Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure:​ state of the art

Genant, Harry K.; Engelke, Klaus; Fuerst, Thomas; Glüer, Claus‐C.; Grampp, Stephan; Harris, Steven T.; Jergas, Michael; Lang, Thomas; Lu, Ying; Majumdar, Sharmila; Mathur, Ashwini; Takada, Masa

Year	Entry
2002	Banse X. When density fails to predict bone strength. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73(2)(suppl 303):2-57.
2006	Augat P, Schorlemmer S. The role of cortical bone and its microstructure in bone strength. Age Ageing. September 2006;35(suppl 2):ii27-ii31.
1997	Lang TF, Keyak JH, Heitz MW, Augat P, Liu Y, Mathur A, Genant HK. Volumetric quantitative computed tomography of the proximal femur: precision and relation to bone strength. Bone. July 1997;21(1):101-108.
1999	Genant HK, Gordon C, Jiang Y, Lang TF, Link TM, Majumdar S. Advanced imaging of bone macro and micro structure. Bone. July 1999;25(1):149-152.
2000	Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Järvinen M, Vuori I. Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone. September 2000;27(3):351-357.
2001	Banse X, Devogelaer JP, Munting E, Delloye C, Cornu O, Grynpas M. Inhomogeneity of human vertebral cancellous bone: systematic density and structure patterns inside the vertebral body. Bone. 2001;28(5):563-571.
2002	Lochmüller E-M, Groll O, Kuhn V, Eckstein F. Mechanical strength of the proximal femur as predicted from geometric and densitometric bone properties at the lower limb versus the distal radius. Bone. January 2002;30(1):207-216.
2008	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ III, Khaltaev N. A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone. March 2008;42(3):467-475.
2009	Fajardo RJ, Cory E, Patel ND, Nazarian A, Laib A, Manoharan RK, Schmitz JE, DeSilva JM, MacLatchy LM, Snyder BD, Bouxsein ML. Specimen size and porosity can introduce error into μCT-based tissue mineral density measurements. Bone. 2009;44(1):176-184.
2021	Talevski J, Sanders KM, Busija L, Beauchamp A, Duque G, Borgström F, Kanis JA, Svedbom A, Stuart AL, Brennan-Olsen S. Health service use pathways associated with recovery of quality of life at 12-months for individual fracture sites: analyses of the International Costs and Utilities Related to Osteoporotic fractures study (ICUROS). Bone. March 2021;144:115805.
2022	Engelke K, Fuerst T, Glüer C-C, Glüer MG, Hans D, Majumdar S, Peterfy C, Steiger P. In memoriam: Harry K Genant, MD. Bone. April 2022;157:116326.
1999	Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, McKeever CD, Hangartner T, Keller M, Chesnut CH III, Brown J, Eriksen EF, Hoseyni MS, Axelrod DW, Miller PD; Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. October 13, 1999;282(14):1344-1352.
2002	Pothuaud L, Van Rietbergen B, Mosekilde L, Beuf O, Levitz P, Benhamou CL, Majumdar S. Combination of topological parameters and bone volume fraction better predicts the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. August 2002;35(8):1091-1099.
2015	Prot M, Saletti D, Pattofatto S, Bousson V, Laporte S. Links between mechanical behavior of cancellous bone and its microstructural properties under dynamic loading. J Biomech. February 5, 2015;48(3):498-503.
2003	Crawford RP, Rosenberg WS, Keaveny TM. Quantitative computed tomography-based finite element models of the human lumbar vertebral body: effect of element size on stiffness, damage, and fracture strength predictions. J Biomech Eng. August 2003;125(4):434-438.
1997	Cheng XG, Nicholson PHF, Boonen S, Lowet G, Brys P, Aerssens J, van der Perre G, Dequeker J. Prediction of vertebral strength in vitro by spinal bone densitometry and calcaneal ultrasound. J Bone Miner Res. October 1997;12(10):1721-1728.
1998	Link TM, Majumdar S, Augat P, Lin JC, Newitt D, Lu Y, Lane NE, Genant HK. In vivo high resolution MRI of the calcaneus: differences in trabecular structure in osteoporosis patients. J Bone Miner Res. July 1998;13(7):1175-1182.
1998	Cheng XG, Lowet G, Boonen S, Nicholson PHF, Van Der Perre G, Dequeker J. Prediction of vertebral and femoral strength in vitro by bone mineral density measured at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res. September 1998;13(9):1439-1443.
