kim D-G, Fyhrie DP. Effect of microcomputed tomography voxel size on the finite element model accuracy for human cancellous bone. J Biomech Eng. February 2005;127(1):1-8.
2000	Brown CU, Yeni YN, Norman TL. Fracture toughness is dependent on bone location: a study of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and the tibial shaft. J Biomed Mater Res. March 5, 2000;49(3):380-389.
1990	Lotz JC, Hayes WC. The use of quantitative computed tomography to estimate risk of fracture of the hip from falls. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1990;72A(5):689-700.
1995	Courtney AC, Wachtel EF, Myers ER, Hayes WC. Age-related reductions in the strength of the femur tested in a fall-loading configuration. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1995;77A(3):387-395.
1988	Mazess RB, Barden H, Ettinger M, Schultz E. Bone density of the radius, spine, and proximal femur in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. February 1988;3(1):13-18.
1994	Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. August 1994;9(8):1137-1141.
1995	Lane NE, Thompson JM, Strewler GJ, Kinney JH. Intermittent treatment with human parathyroid hormone (hPTH[1‐34]) increased trabecular bone volume but not connectivity in osteopenic rats. J Bone Miner Res. October 1995;10(10):1470-1477.
1996	Augat P, Reeb H, Claes LE. Prediction of fracture load at different skeletal sites by geometric properties of the cortical shell. J Bone Miner Res. September 1996;11(9):1356-1363.
1998	Lane NE, Thompson JM, Haupt D, Kimmel DB, Modin G, Kinney JH. Acute changes in trabecular bone connectivity and osteoclast activity in the ovariectomized rat in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. February 1998;13(2):229-236.
2000	Hannan MT, Felson DT, Dawson-Hughes B, Tucker KL, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF, Kiel DP. Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. April 2000;15(4):710-720.
2000	Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA III, Berger M. Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. April 2000;15(4):721-739.
1988	Melton LJ III, Kan SH, Wahner HW, Riggs BL. Lifetime fracture risk: an approach to hip fracture risk assessment based on bone mineral density and age. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(10):985-994.
1989	Cummings SR, Nevitt MC. A hypothesis: the causes of hip fractures. J Gerontol Med Sci. September 1989;44(5):M107-M111.
1994	Spadaro JA, Werner FW, Brenner RA, Fortino MD, Fay LA, Edwards WT. Cortical and trabecular bone contribute strength to the osteopenic distal radius. J Orthop Res. March 1994;12(2):211-218.
1995	Robinovitch SN, McMahon TA, Hayes WC. Force attenuation in trochanteric soft tissues during impact from a fall. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):956-962.
2000	Alem AM, Sherrard DJ, Gillen DL, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, Heckbert SR, Wong C, Stehman-Breen C. Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. July 2000;58(1):396-399.
2002	Cummings SR, Melton LJ III. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet. May 18, 2002;359(9319):1761-1767.
2003	Jepsen KJ, Akkus OJ, Majeska RJ, Nadeau JH. Hierarchical relationship between bone traits and mechanical properties in inbred mice. Mamm Genome. February 2003;14(2):97-104.
2008	Wu Z-x, Lei W, Hu Y-y, Wang H-q, Wan S-y, Ma Z-s, Sang H-x, Fu S-c, Han Y-s. Effect of ovariectomy on BMD, micro-architecture and biomechanics of cortical and cancellous bones in a sheep model. Med Eng Phys. 2008;30(9):1112-1118.
1986	Riggs BL, Melton LJ III. Involutional osteoporosis. NEJM. June 26, 1986;314(26):1676-1686.
1991	Grisso JA, Kelsey JL, Strom BL, Chiu GY, Maislin G, O'Brien LA, Hoffman S, Kaplan F; Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group. Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women. NEJM. May 9, 1991;324(19):1326-1331.
1992	Johnell O, Gullberg B, Allander E, Kanis JA; MEDOS Study Group. The apparent incidence of hip fracture in europe: a study of national register sources. Osteoporos Int. November 1992;2(6):298-302.
1994	Jones G, Nguyen T, Sambrook PN, Kelly PJ, Gilbert C, Eisman JA. Symptomatic fracture incidence in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study (DOES). Osteoporos Int. September 1994;4(5):277-282.
1994	Kanis JA; WHO Study Group. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. Osteoporos Int. November 1994;4(6):368-381.
1997	Gullberg B, Johnell O, Kanis JA. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. September 1997;7(5):407-413.
1998	Schwartz AV, Kelsey JL, Sidney S, Grisso JA. Characteristics of falls and risk of hip fracture in elderly men. Osteoporos Int. May 1998;8(3):240-246.
2001	Black DM, Steinbuch M, Palermo L, Dargent-Molina P, Lindsay R, Hoseyni MS, Johnell O. An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. August 2001;12(7):519-528.
2002	Lane NE, Kumer JL, Majumdar S, Khan M, Lotz J, Stevens RE, Klein R, Phelps KV. The effects of synthetic conjugated estrogens, a (cenestin) on trabecular bone structure and strength in the ovariectomized rat model. Osteoporos Int. October 2002;13(10):816-823.
