The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological

Year	Entry
1990	Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE. Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Phys Therap. June 1990;70(6):340-347.
1980	Mann RA, Hagy J. Biomechanics of walking, running, and sprinting. Am J Sports Med. September 1980;8(5):345-350.
1975	Seireg A, Arvikar RJ. The prediction of muscular load sharing and joint forces in the lower extremities during walking. J Biomech. March 1975;8(2):89-102.
1972	Jacobs NA, Skorecki J, Charnley J. Analysis of the vertical component of force in normal and pathological gait. J Biomech. 1972;5(1):11-34.
1970	Morrison JB. The mechanics of the knee joint in relation to normal walking. J Biomech. January 1970;3(1):51-61.
1975	Cavanagh PR, Gregor RJ. Knee joint torque during the swing phase of normal treadmill walking. J Biomech. September 1975;8(5):337-344.
1977	Cavagna GA, Kaneko M. Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. J Physiol. June 1, 1977;268(2):467-481.
1973	Chao EY-S, Rim K. Application of optimization principles in determining the applied moments in human leg joints during gait. J Biomech. September 1973;6(5):497-510.
1977	Townsend MA, Izak M, Jackson RW. Total motion knee goniometry. J Biomech. 1977;10(3):183-193.
1977	Andriacchi TP, Ogle IJA, Galante JO. Walking speed as a basis for normal and abnormal gait measurements. J Biomech. 1977;10(4):261-268.
1976	Paul JP. Force actions transmitted by joints in the human body. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. January 20, 1976;192(1107):163-172.
1977	Overstall PW, Exton-Smith AN, Imms FJ, Johnson AL. Falls in the elderly related to postural imbalance. BMJ. January 29, 1977;1(6056):261-264.
1991	Scott SH, Winter DA. Talocrural and talocalcaneal joint kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):743-752.
1983	Winter DA. Energy generation and absorption at the ankle and knee during fast, natural, and slow cadences. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 1983;175:147-154.
1983	Chao EY, Laughman RK, Schneider E, Stauffer RN. Normative data of knee joint motion and ground reaction forces in adult level walking. J Biomech. 1983;16(3):219-233.
1980	Chao EYS. Justification of triaxial goniometer for the measurement of joint rotation. J Biomech. 1980;13(12):989-1006.
1980	Gordon D, Winter DA. Mechanical energy generation, absorption and transfer amongst segments during walking. J Biomech. 1980;13(10):845-854.
1990	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Inc., John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
1939	Elftman H. Forces and energy changes in the leg during walking. Am J Physiol. January 1939;125(2):339-356.
1975	Cappozzo A, Leo T, Pedotti A. A general computing method for the analysis of human locomotion. J Biomech. September 1975;8(5):307-320.
1989	Apkarian J, Naumann S, Cairns B. A three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic model of the lower limb. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):143-155.
1976	Cappozzo A, Figura F, Marchetti M, Pedotti A. The interplay of muscular and external forces in human ambulation. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):35-43.
1978	Pedotti A, Krishnan VV, Stark L. Optimization of muscle-force sequencing in human locomotion. Math Biosci. 1978;38(1-2):57-76.
1974	Winter DA, Sidwall HG, Hobson DA. Measurement and reduction of noise in kinematics of locomotion. J Biomech. March 1974;7(2):157-159.
1981	Nakamura S, Crowninshield RD, Cooper RR. An analysis of soft tissue loading in the foot: a preliminary report. Bull Prosthet Res. 1981;18(1):27-34.
1981	Crowninshield RD, Brand RA. A physiologically based criterion of muscle force prediction in locomotion. J Biomech. 1981;14(11):793-801.
1983	Wickiewicz TL, Roy RR, Powell PL, Edgerton VR. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 1983;179:275-283.
1985	Olney SJ, Winter DA. Predictions of knee and ankle moments of force in walking from EMG and kinematic data. J Biomech. 1985;18(1):9-20.
1988	Winter DA, Sienko SE. Biomechanics of below-knee amputee gait. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):361-367.
1963	Cavagna GA, Saibene FP, Margaria R. External work in walking. J Appl Physiol. January 1963;18(1):1-9.
1980	Winter DA. Overall principle of lower limb support during stance phase of gait. J Biomech. 1980;13(11):923-927.
1976	Scranton PE Jr, McMaster JH. Momentary distribution of forces under the foot. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):45-48.