1998	Jiang Y, Zhao J, Augat P, Ouyang X, Lu Y, Majumdar S, Genant HK. Trabecular bone mineral and calculated structure of human bone specimens scanned by peripheral quantitative computed tomography: relation to biomechanical properties. J Bone Miner Res. November 1998;13(11):1783-1790.
2002	Eckstein F, Lochmüller E-M, Lill CA, Kuhn V, Schneider E, Delling G, Müller R. Bone strength at clinically relevant sites displays substantial heterogeneity and is best predicted from site-specific bone densitometry. J Bone Miner Res. January 2002;17(1):162-171.
2002	Kontulainen S, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. Effect of long‐term impact‐loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet‐sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res. December 2002;17(12):2281-2289.
2003	Kontulainen S, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. Effect of long-term impact-loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet-sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res. February 2003;18(2):352-359.
2004	Eckstein F, Wunderer C, Boehm H, Kuhn V, Priemel M, Link TM, Lochmüller E-M. Reproducibility and side differences of mechanical tests for determining the structural strength of the proximal femur. J Bone Miner Res. March 2004;19(3):379-385.
2004	Chesnut CH III, Skag A, Christiansen C, Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Hoiseth A, Felsenberg D, Huss H, Gilbride J, Schimmer RC, Delmas PD; Oral Ibandronate Osteoporosis Vertebral Fracture Trial in North America and Europe (BONE). Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. August 2004;19(8):1241-1249.
2006	Gilsanz V, Wren TAL, Sanchez M, Dorey F, Judex S, Rubin C. Low‐level, high‐frequency mechanical signals enhance musculoskeletal development of young women with low bmd. J Bone Miner Res. September 2006;21(9):1464-1474.
2022	Engelke K, Fuerst T, Glüer C-C, Glüer MG, Hans D, Majumdar S, Peterfy C, Steiger P. In memoriam – Harry K. Genant, MD. J Bone Miner Res. May 2022;37(5):819-823.
2002	Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet. June 1, 2002;359(9321):1929-1936.
1998	Augat P, Link T, Lang TF, Lin JC, Majumdar S, Genant HK. Anisotropy of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone specimens from different anatomical locations. Med Eng Phys. March 1998;20(2):124-131.
1998	Gordon CL, Lang TF, Augat P, Genant HK. Image-based assessment of spinal trabecular bone structure from high-resolution CT images. Osteoporos Int. August 1998;8(4):317-325.
2006	Bousson V, Bras AL, Roqueplan F, Kang Y, Mitton D, Kolta S, Bergot C, Skalli W, Vicaut E, Kalender W, Engelke K, Laredo J-D. Volumetric quantitative computed tomography of the proximal femur: relationships linking geometric and densitometric variables to bone strength. role for compact bone. Osteoporos Int. June 2006;17(6):855-864.
2006	Ashe MC, Khan KM, Kontulainen SA, Guy P, Liu D, Beck TJ, McKay HA. Accuracy of pQCT for evaluating the aged human radius: an ashing, histomorphometry and failure load investigation. Osteoporos Int. August 2006;17(8):1241-1251.
2008	Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster J-Y, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R; European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. April 2008;19(4):399-428.
2020	Adas-Okuma MG, Maeda SS, Gazzotti MR, Roco CM, Pradella CO, Nascimento OA, Porto EF, Vieira JGH, Jardim JR, Lazaretti-Castro M. COPD as an independent risk factor for osteoporosis and fractures. Osteoporos Int. April 2020;31(4):687-697.
2007	Blake GM, Fogelman I. The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med J. August 2007;83(982):509-517.
2007	Clark EM. An Investigation Into the Role of Bone Mass and Other Factors in Determining Fracture Risk in Children [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; 2007.
2019	Burkov IS. 3D Analysis of the Hip Joint for the Prediction of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; March 2019.
2021	Sacher S. Characterization of Trabecular Morphology, Microdamage Accumulation, and Collagen Crosslinking in Bone Tissue from Individuals With Type II Diabetes Mellitus [Master's thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2021.
2002	Follet H. Caractérisation Biomécanique Et Modélisation 3D Par Imagerie X Et IRM Haute Résolution De L’os Spongieux Humain: Evaluation Du Risque Fracturaire [PhD thesis]. Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon); 2002.
