Analysis of PMHS Thoracic Strain in Various Combined Loading Scenarios

The objective of this study was to address the question raised in previous nearside impact testing on how combined loading from seatbelt pretensioners and side airbags affects the thorax. The specific aims of this study were to compare how different lateral and anterior-posterior loading conditions and speeds affect the thorax, particularly rib strain. Aim 1 was to compare the strains between different compressive boundary conditions. Aim 2 was to examine how strain varies along each individual rib. Aim 3 was to compare the strain of the upper versus lower ribs. Aim 4 was to compare the strains on the right and left sides of the thorax. Two post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) were tested in ram impactor tests featuring a variety of speeds, orientations, and precompressions. Subjects were instrumented with three strain gages on ribs 2-9 at the anterior, anterior oblique, and posterior aspects. Strain magnitudes, profiles, and angles were analyzed and related back to the aims. Due to the numerous limitations of this study, more testing is required to make any clear conclusions.

Year	Entry
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
2001	Mertz HJ, Jarrett K, Moss S, Salloum M, Zhao Y. The Hybrid III 10-year-old dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:319-328. SAE 2001-22-0014.
2003	Mertz HJ, Irwin AL, Prasad P. Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:155-188. SAE 2003-22-0009.
1981	Cesari D, Ramet M, Bloch J. Influence of arm position on thoracic injuries in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:271-297. SAE 811007.
2011	Leport T, Baudrit P, Potier P, Trosseille X, Lecuyer E, Vallancien G. Study of rib fracture mechanisms based on the rib strain profiles in side and forward oblique impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:199-250.
2003	Kuppa S, Eppinger RH, Mckoy F, Nguyen T, Pintar FA, Yoganandan N. Development of side impact thoracic injury criteria and their application to the modified ES-2 dummy with rib extensions (ES-2re). Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:189-210. SAE 2003-22-0010.
2008	Trosseille X, Baudrit P, Leport T, Vallancien G. Rib cage strain pattern as a function of chest loading configuration. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:205-231. SAE 2008-22-0009.
2021	Agnew AM, Sreedhar A, Bolte JH IV, Kang Y-S. Exploratory comparison of human rib structural behavior in two dynamic loading scenarios. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.775-786.
2002	Maltese MR, Eppinger RH, Rhule HH, Donnelly BR, Pintar FA, Yoganandan N. Response corridors of human surrogates in lateral impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:321-351. SAE 2002-22-0017.
2008	Kemper AR, McNally C, Kennedy EA, Manoogian SJ, Duma SM. The influence of arm position on thoracic response in side impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:379-420. SAE 2008-22-0016.
2012	Yoganandan N, Humm JR, Pintar FA, Brasel KH, Rudd RW, Ridella SA. Thoraco-abdominal deflection responses of post mortem human surrogates in side impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:49-64.
1986	Morgan RM, Marcus JH, Eppinger RH. Side impact: the biofidelity of NHTSA's proposed ATD and efficacy of TTI. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:27-40. SAE 861877.
2014	Wood LK, Miller CS, Madura NH, Reed MP, Schneider LW, Klinich KD, Rupp JD. Response and tolerance of female and/or elderly PMHS to lateral impact. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2014;58:423-463.
1993	Cavanaugh JM, Zhu Y, Huang Y, King AI. Injury and response of the thorax in side impact cadaveric tests. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:199-221. SAE 933127.
2003	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Miki K, Lee JB, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI. Biomechanical properties of the male and female chest subjected to frontal and lateral impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.235-247.
1997	Farmer CM, Braver ER, Mitter EL. Two-vehicle side impact crashes: the relationship of vehicle and crash characteristics to injury severity. Accid Anal Prev. May 1997;29(3):399-406.
2006	Shaw JM, Herriott RG, McFadden JD, Donnelly BR, Bolte JH IV. Oblique and lateral impact response of the PMHS thorax. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:147-167. SAE 2006-22-0007.
2010	Sunnevång C, Rosén E, Boström O, Lechelt U. Thoracic injury risk as a function of crash severity: car-to-car side impact tests with worldsid compared to real-life crashes. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.159-168.
2014	Baudrit P, Petitjean A, Potier P, Trosseille X, Vallencien G. Comparison of the thorax dynamic responses of small female and midsize male post mortem human subjects in side and forward oblique impact tests. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2014;58:103-121.
2017	Ramachandra R, Kashikar T, Bolte JH IV. Injury patterns of elderly occupants involved in side crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.113-115.
2005	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Deflection, acceleration, and force corridors for small females in side impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. December 2005;6(4):379-386.

Year

Entry

1989

Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.

2001

Mertz HJ, Jarrett K, Moss S, Salloum M, Zhao Y. The Hybrid III 10-year-old dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:319-328. SAE 2001-22-0014.

2003

Mertz HJ, Irwin AL, Prasad P. Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:155-188. SAE 2003-22-0009.

1981

Cesari D, Ramet M, Bloch J. Influence of arm position on thoracic injuries in side impact. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:271-297. SAE 811007.

2011

Leport T, Baudrit P, Potier P, Trosseille X, Lecuyer E, Vallancien G. Study of rib fracture mechanisms based on the rib strain profiles in side and forward oblique impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:199-250.