2020	de Bot RTAL, Veldman HD, Witlox AM, van Rhijn LW, Hiligsmann M. Hip protectors are cost-effective in the prevention of hip fractures in patients with high fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. July 2020;31(7):1217-1229.
1999	Bay BK, Yerby SA, McLain RF, Toh E. Measurement of strain distributions within vertebral body sections by texture correlation. Spine. January 1, 1999;24(1):10-17.
1997	Samelson EJ. Reproductive and Related Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in White and Black Women [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1997.
2018	Enns-Bray WS. Identifying Individuals Predisposed to Hip Fracture [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2018.
2019	Lambert C. A Comparison of the Bone Response to Impact Loading and Resistance Training in Young Adult Women: The OPTIMA-Ex Trial [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
1994	Courtney AC. Mechanical Properties of the Proximal Femur: Changes With Age [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; May 1994.
1997	Bowman SM. Creep of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; May 1997.
2013	Deng C. Measuring Femoral Neck Loads in Older Adults During Stair Ascent and Descent [Master's thesis]. Iowa State University; 2013.
2021	Scott MC. Exercise and Bone: Older Adults, Type II Diabetes, and Ketogenic Diets [PhD thesis]. Louisiana State University; May 2021.
1994	Robinovitch SN. Hip Fracture and Fall Impact Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 1994.
1995	van den Kroonenberg A. Dynamic Models of Human Falls for Prediction of Hip Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; January 1995.
1996	Ford CM. Failure of the Human Proximal Femur: Material and Structural Perspectives [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 1996.
2008	Price C. Systems Based Approaches to Identifying How Genetically Varying Skeletal Growth Affects Skeletal Functionality and Fragility [PhD thesis]. Mount Sinai School of Medicine; 2008.
2002	Henley JD. A Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Postural Perturbation [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 2002.
2012	Sun X. Mechanically Induced Calcium Efflux from Bone Matrix Stimulates Osteoblasts [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2012.
2018	Canelón SP. Characterization of Type I Collagen and Osteoblast Response to Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2018.
2015	Yang Y. Video Analysis of the Circumstances of Falls in Long-Term Care [PhD thesis]. Simon Fraser University; Spring 2015.
1999	Schwartz AV. Epidemiologic Aspects of Osteoporotic Fractures and Falls [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 1999.
2004	McNamara LM. Biomechanical Origins of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; March 2004.
2006	Verhulp E. Analyses of Trabecular Bone Failure [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology; 2006.
1990	Faulkner KG. Quantitative Computed Tomography and Finite Element Modeling to Predict Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; June 1990.
1996	Keyak JH. Prediction of Femoral Strength Using Automated Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1996.
1998	Stone KL. Biochemical and Nutritional Determinants of Bone Loss in Elderly Women [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1998.
2002	Morgan EF-i. The Dependence on Anatomic Site of Trabecular Bone Structure-Function Relationships [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2002.
1997	Sabick MB. The Effects of Fall Direction and Protective Responses on the Likelihood of Hip Fracture in Falls [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; August 1997.
1992	Gu M-J. Biomechanical Analysis of Postural Balance in Young and Elderly Adults During Perturbed Stance [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1992.
1993	McCubbrey DA. The Macroscopic Architectural Properties of Vertebral Trabecular Bone and Their Relation to Whole Vertebral Failure Loads [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1993.
1996	Cao C. Biomechanics of Forward Momentum Arrest When Walking: Age and Gender Differences [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1996.
2002	Wang M-Y. Quantifying Musculoskeletal Load and Adaptation: Biomechanical Consideration [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); August 2002.
2017	Kalra A. Development of an Elderly Female Torso Finite Element Model for Restraint System Research and Development Applications [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 2017.
1998	Yeni YN. Fracture Mechanics of Human Cortical Bone: The Relationship of Geometry, Microstructure and Composition With the Fracture of the Tibia, Femoral Shaft and the Femoral Neck [PhD thesis]. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University; 1998.
2001	Brown CU. Time-Dependent Circumferential Deformation of Cortical Bone Subjected to Internal Radial Loading [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.

Year	Entry
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1977	Recker RR, Saville PD, Heaney RP. Effect of estrogens and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. December 1977;87(6):649-655.
1985	Cummings SR. Are patients with hip fractures more osteoporotic? review of the evidence. Am J Med. March 1985;78(3):487-494.
1970	Singh M, Nagrath AR, Maini PS. Changes in trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1970;52A(3):457-467.
1982	Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(5):699-705.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Bone compressive strength: the influence of density and strain rate. Science. September 10, 1976;194(4270):1174-1176.
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1982	Riggs BL, Seeman E, Hodgson SF, Taves DR, O'Fallon WM. Effect of the fluoride/calcium regimen on vertebral fracture occurrence in postmenopausal osteoporosis: comparison with conventional therapy. NEJM. February 25, 1982;306(8):446-450.
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1982	Mazess RB. On aging bone loss. Clin Orthop Relat Res. May 1982;165:239-252.
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1981	Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Mazess RB, Offord KP, Melton LJ III. Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging: relationship to spinal osteoporosis. J Clin Invest. February 1981;67(2):328-335.
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