2002	Kontulainen S. Training, Detraining and Bone: Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass and Structure With Special Reference to Maintenance of the Exercise-Induced Bone Gain [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 2002.
2008	Xu Q. Evaluation of Bone Quality Using Novel Image Analyses and Mechanical Testing Methods [PhD thesis]. Louisville, KY: University of Louisville; August 2008.
2018	Doering JA. Understanding Musculoskeletal Changes With Aging: Stiffness in Muscle-Tendon Units and Cellular Crosstalk [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2018.
2011	Ross RD. Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as Damage-Specific X-Ray Computed Tomography Contrast Agents in Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; November 2011.
2013	Turnbull TL. The Spatial Distribution of Fatigue Microdamage Accumulation in Cortical Bone and Factors Influencing Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2013.
2021	Moon E. Aging Alters Cervical Vertebral Bone Density Distribution [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2021.
2023	Hua Y. Body Composition and Bone Characteristics Data in NCAA D1 League Football Team by DXA and HRpQCT [Master's thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2023.
2008	Crookshank MCM. Optimizing Fracture Management: Correlating the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bone to Computed Tomography to Generate an Estimate of Bone Quality [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; January 2008.
2018	Bachmann S. Age, Sex and Treatment Related Changes of Bone Mineral Density Based on Ct Data [Master's thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; October 2018.
2005	Ashe MC. Upper Limb Bone Health: Cadaveric, Imaging and Clinical Studies With Special Emphasis on Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2005.
2005	Manske SL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Instrument to Assess the Association Between Femoral Neck Bone Geometry and Strength of the Proximal Femur [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; October 2005.
2005	Sran MM. Manual Therapy and the Osteoporotic Spine [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; March 2005.
2006	Macdonald HM. Effectiveness of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Increasing Bone Strength in Children: Action Schools! British Columbia [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2006.
1999	Judex S. The Effect of Exercise-Induced Mechanical Stimuli on Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1999.
2018	George JK. Using Finite Element Models Under Multiple Loading Conditions to Improve the Association Between Radius and Tibia Microarchitecture and Prevalent Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; May 2018.
2019	Surowiec R. Novel Models to Image and Quantify Bone Drug Efficacy and Disease Progression in Vivo: Addressing the Fragility Phenotype [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2019.
2010	Erlandson MC. The Relationship of Gymnastics Participation in Childhood and Adolescence to Skeletal Development and Maintenance [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; September 2010.
2010	Wynnyckyj C. The Consequences of Collagen Degradation on Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2011	Horch RA. Studies of ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation in Human Cortical Bone: From Ex Vivo Spectroscopy to Clinical Imaging Methods [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; December 2011.

Year	Entry
1985	Cann CE, Genant HK, Kolb FO, Ettinger B. Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk. Bone. 1985;6(1):1-7.
1988	Ashman RB, Rho JY. Elastic modulus of trabecular bone material. J Biomech. 1988;21(3):177-181.
1982	Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Seeman E, Offord KP, Dunn WL, Mazess RB, Johnson KA, Melton LJ III. Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging: differences between the postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis syndromes. J Clin Invest. October 1982;70(4):716-723.
1984	Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(5):349-361.
1990	Storm T, Thamsborg G, Steiniche T, Genant HK, Sørensen OH. Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEJM. May 3, 1990;322(18):1265-1271.
1993	Flynn MJ, Cody DD. The assessment of vertebral bone macroarchitecture with x-ray computed tomography. Calcif Tiss Int. February 1993;53(suppl 1):S170-S175.
1993	Ross PD, Genant HK, Davis JW, Miller PD, Wasnich RD. Predicting vertebral fracture incidence from prevalent fractures and bone density among non-black, osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int. May 1993;3(3):120-126.
1970	Abendschein W, Hyatt GW. Ultrasonics and selected physical properties of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–April 1970;69:294-301.
1990	Kuhn JL, Goldstein SA, Feldkamp LA, Goulet RW, Jesion G. Evaluation of a microcomputed tomography system to study trabecular bone structure. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(6):833-842.
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1994	Genant HK, Grampp S, Glüer CC, Faulkner KG, Jergas M, Engelke K, Hagiwara S, Kuijk Cv. Universal standardization for dual x-ray absorptiometry: patient and phantom cross-calibration results. J Bone Miner Res. October 1994;9(10):1503-1514.
1982	Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(5):699-705.
