Biomechanical properties of the male and female chest subjected to frontal and lateral impacts

Kimpara, Hideyuki<sup>1</sup>; Iwamoto, Masami<sup>1</sup>; Miki, Kazuo<sup>1</sup>; Lee, Jong B.<sup>2</sup>; Begeman, Paul C.<sup>2</sup>; Yang, King H.<sup>2</sup>; King, Albert I.<sup>2</sup>

Affiliations

²Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University

Abstract and keywords

The purpose of this study was to determine chest impact responses and injury thresholds due to gender differences based on a retrospective review of published data. Data from 83 cadaveric frontal and lateral blunt impacts to the chest and 96 isolated rib bending tests were selected to characterize chest biomechanical properties. Variables selected for analysis were relevant cadaveric information, test conditions, chest impact response and resulting chest injuries. It was found that chest stiffness was significantly higher in males than in females in frontal impact. Similarly, the cross-sectional area and bending stiffness of female ribs were significantly lower than those of males. More research is needed to determine injury thresholds for lateral impact due to gender differences.

Keywords: Gender differences; Injury criteria; Chest stiffness; Rib strength

Cited Works (31)

Year	Entry
1970	Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Evans FG, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1970.
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
2002	Iwamoto M, Kisanuki Y, Watanabe I, Furusu K, Miki K, Hasegawa J. Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
1981	Cesari D, Ramet M, Bloch J. Influence of arm position on thoracic injuries in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:271-297. SAE 811007.
1989	Mertz HJ, Irwin AL, Melvin JW, Stalnaker RL, Beebe MS. Size, weight and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 27–March 3, 1989; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 890756.
1984	Mertz HJ. A procedure for normalizing impact response data. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 21-24, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-8. SAE 840884.
1998	Kuppa SM, Eppinger RH. Development of an improved thoracic injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:139-153. SAE 983153.
1973	Stalnaker RL, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL, Trollope ML. Human torso response to blunt trauma. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:181-199.
1998	Manary MA, Reed MP, Flannagan CAC, Schneider LW. ATD positioning based on driver posture and position. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:287-299. SAE 983163.
2002	Irwin AL, Mertz HJ, Elhagediab AM, Moss S. Guidelines for assessing the biofidelity of side impact dummies of various sizes and ages. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:297-319. SAE 2002-22-0016.
1999	Chung J, Cavanaugh JM, King AI, Koh S-W, Deng Y-C. Thoracic injury mechanisms and biomechanical responses in lateral velocity pulse impacts. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:39-54. SAE 99SC04.
2001	Welsh R, Lenard J. Male and female car drivers: differences in collision and injury risks. In: 45th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 24-26, 2001; San Antonio, TX.
2001	Lenard J, Welsh R. A comparison of injury risk and pattern of injury for male and female occupants of modern European passenger cars. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
1976	Stein ID, Granik G. Rib structure and bending strength: an autopsy study. Calcif Tiss Res. 1976;20(1):61-73.
2001	Kent R, Bolton J, Crandall J, Prasad P, Nusholtz G, Mertz H, Kallieris D. Restrained Hybrid III dummy-based criteria for thoracic hard-tissue injury prediction. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2001	Shah CS, Yang KH, Hardy W, Wang HK, King AI. Development of a computer model to predict aortic rupture due to impact loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:161-182. SAE 2001-22-0007.
1990	The Abbreviated Injury Scale-1990 Revision. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM); 1990.
1971	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:84-134. SAE 710851.
1993	Roberts VL, Compton CP. The relationship between delta V and injury. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:35-41. SAE 933111.
1970	Nahum AM, Gadd CW, Schneider DC, Kroell CK. Deflection of the human thorax under sternal impact. 1970. SAE 700400.
1975	Got C, Walfisch G, Fayon A, Faverjon G. Les caracteristiques morphologiques, chimiques et physique: des côtes et leurs relations avec la deflexion provoquée du thorax. In: Proceedings of the 1975 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1975; Birmingham, UK.220-228.
2000	Mackay M, Hassan AM. Age and gender effects on injury outcome for restrained occupants in frontal crashes: a comparison of UK and US data bases. In: 44th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 2-4, 2000; Chicago, IL.
1974	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:383-457. SAE 741187.
1984	Eppinger RH, Marcus JH, Morgan RM. Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA’s thoracic side impact protection research program. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 21-24, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 840885.
1998	Zioupos P, Currey JD. Changes in the stiffness, strength, and toughness of human cortical bone with age. Bone. January 1998;22(1):57-66.
1974	Patrick LM, Bohlin N, Anderson A. Three-point harness accident and laboratory data comparison. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:201-282. SAE 741181.
1994	Huang Y, King AI, Cavanaugh JM. Finite element modeling of gross motion of human cadavers in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:35-53. SAE 942207.
1990	Begeman PC, Kopacz JM, King AI. Steering assembly impacts using cadavers and dummies. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:123-144. SAE 902316.
1998	Talantikite Y, Bouquet R, Ramet M, Guillemot H, Robin S, Voiglio E. Human thorax behaviour for side impact: influence of impact masses and velocities. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1542-1549.
1998	Lizee E, Robin S, Song E, Bertholon N, Le Coz J-Y, Besnault B, Lavaste F. Development of a 3D finite element model of the human body. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:115-137. SAE 983152.
1973	Granik G, Stein I. Human ribs: static testing as a promising medical application. J Biomech. May 1973;6(3):237-240.

