Development of an Elderly Female Torso Finite Element Model for Restraint System Research and Development Applications

Elderly females are found to be one of the most vulnerable segments of population during motor vehicle crashes and their population is increasing in the coming decades. Current designs of restraint systems as well as other passive safety measures are designed based on anthropomorphic details of younger population. Developing another dummy representing elderly female population is a costly effort, while a finite element (FE) model of elderly female with similar anthropomorphic details and age- and gender-specific material properties can be a better alternative solution. The current research focuses on the development of a FE model of an elderly female torso, because a thorough search through literature has identified thorax as the most severely injured body part for elderly females due to rib fractures in motor vehicle induced trauma.

Therefore, data from previously conducted rib bending experiments on 278 rib specimens taken from antero-lateral portion of 82 cadavers were analyzed to see the effect of age, gender, height, and weight on the rib bio-mechanical response parameters such as the maximum bending moment (MBM), maximum bending angle (Ɵ_max), slope of moment-angle curve (SMT), and on average cortical thickness value. It was found that, in comparison to males, females had significantly lower values for the MBM (p = 0.000), SMT (p = 0.000), and average cortical-bone thickness (p = 0.001). Samples of ribs taken from elderly specimens failed at lower values of MBM than those from younger specimens, and had lower SMT, both in males and females (p < 0.05). The generalized estimating equations were developed for each biomechanical response parameter in terms of dependent variables, namely the age, gender, height, and weight.

Further, the material model parameters for elderly female rib specimen with constant cortical bone thickness were optimized, which in turn were used in developed whole body FE model. The cortical thickness variations in different sections (anterior, antero-lateral, lateral, posteo-lateral, and posterior) of whole rib were also assigned based on those reported in the literature. The model predicted peak responses as well as the fracture locations of the ribs were analyzed against whole rib bending tests with favorable result. Once the response of single whole rib was validated, further the response of elderly female whole rib cage was validated against data reported from frontal pendulum impacts at different speeds as well as data reported for belt loading. The validations results showed that the developed FE model can represent the overall behavior of elderly female during the type of loading as experienced in motor vehicle crashes.

Year	Entry
1970	Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Evans FG, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1970.
2006	Yang KH, Hu J, White NA, King AI, Chou CC, Prasad P. Development of numerical models for injury biomechanics research: a review of 50 years of publications in the Stapp Car Crash Conference. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:429-490. SAE 2006-22-0017.
2014	Shi X, Cao L, Reed MP, Rupp JD, Hoff CN, Hu J. A statistical human rib cage geometry model accounting for variations by age, sex, stature and body mass index. J Biomech. July 18, 2014;47(10):2277-2285.
2002	Iwamoto M, Kisanuki Y, Watanabe I, Furusu K, Miki K, Hasegawa J. Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2003	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Miki K, Lee JB, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI. Biomechanical properties of the male and female chest subjected to frontal and lateral impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.235-247.
2008	Gayzik FS, Yu MM, Danelson KA, Slice DE, Stitzel JD. Quantification of age-related shape change of the human rib cage through geometric morphometrics. J Biomech. 2008;41(7):1545-1554.
2015	Kalra A, Saif T, Shen M, Jin X, Zhu F, Begeman P, Yang KH, Millis S. Characterization of human rib biomechanical responses due to three-point bending. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2015;59:113-130.
1980	Cesari D, Ramet M, Clair P-Y. Evaluation of pelvic fracture tolerance in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:231-253. SAE 801306.
2002	Lyman S, Ferguson SA, Braver ER, Williams AF. Older driver involvements in police reported crashes and fatal crashes: trends and projections. Inj Prev. June 2002;8(2):116-120.
2003	Stitzel JD, Cormier JM, Barretta JT, Kennedy EA, Smith EP, Rath AL, Duma SM, Matsuoka F. Defining regional variation in the material properties of human rib cortical bone and its effect on fracture prediction. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:243-265. SAE 2003-22-0012.
1985	Verriest J-P, Chapon A. Validity of thoracic injury criteria based on the number of rib fractures. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.124-132. SAE 856026.
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2005	Zhao J, Narwani G. Development of a human body finite element model for restraint system R&D applications. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.
2008	Kent R, Woods W, Bostrom O. Fatality risk and the presence of rib fractures. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.73-82.
1998	Kuppa SM, Eppinger RH. Development of an improved thoracic injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:139-153. SAE 983153.
2015	Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Normalization and scaling for human response corridors and development of injury risk curves. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:769-792.
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2011	Kindig M, Lau AG, Kent RW. Biomechanical response of ribs under quasistatic frontal loading. Traffic Inj Prev. August 2011;12(4):377-387.
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2001	Lenard J, Welsh R. A comparison of injury risk and pattern of injury for male and female occupants of modern European passenger cars. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2005	Laituri TR, Prasad P, Sullivan K, Frankstein M, Thomas RS. Derivation and evaluation of a provisional, age-dependent, AIS3+ thoracic risk curve for belted adults in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0297.
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Year

Entry

1970

Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Evans FG, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1970.

2006

Yang KH, Hu J, White NA, King AI, Chou CC, Prasad P. Development of numerical models for injury biomechanics research: a review of 50 years of publications in the Stapp Car Crash Conference. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:429-490. SAE 2006-22-0017.

2014

Shi X, Cao L, Reed MP, Rupp JD, Hoff CN, Hu J. A statistical human rib cage geometry model accounting for variations by age, sex, stature and body mass index. J Biomech. July 18, 2014;47(10):2277-2285.

2002

Iwamoto M, Kisanuki Y, Watanabe I, Furusu K, Miki K, Hasegawa J. Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.