1984	Winter DA. Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: variability and compensating effects. Hum Mov Sci. March–June 1984;3(1-2):51-76.

Year	Entry
2016	Jöllenbeck T, Pietschmann J. Biomechanical functional imaging. In: Valderrabano V, Easley M, eds. Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016:63-73.
2009	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Inc, John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
2002	Silva M, Ambrósio J. Out-of-position vehicle occupants models in a multibody integrated simulation environment. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
1999	Nadeau S, Gravel D, Arsenault AB, Bourbonnais D. Plantarflexor weakness as a limiting factor of gait speed in stroke subjects and the compensating role of hip flexors. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). February 1999;14(2):125-135.
2001	Hunt AE, Smith RM, Torode M, Keenan A-M. Inter-segment foot motion and ground reaction forces over the stance phase of walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). August 2001;16(7):592-600.
1997	Kepple TM, Siegel KL, Stanhope SJ. Relative contributions of the lower extremity joint moments to forward progression and support during gait. Gait Post. August 1997;6(1):1-8.
2002	Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking, I: introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations. Gait Post. December 2002;16(3):215-232.
2003	Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking, II: lessons from dynamical simulations and clinical implications. Gait Post. February 2003;17(1):1-17.
2004	Neptune RR, Zajac FE, Kautz SA. Muscle force redistributes segmental power for body progression during walking. Gait Post. April 2004;19(2):194-205.
2008	Neptune RR, Sasaki K, Kautz SA. The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics. Gait Post. July 2008;28(1):135-143.
2011	Crenna P, Frigo C. Dynamics of the ankle joint analyzed through moment–angle loops during human walking: gender and age effects. Hum Mov Sci. December 2011;30(6):1185-1198.
2000	DeVita P, Hortobagyi T. Age causes a redistribution of joint torques and powers during gait. J Appl Physiol. May 2000;88(5):1804-1811.
1995	Eng JJ, Winter DA. Kinetic analysis of the lower limbs during walking: what information can be gained from a three-dimensional model? J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):753-758.
1996	Piazza SJ, Delp SL. The influence of muscles on knee flexion during the swing phase of gait. J Biomech. June 1996;29(6):723-733.
2000	Bauby CE, Kuo AD. Active control of lateral balance in human walking. J Biomech. November 2000;33(11):1433-1440.
2001	Neptune RR, Kautz SA, Zajac FE. Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking. J Biomech. November 2001;34(11):1387-1398.
2004	Goldberg SR, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL. Muscles that influence knee flexion velocity in double support: implications for stiff-knee gait. J Biomech. August 2004;37(8):1189-1196.
2010	Ackermann M, van den Bogert AJ. Optimality principles for model-based prediction of human gait. J Biomech. April 19, 2010;43(6):1055-1060.
2010	Halloran JP, Ackermann M, Erdemir A, van den Bogert AJ. Concurrent musculoskeletal dynamics and finite element analysis predicts altered gait patterns to reduce foot tissue loading. J Biomech. 2010;43(14):2810-2815.
2013	Thompson JA, Chaudhari AMW, Schmitt LC, Best TM, Siston RA. Gluteus maximus and soleus compensate for simulated quadriceps atrophy and activation failure during walking. J Biomech. September 3, 2013;46(13):2165-2172.
2023	Cyr KM, Segal AD, Neptune RR, Klute GK. Biomechanical responses of individuals with transtibial amputation stepping on a coronally uneven and unpredictable surface. J Biomech. June 2023;155:111622.
2023	Eggleston JD, Conroy KE, Moreno AG, Travis WJ, Huskey BR, Vanderhoof HR. The use of preferred footwear versus barefoot conditions in gait analysis: a methodological investigation. J Biomech. November 2023;160:111817.
2002	Kuo AD. Energetics of actively powered locomotion using the simplest walking model. J Biomech Eng. February 2002;124(1):113-120.
2006	Cappellini G, Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F. Motor patterns in human walking and running. J Neurophysiol. June 2006;95(6):3426-3437.