Cited By (16)

Year	Entry
2013	Katagiri M, Miyazaki Y, Pramudita J, Ujihashi S. Development of occupant injury prediction algorithms for advanced automatic collision notification by numerical crash reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2005	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Watanabe I, Miki K, Lee JB, Yang KH, King AI. Effects of bodyweight, height, and ribcage area moment of inertia on blunt chest impact response. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.175-185.
2010	Mroz K, Bostrom O, Pipkorn B, Wismans J, Brolin K. Comparison of Hybrid III and human body models in evaluating thoracic response for various seat belt and airbag loading conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.265-279.
2005	Charpail E, Trosseille X, Petit P, Laporte S, Lavaste F, Vallancien G. Characterization of PMHS ribs: a new test methodology. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:183-198. SAE 2005-22-0009.
2005	Kimpara H, Lee JB, Yang KH, King AI, Iwamoto M, Watanabe I, Miki K. Development of a three-dimensional finite element chest model for the 5th percentile female. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:251-269. SAE 2005-22-0012.
2009	Vezin P, Berthet F. Structural characterization of human rib cage behavior under dynamic loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:93-125. SAE 2009-22-0004.
2013	Poulard D, Bermond F, Bruyère K. In vivo analysis of thoracic mechanical response variability under belt loading: specific behavior and relationship to age, gender and body mass index. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2013;57:59-87.
2015	Kalra A, Saif T, Shen M, Jin X, Zhu F, Begeman P, Yang KH, Millis S. Characterization of human rib biomechanical responses due to three-point bending. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2015;59:113-130.
2018	Agnew AM, Murach MM, Dominguez VM, Sreedhar A, Misicka E, Harden A, Bolte JH IV, Kang Y-S, Stammen J, Moorhouse K. Sources of variability in structural bending response of pediatric and adult human ribs in dynamic frontal impacts. Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2018;62:119-192.
2006	Van Sligtenhorst C, Cronin DS, Brodland GW. High strain rate compressive properties of bovine muscle tissue determined using a split hopkinson bar apparatus. J Biomech. 2006;39(10):1852-1858.
2007	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Stemper BD, Gennarelli TA, Weigelt JA. Biomechanics of side impact: injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology. J Biomech. 2007;40(2):227-243.
2006	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Watanabe I, Miki K, Lee JB, Yang KH, King AI. Effect of assumed stiffness and mass density on the impact response of the human chest using a three-dimensional FE model of the human body. J Biomech Eng. October 2006;128(5):772-776.
2010	Dones AM. Finite Element Simulation: Tensile Test of Rib Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Göteborg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; April 2010.
2006	Charpail E. Analyse du comportement mecanique des cotes humaines en dynamique [Mechanical Behavior Analysis of Human Ribs in Dynamics] [PhD thesis]. Paris, France: l’École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers; October 27, 2006.
2023	Fibbi CF. Analysis of PMHS Thoracic Strain in Various Combined Loading Scenarios [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2023.
2017	Kalra A. Development of an Elderly Female Torso Finite Element Model for Restraint System Research and Development Applications [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 2017.