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Elftman, Herbert
1
Forces and energy changes in the leg during walking
Am J Physiol
. January 1939;125(2):339-356
Affiliations
1
Department of Zoology,
Columbia University
, New York City
Links
DOI:
10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.125.2.339
History
Revised: 1938-10-15
Cited By (53)
Year
Entry
1989
Sammarco GJ. Biomechanics of the foot. In: Nordin M, Frankel VH, eds.
Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System
. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1989:163-181.
1965
Paul JP. Bio-engineering studies of the forces transmitted by joints, II: engineering analysis. In: Kenedi RM, ed.
Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Glasgow, September 1964
. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1965:369-380.
1965
Contini R, Gage H, Drillis R. Human gait characteristics. In: Kenedi RM, ed.
Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Glasgow, September 1964
. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1965:413-431.
1990
Mungiole M, Winters JM. Overview: influence of muscle on cyclic and propulsive movements involving the lower limb. In: Winters JM, Woo SL-Y, eds.
Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization
. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:chap 35.
1990
van Ingen Schenau GJ; Maarten F. Bobbert, van Soest AJ. The unique action of bi-articular muscles in leg extensions. In: Winters JM, Woo SL-Y, eds.
Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization
. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:639-652.
1991
Winter DA.
The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological
. 2nd ed. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo Press; 1991.
2009
Winter DA.
Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement
. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Inc, John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
1989
Nilsson J, Thorstensson A. Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running.
Acta Physiol Scand
. 1989;136(2):217-227.
1960
Elftman H. The transverse tarsal joint and its control.
Clin Orthop Relat Res
. 1960;160:41-46.
1989
Zajac FE, Gordon ME. Determining muscle's force and action in multi-articular movement.
Exerc Sport Sci Rev
. January 1989;17(1):187-230.
1997
Kepple TM, Siegel KL, Stanhope SJ. Relative contributions of the lower extremity joint moments to forward progression and support during gait.
Gait Post
. August 1997;6(1):1-8.
2002
Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking, I: introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations.
Gait Post
. December 2002;16(3):215-232.
2003
Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking, II: lessons from dynamical simulations and clinical implications.
Gait Post
. February 2003;17(1):1-17.
1968
Beckett R, Chang K. An evaluation of the kinematics of gait by minimum energy.
J Biomech
. July 1968;1(2):147-159.
1980
Cavanagh PR, Lafortune MA. Ground reaction forces in distance running.
J Biomech
. 1980;13(5):397-406.
1980
Gordon D, Winter DA. Mechanical energy generation, absorption and transfer amongst segments during walking.
J Biomech
. 1980;13(10):845-854.
1980
Winter DA. Overall principle of lower limb support during stance phase of gait.
J Biomech
. 1980;13(11):923-927.
1983
Winter DA. Moments of force and mechanical power in jogging.
J Biomech
. 1983;16(1):91-97.
1986
Bobbert MF, Huijing PA, van Ingen Schenau GJ. A model of the human triceps surae muscle-tendon complex applied to jumping.
J Biomech
. 1986;19(11):887-898.
1988
Bobbert MF, van Ingen Schenau GJ. Coordination in vertical jumping.
J Biomech
. 1988;21(3):249-262.
1997
Stefanyshyn DJ, Nigg BM. Mechanical energy contribution of the metatarsophalangeal joint to running and sprinting.
J Biomech
. November–December 1997;30(11-12):1081-1085.
1978
Pedotti A, Krishnan VV, Stark L. Optimization of muscle-force sequencing in human locomotion.
Math Biosci
. 1978;38(1-2):57-76.
1967
Paul JP. Forces transmitted by joints in the human body.
Proc Inst Mech Eng
. 1967;181(pt 3J):8-15.
1967
Paul JP.
Forces At the Human Hip Joint
[PhD thesis]. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow; October 1967.
1999
Gillette JC.
A Three-Dimensional, Dynamic Model of the Human Body for Lifting Motions
[PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 1999.
1988
Vardaxis V.