2006	Shelburne KB, Torry MR, Pandy MG. Contributions of muscles, ligaments, and the ground-reaction force to tibiofemoral joint loading during normal gait. J Orthop Res. October 2006;24(10):1983-1990.
2022	Dandridge O, Garner A, Amis AA, Cobb JP, van Arkel RJ. Variation in the patellar tendon moment arm identified with an improved measurement framework. J Orthop Res. April 2022;40(4):799-807.
2013	Shamaei K, Sawicki GS, Dollar AM. Estimation of quasi-stiffness and propulsive work of the human ankle in the stance phase of walking. PLoS One. March 2013;8(3):e59935.
2015	Caputo JM. Informing Ankle-Foot Prosthesis Design and Prescription Through Systematic Experimentation With a Tethered Robotic Prosthesis [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; May 2015.
2015	Kim M. Ankle Controller Design for Robotic Ankle-Foot Prostheses to Reduce Balance-Related Effort During Walking Using a Dynamic Walking Approach [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; December 2015.
2016	Zhang J. Towards Systematic Controller Design in Rehabilitation Robots [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; August 2016.
2018	Witte KA. Design, Characterization, and Implementation of Lower-Limb Exoskeletons for Performance Augmentation During Walking and Running [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; December 2018.
2020	Schroeder RT. Gait Entrainment in Coupled Oscillator Systems: Clarifying the Role of Energy Optimization in Human Walking [PhD thesis]. Edith Cowan University; 2020.
2006	Reinthal MA. Quantification of Active and Passive Ankle Stiffness Characteristics in the Individual With Chronic Stroke [PhD thesis]. Kent State University; August 2006.
2013	Amundsen SL. Brain Control of Muscles and Movement: Synergies and Kinematics Resulting from Stimulation Applied to the Forelimb Representation of Primary Motor Cortex of Rhesus Macaques [PhD thesis]. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas; 2013.
2003	Alderink GJ. Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of the Thorax in Standing and Sitting [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2003.
2015	Charalambous CC. The Associations Between Motor Corticospinal Excitability and Neuromechanics of the Paretic Soleus and Tibialis Anterior in People Post-Stroke [PhD thesis]. Charleston, SC: Medical University of South Carolina; 2015.
2013	Thompson JA. The Effect of Quadriceps Weakness on Lower Extremity Muscle Function During Gait [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2013.
2017	Caruthers EJ. Investigating Lower Limb Muscle Function During the Sit to Stand Transfer and Stair Climbing [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2017.
2017	Schloemer SA. Differences in Lower Extremity Muscle Function and Coordination During Gait Between Older and Young Adults [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2017.
2018	Bougrinat Y. Design and Development of a Lightweight Ankle Exoskeleton for Human Walking Augmentation [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; April 2018.
1998	Dingwell JB. Variability and Nonlinear Dynamics of Continuous Locomotion: Applications to Treadmill Walking and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 1998.
2002	Henley JD. A Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Postural Perturbation [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 2002.
2022	Hickox L. Mechanisms Underlying Plantarflexor Structure-Function Relationships and Implications for Locomotor Function [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 2022.
1992	Li J. An Integrated Gait Analysis System (QGAIT) for Evaluation of Individual Loading Patterns At Knee Joint During Gait [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; November 1992.
1996	Karimi H. Isokinetic Strength Training and Its Effect on the Biomechanics of Gait in Subjects With Hemiparesis as a Result of Stroke [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; 1996.
2004	Higgs C. Planar Kinematic Model of the Swing Phase of Transfemoral Amputee Gait [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; June 2004.
2008	Haberman A. Mechanical Properties of Dynamic Energy Return Prosthetic Feet [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; April 2008.
2010	Fam H. Effect of Composition on Periprosthetic Fluid Rheology and Friction in Total Knee Arthroplasty [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; September 2010.
2011	Novak AC. Biomechanical and Physical Requirements of Stair Negotiation With Respect to Aging and Stroke [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; August 2011.
2006	Thorp LE. The Relationship Between Structure and Function in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Mechanical Perspective Utilizing Gait Analysis [PhD thesis]. Rush University; 2006.
2005	Higginson JS. Analysis of Muscle Coordination During Slow and Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Gait Using Simulation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; 2005.
2008	Liu MQ-M. Muscle Contributions to Support and Progression Over a Range of Walking Speeds [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; October 2008.