2003

Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Miki K, Lee JB, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI. Biomechanical properties of the male and female chest subjected to frontal and lateral impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.235-247.

2008

Gayzik FS, Yu MM, Danelson KA, Slice DE, Stitzel JD. Quantification of age-related shape change of the human rib cage through geometric morphometrics. J Biomech. 2008;41(7):1545-1554.

2015

Kalra A, Saif T, Shen M, Jin X, Zhu F, Begeman P, Yang KH, Millis S. Characterization of human rib biomechanical responses due to three-point bending. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2015;59:113-130.

1980

Cesari D, Ramet M, Clair P-Y. Evaluation of pelvic fracture tolerance in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:231-253. SAE 801306.

2002

Lyman S, Ferguson SA, Braver ER, Williams AF. Older driver involvements in police reported crashes and fatal crashes: trends and projections. Inj Prev. June 2002;8(2):116-120.

2003

Stitzel JD, Cormier JM, Barretta JT, Kennedy EA, Smith EP, Rath AL, Duma SM, Matsuoka F. Defining regional variation in the material properties of human rib cortical bone and its effect on fracture prediction. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:243-265. SAE 2003-22-0012.

1985

Verriest J-P, Chapon A. Validity of thoracic injury criteria based on the number of rib fractures. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.124-132. SAE 856026.

1998

Foret-Bruno J-Y, Trosseille X, Le Coz J-Y, Bendjellal F, Steyer C, Phalempin T, Villeforceix D, Dandres P, Got C. Thoracic injury risk in frontal car crashes with occupant restrained with belt load limiter. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:331-352. SAE 983166.

1989

Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.

1998

Talantikite Y, Bouquet R, Ramet M, Guillemot H, Robin S, Voiglio E. Human thorax behaviour for side impact: influence of impact masses and velocities. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1542-1549.

2005

Zhao J, Narwani G. Development of a human body finite element model for restraint system R&D applications. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.

2008

Kent R, Woods W, Bostrom O. Fatality risk and the presence of rib fractures. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.73-82.

1998

Kuppa SM, Eppinger RH. Development of an improved thoracic injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:139-153. SAE 983153.

2015

Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Normalization and scaling for human response corridors and development of injury risk curves. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:769-792.

2011

Mayeur O, Delattre J, Kindig M, Delille R, Chaari F, Lesueur D, Baudrit P, Drazetic P. Numerical anthropometry comparison between the THOMO PMHS and GHBMC model. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2011.

2011

Kindig M, Lau AG, Kent RW. Biomechanical response of ribs under quasistatic frontal loading. Traffic Inj Prev. August 2011;12(4):377-387.

1986

Morgan RM, Marcus JH, Eppinger RH. Side impact: the biofidelity of NHTSA's proposed ATD and efficacy of TTI. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:27-40. SAE 861877.

2006

Hardy WN, Shah CS, Kopacz JM, Yang KH, Van Ee CA, Morgan R, Digges K. Study of potential mechanisms of traumatic rupture of the aorta using. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:247-266. SAE 2006-22-0011.

2005

Kent R, Lee S-H, Darvish K, Wang S, Poster CS, Lange AW, Brede C, Lange D, Matsuoka F. Structural and material changes in the aging thorax and their role in crash protection for older occupants. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2005;49:231-249. SAE 2005-22-0011.

1998

Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Biomechanics of human thoracic ribs. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):100-104.

2009

Ito O, Dokko Y, Ohashi K. Development of adult and elderly FE thorax skeletal models. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 20-23, 2009; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2009-01-0381.

2007

Mohr M, Abrams E, Engel C, Long WB, Bottlang M. Geometry of human ribs pertinent to orthopedic chest-wall reconstruction. J Biomech. 2007;40(6):1310-1317.

1986

Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L. Normal vertebral body size and compressive strength: relations to age and to vertebral and iliac trabecular bone compressive strength. Bone. 1986;7(3):207-212.

2001

Shah CS, Yang KH, Hardy W, Wang HK, King AI. Development of a computer model to predict aortic rupture due to impact loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:161-182. SAE 2001-22-0007.

2005

Kent R, Henary B, Matsuoka F. On the fatal crash experience of older drivers. In: 49th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 12-14, 2005; Boston, MA.371-391.

2001

Lenard J, Welsh R. A comparison of injury risk and pattern of injury for male and female occupants of modern European passenger cars. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.

2005

Laituri TR, Prasad P, Sullivan K, Frankstein M, Thomas RS. Derivation and evaluation of a provisional, age-dependent, AIS3+ thoracic risk curve for belted adults in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0297.

2003

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Year	Entry
2019	Sugaya H, Takahashi Y, Gunji Y, Dokko Y, Ayyagari M, Whitcomb B, Markusic C, Agnew A, Kang Y-S, Bolte J IV. Development of a human FE model for elderly female occupants in side crashes. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2018	Jin X, Kalra A, Hammad A, Khandelwal P, Porwal V, Shen M, Yang KH. Development and validation of whole‐body finite element occupant and pedestrian models of a 70‐year‐old female. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.261-283.

Year

Entry

2019

Sugaya H, Takahashi Y, Gunji Y, Dokko Y, Ayyagari M, Whitcomb B, Markusic C, Agnew A, Kang Y-S, Bolte J IV. Development of a human FE model for elderly female occupants in side crashes. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.

2018

Jin X, Kalra A, Hammad A, Khandelwal P, Porwal V, Shen M, Yang KH. Development and validation of whole‐body finite element occupant and pedestrian models of a 70‐year‐old female. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.261-283.