The Effects of Fall Direction and Protective Responses on the Likelihood of Hip Fracture in Falls

Year	Entry
1990	Schneider EL, Guralnik JM. The aging of America: impact on health care costs. JAMA. May 2, 1990;263(17):2335-2340.
1985	Cummings SR. Are patients with hip fractures more osteoporotic? review of the evidence. Am J Med. March 1985;78(3):487-494.
1996	van den Kroonenberg AJ, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Hip impact velocities and body configurations for voluntary falls from standing height. J Biomech. June 1996;29(6):807-811.
1984	Brown TD, DiGioia AM III. A contact-coupled finite element analysis of the natural adult hip. J Biomech. 1984;17(6):437-448.
1990	Lotz JC, Hayes WC. The use of quantitative computed tomography to estimate risk of fracture of the hip from falls. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1990;72A(5):689-700.
1993	Nevitt MC, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporofic Fractures Research Group. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. November 1993;41(11):1226-1234.
1994	Courtney AC, Wachtel EF, Myers ER, Hayes WC. Effects of loading rate on strength of the proximal femur. Calcif Tiss Int. 1994;55(1):53-58.
1969	Clauser CE, McConville JT, Young JW. Weight, Volume, and Center of Mass of Segments of the Human Body. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; August 1969. Report No. AFRL-TR-69-70.
1991	Grisso JA, Kelsey JL, Strom BL, Chiu GY, Maislin G, O'Brien LA, Hoffman S, Kaplan F; Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group. Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women. NEJM. May 9, 1991;324(19):1326-1331.
1985	Melton LJ, Riggs BL. Risk factors for injury after a fall. Clin Geriatr Med. August 1985;1(3):525-539.
1993	Hayes WC, Myers ER, Morris JN, Gerhart TN, Yett HS, Lipsitz LA. Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1993;52(3):192-198.
1991	Lotz JC, Cheal EJ, Hayes WC. Fracture prediction for the proximal femur using finite element models, I: linear analysis. J Biomech Eng. 1991;113(4):353-360.
1989	Cummings SR, Nevitt MC. A hypothesis: the causes of hip fractures. J Gerontol Med Sci. September 1989;44(5):M107-M111.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1987	Goldstein SA. The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic location and function. J Biomech. 1987;20(11-12):1055-1061.
1990	Hinrichs RN. Adjustments to the segment center of mass proportions of Clauser et al. (1969). J Biomech. 1990;23(9):949-951.
1988	Melton LJ III, Chao EYS, Lane J. Biomechanical aspects of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, eds. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988:111-131.
1971	Griffiths WEG, Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR. Experimental fatigue fracture of the human cadaveric femoral neck. J Bone Joint Surg. February 1971;53B(1):136-143.
1988	Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. NEJM. December 29, 1988;319(26):1701-1707.
1953	Smith LD. Hip fractures: the role of muscle contraction or intrinsic forces in the causation of fractures of the femoral neck. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1953;35A(2):367-383.
1991	Lotz JC, Cheal EJ, Hayes WC. Fracture prediction for the proximal femur using finite element models, II: nonlinear analysis. J Biomech Eng. 1991;113(4):361-364.
1995	Robinovitch SN, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Energy-shunting hip padding system attenuates femoral impact force in a simulated fall. J Biomech Eng. November 1995;117(4):409-413.
1994	Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Maitland LA, Resnick NM, Hayes WC. Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA. January 12, 1994;271(2):128-133.
1985	Cummings SR, Kelsey JL, Nevitt MC, O'Dowd KJ. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev. 1985;7:178-208.
1995	Courtney AC, Wachtel EF, Myers ER, Hayes WC. Age-related reductions in the strength of the femur tested in a fall-loading configuration. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1995;77A(3):387-395.
1983	Huiskes R, Chao EYS. A survey of finite element analysis in orthopedic biomechanics: the first decade. J Biomech. 1983;16(6):385-409.
1980	Brown TD, Ferguson AB Jr. Mechanical property distributions in the cancellous bone of the human proximal femur. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(1):429-437.
1991	Robinovitch SN, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip. J Biomech Eng. November 1991;113(4):366-374.