The Mechanical Power Analysis of the Lower Limb Action During the Recovery Phase of the Sprinting Stride for Advanced and Intermediate Sprinters
[Master's thesis]. McGill University; June 1988.
1995
Vardaxis VG.
Learning Adaptations in Performance Production Measures of Novel Multijoint Tasks
[PhD thesis]. McGill University; August 1995.
1986
Markus TL.
A Procedure for the Dynamic Investigation of Human Gait
[Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1986.
1988
Brodeur RR.
Mechanical Work: An Analysis of Its Application to the Study of Human Performance
[Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1988.
1988
Verstraete MC.
A Method for Computing the Three-Dimensional Forces and Moments in the Lower Limb During Locomotion
[PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1988.
1993
Marchinda DM.
A Method for Locating Hip Joint Center and Calculating Three-Dimensional Quasi-Static Hip Joint Moments and Power During Gait
[Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1993.
1993
Patton JL.
Forward Dynamic Modeling of Human Locomotion
[Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1993.
1977
Norman RWK.
The Use of Electromyography in the Calculation of Dynamic Joint Torque
[PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; March 1977.
1980
Clarke TE.
The Pressure Distribution Under the Foot During Barefoot Walking
[PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; November 1980.
1980
Williams KR.
A Biomechanical and Physiological Evaluation of Running Efficiency
[PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; November 1980.
1997
van Deursen RWM.
The Effect of Diabetic Neuropathy on Lower Leg Muscle Spindle Function and Postural Control Strategies
[PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 1997.
2008
Liu MQ-M.
Muscle Contributions to Support and Progression Over a Range of Walking Speeds
[PhD thesis]. Stanford University; October 2008.
1996
Stefanyshyn DJ.
Mechanical Energy Contributions of the Lower Extremity Joints to Athletic Performance
[PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 1996.
2004
Kaya M.
Coordination of Cat Hindlimb Muscles During Voluntary Movements
[PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2004.
2000
Sih BL.
A Biomechanical Analysis of Gait Termination
[PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
1991
Broker JP.
Mechanical Energy Management During Constrained Human Movement
[PhD thesis]. Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California; 1991.
1995
Abelew TA.
Contributions Made by the Medial Gastrocnemius, Lateral Gastrocnemius and Plantaris Muscles to the Knee Joint Moment and to the Flow of Mechanical Energy Through the Lower Limb of Freely Moving Cats
[PhD thesis]. Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California; 1995.
2016
Heberer KR.
Applications of Quantitative Gait Analysis in the Assessment of Disease Progression in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
[PhD thesis]. Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California; 2016.
2012
Takahashi K.
Total Power Profiles of Anatomical and Prosthetic Below-Knee Structures
[PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; Summer 2012.
1982
Balakrishnan S.
The Interpretation of Medio-Lateral Reaction Forces in Human Locomotion Using Body Coordinate Systems
[PhD thesis]. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba; March 1982.
2007
Sawicki GS.
Mechanics and Energetics of Walking With Powered Exoskeletons
[PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2007.
1998
Grenier S.
Internal Work Measurement and Simultaneous Oxygen Consumption of Impaired and Normal Walking
[Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 1998.
2010
Saxby DJ.
Three-Dimensional Kinetic and Kinematic Analyses of the Olympic Snatch Lift
[Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2010.
1981
Ruff CB.
Structural Changes in the Lower Limb Bones With Aging At Pecos Pueblo
[PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1981.
1999
Anderson FC III.
A Dynamic Optimization Solution for a Complete Cycle of Normal Gait
[PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; December 1999.
2019
Honert EC.
Ankle and Foot Biomechanics During Human Walking: Powerful Insights on Multiarticular Muscles, Soft Tissues, and Toe Joint Dynamics
[PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; May 10, 2019.
2001
Madigan ML.
Changes in Lower Extremity Landing Biomechanics Resulting from Fatigue
[PhD thesis]. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; July 2001.
1992
Mueller MJ.
Effect of Ankle Strength and Mobility on Kinetics of Walking
[PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; December 1992.