2012	Arnold EM. Computer Modeling of Human Lower Limb Muscles to Study How Muscle Fiber Lengths and Velocities Affect Muscle Force Generation During Walking and Running [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2012.
2021	Bryan GM. Development of Effective Hip-Knee-Ankle Exoskeleton Assistance for Different Walking Conditions [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 2021.
2021	Franks PW. Designing Multi-Joint Exoskeleton Assistance [PhD thesis]. Université Laval; 2021.
2022	Bianco NA. Simulating Exoskeletons to Assist Walking: Tools and Applications [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; December 2022.
2019	Ham T. Covalent Growth Factor Tethering to Guide Neural Stem Cell Behavior [PhD thesis]. University of Akron; May 2019.
2008	Cawsey RP. Does a Decrease in Seat Height Modify the Effect of Cadence on Activation of the Triceps Surae During Cycling? [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; August 2008.
2004	Kaya M. Coordination of Cat Hindlimb Muscles During Voluntary Movements [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2004.
2005	Toyoda Y. Biomechanical Effects of Custom-Made Foot Orthoses for the Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2005.
2015	Enders HS. Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement in Humans [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2015.
2018	Mohr M. Lower Extremity Muscle Activation Following a Previous Knee Injury: Implications for Post-Traumatic Knee Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2018.
2017	Colón S. An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Clinical Measures of Plantar Flexor Strength and Plantar Flexor Function During Gait [Master's thesis]. University of Delaware; Summer 2017.
2018	Ebrahimi A. The Development and Application of a Framework for Exploring the Energetics of Gait Strategy Adaptations [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; 2018.
2008	Kinatinkara Balasubramanian CL. Quantification of Asymmetrical Stepping Post-Stroke and Its Relationship to Hemiparetic Walking Performance [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2008.
2017	Jacobs BY. Pathologic Gait in Osteoarthritis Models: Characterization and Treatment [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; December 2017.
1994	Hurwitz DE. Functional Biomechanics of the Hip as Related to Total Hip Replacements [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Chicago; 1994.
2005	Poulin R. Architecture et commande d'une interface de locomotion utilisant un mécanisme parallèle entraîné à l'aide de câbles [Master's thesis]. Université Laval; December 2005.
2021	Legrand T. Influence des caractéristiques anatomiques individuelles sur les altérations de marche: Impact sur la cinétique articulaire du membre inférieur [PhD thesis]. Université Laval; 2021.
1996	Derrick TR. Impact Shock Attenuation During Running [PhD thesis]. University of Massachusetts at Amherst; September 1996.
1993	Chen H-C. Tripping Over Obstacles: Biomechanical Analyses of How Young and Old Try to Avoid it [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1993.
1994	Sprague JK. The Use of Stepping to Maintain Upright Balance: Biomechanical Analyses in Young and Old Adults [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1994.
2012	Zelik KE. Passive Energy-Saving Mechanisms in Human Locomotion [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2012.
2021	Bauman V. Activity and Gait Phase Recognition for Walking, Stair Ascent, and Stair Descent [Master's thesis]. University of Guelph; August 2021.
1999	Ledoux WR II. A Biomechanical Model of the Human Foot With Emphasis on the Plantar Soft Tissue [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1999.
1994	Bowsher K. A Biomechanical Analysis of Normal Elderly Adults and Total Hip Replacement Patients [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 1994.
1994	Gilchrist LA. A Computer Simulation of Human Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 1994.
1999	Callaghan JP. Low-Magnitude Loading of the Spine: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 1999.
2019	Honert EC. Ankle and Foot Biomechanics During Human Walking: Powerful Insights on Multiarticular Muscles, Soft Tissues, and Toe Joint Dynamics [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; May 10, 2019.
2006	Iaquinto JM. Design and Validation of a Full Contact Gait Simulator for the Cadaveric Lower Extremity [Master's thesis]. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; August 2006.
2022	Luftglass A. Investigating the Effects of Shoe Upper Panel Stiffness on Biomechanics [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; May 5, 2022.
2009	Hernández A. In Vivo Dynamic Function of Lower Extremity Human Biarticular Muscles as Measured by Novel Electrical Stimulation Protocols Juxtaposed to Computational Perturbation Studies [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2009.