1993	Chung H, Wehrli FW, Williams JL, Kugelmass SD. Relationship between NMR transverse relaxation, trabecular bone architecture, and strength. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. November 1993;90(5):10250-10254.
1980	Cann CE, Genant HK. Precise measurement of vertebral mineral content using computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980;4(4):493-500.
1992	Steiger P, Cummings SR, Black DM, Spencer NE, Genant HK. Age‐related decrements in bone mineral density in women over 65. J Bone Miner Res. June 1992;7(6):625-632.
1993	Myers ER, Hecker AT, Rooks DS, Hipp JA, Hayes WC. Geometric variables from DXA of the radius predict forearm fracture load in vitro. Calcif Tiss Int. March 1993;52(3):199-204.
1975	Smith DM, Khairi MR, Johnston CC Jr. The loss of bone mineral with aging and its relationship to risk of fracture. J Clin Invest. August 1975;56(2):311-318.
1991	Durand EP, Rüegsegger P. Cancellous bone structure: analysis of high-resolution ct images with the run-length method. J Comput Assist Tomogr. January–February 1991;15(1):133-139.
1990	Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Cauley JA, Genant HK, Mascioli SR, Scott JC, Seeley DG, Steiger P, Vogt TM; The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA. February 2, 1990;263(5):665-668.
1991	Seeley DG, Browner WS, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Scott JC, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women? Ann Intern Med. December 1, 1991;115(11):837-842.
1963	Cameron JR, Sorenson J. Measurement of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method. Science. October 11, 1963;142(3589):230-232.
1985	McBroom RJ, Hayes WC, Edwards WT, Goldberg RP, White AA III. Prediction of vertebral body compressive fracture using quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67A(8):1206-1214.
1983	Parfitt AM, Mathews CH, Villanueva AR, Kleerekoper M, Frame B, Rao DS. Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis: implications for the microanatomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss. J Clin Invest. October 1983;72(4):1396-1409.
1994	Bonse U, Busch F, Günnewig O, Beckmann F, Pahl R, Delling G, Hahn M, Graeff W. 3D computed X-ray tomography of human cancellous bone at 8 μm spatial and 10⁻⁴ energy resolution. Bone Miner. April 1994;25(1):25-38.
1990	Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, Wasnich RD, Miller PD, Jackson RD, Licata AA, Ross P, Woodson GC III, Yanover MJ, Mysiw WJ, Kohse L, Rao MB, Steiger P, Richmond B, Chesnut CH III. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEJM. July 12, 1990;323(2):73-79.
1995	Liberman UA, Weiss SR, Bröll J, Minne HW, Quan H, Bell NH, Rodriguez-Portales J, Downs RW Jr, Dequeker J, Favus M, Seeman E, Recker RR, Capizzi T, Santora AC, Lombardi A, Shah RV, Hirsch LJ, Karpf DB; Group, Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEJM. November 30, 1995;333(22):1437-1443.
1993	Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palmero L, Scott J, Vogt TM; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet. January 9, 1993;341(8837):72-75.
1983	Parfitt AM. Stereologic basis of bone histomorphometry: theory of quantitative micorscopy and reconstruction of the third dimension. In: Recker RR, ed. Bone Histomorphometry: Techniques and Interpretation. Boca Raton, FL: Inc., CRC Press; 1983:53-87.
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1993	Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ III. Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol. May 1, 1993;137(9):1001-1005.
1992	Black DM, Cummings SR, Genant HK, Nevitt MC, Palermo L, Browner W. Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women. J Bone Miner Res. June 1992;7(6):633-638.
1994	Spadaro JA, Werner FW, Brenner RA, Fortino MD, Fay LA, Edwards WT. Cortical and trabecular bone contribute strength to the osteopenic distal radius. J Orthop Res. March 1994;12(2):211-218.
1990	Lotz JC, Hayes WC. The use of quantitative computed tomography to estimate risk of fracture of the hip from falls. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1990;72A(5):689-700.
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1992	Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res. February 1992;7(2):137-145.
1993	Odgaard A, Gundersen HJG. Quantification of connectivity in cancellous bone, with special emphasis on 3-D reconstructions. Bone. March–April 1993;14(2):173-182.
1995	Glüer C-C, Blake G, Lu Y, Blunt BA, Jergas M, Genant HK. Accurate assessment of precision errors: how to measure the reproducibility of bone densitometry techniques. Osteoporos Int. July 1995;5(4):262-270.
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